Foundat

ionCour
seforI
TManager
s
Unit1

Sy
stems developmentis sy
stemati
c pr
ocess whi
ch incl
udes phases such as pl
anni
ng,anal
ysi
s,desi
gn,depl
oyment
,and
maint
enance.Here,
int
histut
ori
al,
wewill
pri
maril
yfocuson−

 Syst
emsanal
ysi
s

 Syst
emsdesi
gn

Sy
stemsAnal
ysi
s
I
tisapr
ocessofcol
l
ect
ingandi
nter
pret
ingf
act
s,i
dent
if
yingt
hepr
obl
ems,
anddecomposi
ti
onofasy
stem i
ntoi
tscomponent
s.

System anal
ysi
sisconduct
edf ort
hepurposeofstudyi
ngasystem ori
tspart
sinor
dertoident
if
yit
sobjecti
ves.I
tisaprobl
em
solvi
ngtechni
quethati
mprovesthesy
stem andensur
esthatal
lthecomponent
soft
hesyst
em workeff
ici
entl
ytoaccompl
ishthei
r
purpose.

Anal
ysi
sspeci
fi
eswhatt
hesy
stem shoul
ddo.

Sy
stemsDesi
gn
Iti
sapr ocessofplanni
nganew businesssystem orreplaci
nganexist
ingsystem bydef
ini
ngit
scomponentsormodulest
o
sat
isf
yt hespecif
icrequi
rement
s.Beforeplanning,youneedt ounderstandtheoldsystem t
horoughl
yanddeter
minehow
computerscanbestbeusedinor
dert
ooperateeffici
entl
y.

Sy
stem Desi
gnf
ocusesonhowt
oaccompl
isht
heobj
ect
iveoft
hesy
stem.

Sy
stem Anal
ysi
sandDesi
gn(
SAD)mai
nlyf
ocuseson−

 Syst
ems

 Pr
ocesses

 Technol
ogy

Whati
saSy
stem?
ThewordSyst
em i
sder
ivedf
rom Gr
eekwordSy
stema,
whi
chmeansanor
gani
zedr
elat
ionshi
pbet
weenanysetofcomponent
sto
achi
evesomecommoncauseorobj
ect
ive.

Asy
stem i
s“anor
der
lygr
oupi
ngofi
nter
dependentcomponent
sli
nkedt
oget
heraccor
dingt
oapl
ant
oachi
eveaspeci
fi
cgoal
.”

Const
rai
ntsofaSy
stem
Asy
stem musthav
ethr
eebasi
cconst
rai
nts−

 Asyst
em musthav
esomest
ruct
ureandbehav
iorwhi
chi
sdesi
gnedt
oachi
eveapr
edef
inedobj
ect
ive.

 I
nter
connect
ivi
tyandi
nter
dependencemustexi
stamongt
hesy
stem component
s.

 Theobj
ect
ivesoft
heor
gani
zat
ionhav
eahi
gherpr
ior
it
ythant
heobj
ect
ivesofi
tssubsy
stems.

Forexampl
e,t
raf
fi
cmanagementsy
stem,
pay
rol
lsy
stem,
aut
omat
icl
i
brar
ysy
stem,
humanr
esour
cesi
nfor
mat
ionsy
stem.

Pr
oper
ti
esofaSy
stem
Asy
stem hast
hef
oll
owi
ngpr
oper
ti
es−
Or
gani
zat
ion
Or
gani
zat
ioni
mpl
i
esst
ruct
ureandor
der
.Iti
sthear
rangementofcomponent
sthathel
pst
oachi
evepr
edet
ermi
nedobj
ect
ives.

I
nter
act
ion
I
tisdef
inedbyt
hemanneri
nwhi
cht
hecomponent
soper
atewi
theachot
her
.

Forexampl
e,i
nanor
gani
zat
ion,pur
chasi
ngdepar
tmentmusti
nter
actwi
thpr
oduct
iondepar
tmentandpay
rol
lwi
thper
sonnel
depar
tment
.

I
nter
dependence
Int
erdependencemeanshow t
hecomponentsofasyst
em dependononeanother.Forpr
operfunct
ioning,t
hecomponent sare
coordi
natedandli
nkedt
oget
heraccor
dingt
oaspeci
fi
edplan.Theout
putofonesubsyst
em i
stherequir
edbyot hersubsy
stem as
i
nput.

I
ntegr
ati
on
I
ntegr
ati
onisconcer
nedwi t
hhow asy st
em component
sareconnect
edt
oget
her
.Itmeanst
hatt
hepar
tsoft
hesy
stem wor
k
t
ogetherwi
thi
nthesy
stem eveni
feachpartper
for
msauniquef
uncti
on.

Cent
ral
Obj
ect
ive
Theobject
iveofsyst
em mustbecent
ral
.Itmayber
ealorst
ated.I
tisnotuncommonf
oranor
gani
zat
iont
ost
ateanobj
ect
iveand
oper
atetoachiev
eanother
.

Theuser
smustknowt
hemai
nobj
ect
iveofacomput
erappl
i
cat
ionear
lyi
ntheanal
ysi
sforasuccessf
uldesi
gnandconv
ersi
on.

El
ement
sofaSy
stem
Thef
oll
owi
ngdi
agr
am showst
heel
ement
sofasy
stem −

Out
put
sandI
nput
s

 Themai
nai
m ofasy
stem i
stopr
oduceanout
putwhi
chi
susef
ulf
ori
tsuser
.

 I
nput
sar
ethei
nfor
mat
iont
hatent
ersi
ntot
hesy
stem f
orpr
ocessi
ng.

 Out
puti
stheout
comeofpr
ocessi
ng.
Pr
ocessor
(s)

 Thepr
ocessori
stheel
ementofasy
stem t
hati
nvol
vest
heact
ual
transf
ormat
ionofi
nputi
ntoout
put
.

 I
tist
heoper
ati
onalcomponentofasy
stem.Pr
ocessor
smaymodi
fyt
hei
nputei
thert
otal
l
yorpar
ti
all
y,dependi
ngont
he
out
putspeci
fi
cat
ion.

 Ast
heout
putspeci
fi
cat
ionschange,sodoest
hepr
ocessi
ng.I
nsomecases,i
nputi
sal
somodi
fi
edt
oenabl
ethe
pr
ocessorf
orhandl
i
ngt
het
ransf
ormat
ion.

Cont
rol

 Thecont
rol
elementgui
dest
hesy
stem.

 I
tist
hedeci
sion–maki
ngsubsy
stem t
hatcont
rol
sthepat
ter
nofact
ivi
ti
esgov
erni
ngi
nput
,pr
ocessi
ng,
andout
put
.

 Thebehavi
orofacomput
erSy
stem i
scont
rol
l
edbyt
heOper
ati
ngSy
stem andsof
twar
e.I
nor
dert
okeepsy
stem i
n
bal
ance,
whatandhowmuchi
nputi
sneededi
sdet
ermi
nedbyOut
putSpeci
fi
cat
ions.

Feedback

 Feedbackpr
ovi
dest
hecont
rol
inady
nami
csy
stem.

 Posi
ti
vef
eedbacki
srout
inei
nnat
uret
hatencour
agest
heper
for
manceoft
hesy
stem.

 Negat
ivef
eedbacki
sinf
ormat
ional
innat
uret
hatpr
ovi
dest
hecont
rol
l
erwi
thi
nfor
mat
ionf
oract
ion.

Env
ironment

 Theenvi
ronmenti
sthe“
super
syst
em”wi
thi
nwhi
chanor
gani
zat
ionoper
ates.

 I
tist
hesour
ceofext
ernal
element
sthatst
ri
keont
hesy
stem.

 I
tdet
ermi
neshow asy
stem mustf
unct
ion.Forexampl
e,v
endor
sandcompet
it
orsofor
gani
zat
ion’
senv
ironment
,may
pr
ovi
deconst
rai
ntst
hataf
fectt
heact
ual
per
for
manceoft
hebusi
ness.

Boundar
iesandI
nter
face

 Asyst
em shoul
dbedef
inedbyi
tsboundar
ies.Boundar
iesar
ethel
i
mit
sthati
dent
if
yit
scomponent
s,pr
ocesses,and
i
nter
rel
ati
onshi
pwheni
tint
erf
aceswi
thanot
hersy
stem.

 Eachsyst
em hasboundar
iest
hatdet
ermi
nei
tsspher
eofi
nfl
uenceandcont
rol
.

 Theknowl
edgeoft
heboundar
iesofagi
vensy
stem i
scr
uci
ali
ndet
ermi
ningt
henat
ureofi
tsi
nter
facewi
thot
her
sy
stemsf
orsuccessf
uldesi
gn.

Ty
pesofSy
stems
Thesy
stemscanbedi
vi
dedi
ntot
hef
oll
owi
ngt
ypes−

Phy
sical
orAbst
ractSy
stems

 Physi
cal
syst
emsar
etangi
bleent
it
ies.Wecant
ouchandf
eel
them.

 Physi
calSy
stem maybest
ati
cordy
nami
cinnat
ure.Forexampl
e,desksandchai
rsar
ethephy
sicalpar
tsofcomput
er
centerwhi
charestat
ic.Apr
ogrammedcomput
eri
sady
nami
csy
stem i
nwhi
chpr
ogr
ams,dat
a,andappl
i
cat
ionscan
changeaccor
dingt
otheuser
'sneeds.

 Abst
ractsy
stemsar
enon-
phy
sical
ent
it
iesorconcept
ual
thatmaybef
ormul
as,
repr
esent
ati
onormodel
ofar
eal
syst
em.

OpenorCl
osedSy
stems

 Anopensyst
em musti
nter
actwi
thi
tsenv
ironment
.Itr
ecei
vesi
nput
sfr
om anddel
i
ver
sout
put
stot
heout
sideoft
he
sy
stem.Forexampl
e,ani
nfor
mat
ionsy
stem whi
chmustadaptt
othechangi
ngenv
ironment
alcondi
ti
ons.

 Acl
osedsy
stem doesnoti
nter
actwi
thi
tsenv
ironment
.Iti
sisol
atedf
rom env
ironment
ali
nfl
uences.Acompl
etel
ycl
osed
 sy
stem i
srar
einr
eal
i
ty.

Adapt
iveandNonAdapt
iveSy
stem

 Adapt
iveSy
stem r
espondst
othechangei
ntheenv
ironmenti
nawayt
oimpr
ovet
hei
rper
for
manceandt
osur
viv
e.For
exampl
e,humanbei
ngs,
ani
mal
s.

 NonAdapt
iveSy
stem i
sthesy
stem whi
chdoesnotr
espondt
otheenv
ironment
.Forexampl
e,machi
nes.

Per
manentorTempor
arySy
stem

 Per
manentSy
stem per
sist
sforl
ongt
ime.Forexampl
e,busi
nesspol
i
cies.

 Tempor
arySy
stem i
smadef
orspeci
fi
edt
imeandaf
tert
hatt
heyar
edemol
i
shed.Forexampl
e,ADJsy
stem i
ssetupf
or
apr
ogr
am andi
tisdi
ssembl
edaf
tert
hepr
ogr
am.

Nat
ural
andManuf
act
uredSy
stem

 Nat
ural
syst
emsar
ecr
eat
edbyt
henat
ure.Forexampl
e,Sol
arsy
stem,
seasonal
syst
em.

 Manuf
act
uredSy
stem i
stheman-
madesy
stem.Forexampl
e,Rocket
s,dams,
trai
ns.

Det
ermi
nist
icorPr
obabi
l
ist
icSy
stem

 Det
ermi
nist
icsy
stem oper
atesi
napr
edi
ctabl
emannerandt
hei
nter
act
ionbet
weensy
stem component
sisknownwi
th
cer
tai
nty
.Forexampl
e,t
womol
ecul
esofhy
drogenandonemol
ecul
eofoxy
genmakeswat
er.

 Pr
obabi
l
ist
icSy
stem showsuncer
tai
nbehav
ior
.Theexactout
puti
snotknown.Forexampl
e,Weat
herf
orecast
ing,mai
l
del
i
ver
y.

Soci
al,
Human-
Machi
ne,
Machi
neSy
stem

 Soci
alSy
stem i
smadeupofpeopl
e.Forexampl
e,soci
alcl
ubs,
soci
eti
es.

 I
nHuman-
Machi
neSy
stem,
bot
hhumanandmachi
nesar
einv
olv
edt
oper
for
m apar
ti
cul
art
ask.Forexampl
e,Comput
er
pr
ogr
ammi
ng.

 Machi
neSy
stem i
swher
ehumani
nter
fer
encei
snegl
ect
ed.Al
lthet
asksar
eper
for
medbyt
hemachi
ne.Forexampl
e,an
aut
onomousr
obot
.

Man–MadeI
nfor
mat
ionSy
stems

 I
tisani
nter
connect
edsetofi
nfor
mat
ionr
esour
cest
omanagedat
aforpar
ti
cul
aror
gani
zat
ion,
underDi
rectManagement
Cont
rol
(DMC)
.

 Thi
ssy
stem i
ncl
udeshar
dwar
e,sof
twar
e,communi
cat
ion,dat
a,andappl
i
cat
ionf
orpr
oduci
ngi
nfor
mat
ionaccor
dingt
o
t
heneedofanor
gani
zat
ion.

Man-
madei
nfor
mat
ionsy
stemsar
edi
vi
dedi
ntot
hreet
ypes−

 For
malI
nfor
mat
ionSy
stem −I
tisbasedont
hef
lowofi
nfor
mat
ioni
nthef
orm ofmemos,i
nst
ruct
ions,et
c.,f
rom t
op
l
evel
tol
owerl
evel
sofmanagement
.

 I
nfor
malI
nfor
mat
ionSy
stem −Thi
sisempl
oyeebasedsy
stem whi
chsol
vest
hedayt
odaywor
krel
atedpr
obl
ems.

 Comput
erBasedSy
stem −Thi
ssy
stem i
sdi
rect
lydependentont
hecomput
erf
ormanagi
ngbusi
nessappl
i
cat
ions.For
exampl
e,aut
omat
icl
i
brar
ysy
stem,
rai
l
wayr
eser
vat
ionsy
stem,
banki
ngsy
stem,
etc.

Sy
stemsModel
s
Schemat
icModel
s

 Aschemat
icmodel
isa2-
Dchar
tthatshowssy
stem el
ement
sandt
hei
rli
nkages.

 Di
ff
erentar
rowsar
eusedt
oshowi
nfor
mat
ionf
low,
mat
eri
alf
low,
andi
nfor
mat
ionf
eedback.
Fl
owSy
stem Model
s

 Af
lowsy
stem model
showst
heor
der
lyf
lowoft
hemat
eri
al,
ener
gy,
andi
nfor
mat
iont
hathol
dthesy
stem t
oget
her
.

 Pr
ogr
am Ev
aluat
ionandRev
iewTechni
que(
PERT)
,forexampl
e,i
susedt
oabst
ractar
eal
wor
ldsy
stem i
nmodel
for
m.

St
ati
cSy
stem Model
s

 Theyr
epr
esentonepai
rofr
elat
i pssuchasact
onshi ivi
ty–t
imeorcost
–quant
it
y.

 TheGant
tchar
t,f
orexampl
e,gi
vesast
ati
cpi
ctur
eofanact
ivi
ty-
ti
mer
elat
ionshi
p.

Dy
nami
cSy
stem Model
s

 Busi
nessor
gani
zat
ionsar
edy
nami
csy
stems.Ady
nami
cmodel
appr
oxi
mat
est
het
ypeofor
gani
zat
ionorappl
i
cat
iont
hat
anal
yst
sdeal
wit
h.

 I
tshowsanongoi
ng,
const
ant
lychangi
ngst
atusoft
hesy
stem.I
tconsi
stsof−

o I
nput
sthatent
ert
hesy
stem

o Thepr
ocessort
hroughwhi
cht
ransf
ormat
iont
akespl
ace

o Thepr
ogr
am(
s)r
equi
redf
orpr
ocessi
ng

o Theout
put
(s)t
hatr
esul
tfr
om pr
ocessi
ng.

Cat
egor
iesofI
nfor
mat
ion
Ther
ear
ethr
eecat
egor
iesofi
nfor
mat
ionr
elat
edt
omanager
ial
lev
elsandt
hedeci
sionmanager
smake.

St
rat
egi
cInf
ormat
ion

 Thi
sinf
ormat
ioni
srequi
redbyt
opmostmanagementf
orl
ongr
angepl
anni
ngpol
i
ciesf
ornextf
ewy
ear
s.Forexampl
e,
t
rendsi
nrev
enues,
financi
ali
nvest
ment
,andhumanr
esour
ces,
andpopul
ati
ongr
owt
h.

 Thi
sty
peofi
nfor
mat
ioni
sachi
evedwi
tht
heai
dofDeci
sionSuppor
tSy
stem (
DSS)
.

Manager
ial
Inf
ormat
ion

 Thi
sty
peofI
nfor
mat
ioni
srequi
redbymi
ddl
emanagementf
orshor
tandi
nter
medi
ater
angepl
anni
ngwhi
chi
sint
erms
ofmont
hs.Forexampl
e,sal
esanal
ysi
s,cashf
lowpr
oject
ion,
andannual
financi
alst
atement
s.
  I
tisachi
evedwi
tht
heai
dofManagementI
nfor
mat
ionSy
stems(
MIS)
.

Oper
ati
onal
inf
ormat
ion

 Thi
sty
peofi
nfor
mat
ioni
srequi
redbyl
ow managementf
ordai
l
yandshor
tter
m pl
anni
ngt
oenf
orceday
-to-
day
oper
ati
onalact
ivi
ti
es.Forexampl
e,keepi
ngempl
oyeeat
tendancer
ecor
ds,
over
duepur
chaseor
der
s,andcur
rentst
ocks
avai
l
able.

 I
tisachi
evedwi
tht
heai
dofDat
aPr
ocessi
ngSy
stems(
DPS)
.