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Beta Gamma Theory

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Shivam Gupta
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41 views4 pages

Beta Gamma Theory

Uploaded by

Shivam Gupta
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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GAMMA & BETA FUNCTIONS

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NOW IN THANE & KALYAN

COURSE IS DESIGNED AS PER


RAIT SYLLABUS 2021-2022

"𝑊𝑒 𝑤𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑏𝑦 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑑,


𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑑, 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑑,
𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑛𝑒′𝑠 𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑡. "
−𝒔𝒘𝒂𝒎𝒊 𝒗𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒌𝒂𝒏𝒂𝒏𝒅

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GAMMA FUNCTIONS
𝑫𝑬𝑭𝑰𝑵𝑰𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵 ∶
∞
𝑻𝒉𝒆 𝒇𝒖𝒏𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝒏 (𝒏 > 𝟎) 𝒅𝒆𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒅 𝒃𝒚 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒍 ∫𝟎 𝒆−𝒙 𝒙𝒏−𝟏𝒅𝒙
∞
𝒊𝒔 𝒄𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒆𝒅 𝒈𝒂𝒎𝒎𝒂 𝒇𝒖𝒏𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 & 𝒊𝒔 𝒅𝒆𝒏𝒐𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝒃𝒚 𝜞(𝒏) . 𝒕𝒉𝒖𝒔 𝜞(𝒏) = ∫𝟎 𝒆−𝒙 𝒙𝒏−𝟏 𝒅𝒙

𝑷𝑹𝑶𝑷𝑬𝑹𝑻𝑰𝑬𝑺 𝑶𝑭 𝑮𝑨𝑴𝑴𝑨 𝑭𝑼𝑵𝑪𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵𝑺:

➢ 𝛤(𝑛) = (𝑛 − 1)𝛤(𝑛 − 1) or 𝛤 (𝑛 + 1) = 𝑛𝛤𝑛


➢ 𝛤(𝑛) = (𝑛 − 1)! 𝐼𝑓 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟
➢ 𝛤(0) = ∞ & 𝛤(𝑛) = ±∞ 𝑖𝑓 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟

𝑪𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒈𝒐𝒓𝒚 # 𝑬𝒙𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒔𝒖𝒃𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒕𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏


1 𝛤 (𝑛 ) 𝑈𝑠𝑒 𝛤(𝑛) = (𝑛 − 1)𝛤(𝑛 − 1)
or 𝛤 (𝑛 + 1) = 𝑛𝛤𝑛
∞
2 𝑛 𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑎𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑡
∫ 𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0
∞
3 𝑛 𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑎𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑡
∫ 𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 𝑥 𝑚 𝑑𝑥
0
1
4 𝑃𝑢𝑡 log(𝑥 ) = −𝑡
∫ 𝑥 𝑚 (log(𝑥 ))𝑛 𝑑𝑥
0
∞
5 𝑥𝑎 𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑎 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑡
∫ 𝑑𝑥
0 𝑎𝑥
∞ ∞
6 𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏𝑥 = 𝐼. 𝑃(𝑒 𝑖𝑏𝑥 )
∫ 𝑥𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 sin 𝑏𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑜𝑟 ∫ 𝑥𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 cos 𝑏𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑜𝑟
0 0 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑏𝑥 = 𝑅. 𝑃(𝑒 𝑖𝑏𝑥 )
∞ ∞
∫ 𝑥 𝑚−1 sin 𝑏𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑜𝑟 ∫ 𝑥 𝑚−1 cos 𝑏𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑜𝑟
0 0

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𝑩𝑬𝑻𝑨 𝑭𝑼𝑵𝑪𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵
𝑫𝑬𝑭𝑰𝑵𝑰𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵 ∶
𝟏
𝑻𝒉𝒆 𝒇𝒖𝒏𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝒎 & 𝒏 (𝒎, 𝒏 > 𝟎) 𝒅𝒆𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒅 𝒃𝒚 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒍 ∫𝟎 𝒙𝒎−𝟏 (𝟏 − 𝒙)𝒏−𝟏 𝒅𝒙
𝟏
𝒊𝒔 𝒄𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒆𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒃𝒆𝒕𝒂 𝒇𝒖𝒏𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 & 𝒊𝒔 𝒅𝒆𝒏𝒐𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝒃𝒚 𝑩(𝒎, 𝒏) . 𝒕𝒉𝒖𝒔 𝑩(𝒎, 𝒏) = ∫𝟎 𝒙𝒎−𝟏 (𝟏 − 𝒙)𝒏−𝟏

𝑹𝑬𝑳𝑨𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵𝑺𝑯𝑰𝑷 𝑩𝑬𝑻𝑾𝑬𝑬𝑵 𝑩𝑬𝑻𝑨 & 𝑮𝑨𝑴𝑴𝑨 𝑭𝑼𝑵𝑪𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵𝑺 ∶


𝜞𝒎𝜞𝒏
𝑩(𝒎, 𝒏) =
𝜞(𝒎 + 𝒏)

𝑺𝑬𝑪𝑶𝑵𝑫 𝑭𝑶𝑹𝑴 𝑶𝑭 𝑩𝑬𝑻𝑨 𝑭𝑼𝑵𝑪𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵 ∶


𝝅
2∫𝟎𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝒎−𝟏 𝜽 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒏−𝟏 𝜽𝒅𝜽 = 𝑩(𝒎 , 𝒏)

OR
𝝅
𝟏 𝒑+𝟏 𝒒+𝟏
∫𝟎𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒑 𝜽 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒒 𝜽𝒅𝜽 = 𝟐
𝑩(
𝟐
,
𝟐
)

𝑫𝑼𝑷𝑳𝑰𝑪𝑨𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵 𝑭𝑶𝑹𝑴𝑼𝑳𝑨 𝑶𝑭 𝑮𝑨𝑴𝑴𝑨 𝑭𝑼𝑵𝑪𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:

√𝝅(𝟐𝒎)!
|(𝒎) |(𝒎 + 𝟏/𝟐) =
𝟐𝟐𝒎−𝟏

𝑬𝑼𝑳𝑬𝑹’𝑺 𝑹𝑬𝑭𝑳𝑬𝑪𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵 𝑭𝑶𝑹𝑴𝑼𝑳𝑨


𝝅
|𝒑 |𝟏 − 𝒑 = (𝟎 < 𝒑 < 𝟏)
𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝐩𝛑)

𝟏
CATEGORY 1: Reducible to: ∫𝟎 𝒙𝒎−𝟏 (𝟏 − 𝒙)𝒏−𝟏 dx : BASIC LEVEL

EXPRESSION SUBSTITUTION

𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑡
𝑎
∫0 𝑥 𝑚 𝑝
(𝑎 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑎𝑛 𝑡
𝑎
∫0 𝑥 𝑚 (𝑎𝑛 − 𝑥 𝑛 )𝑝 𝑑𝑥

𝑛
𝑝𝑢𝑡 √𝑥 = 𝑡
1 𝑛
∫0 (1 − √𝑥 )𝑝 𝑑𝑥

𝑎
∫0
1
𝑑𝑥 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑡 & 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑡 𝑛 = 𝑝
(𝑎𝑛 −𝑥 𝑛)1/𝑛

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𝟏
CATEGORY 2: Reducible to: ∫𝟎 𝒙𝒎−𝟏 (𝟏 − 𝒙)𝒏−𝟏 dx : ADVANCE LEVEL

EXPRESSION SUBSTITUTION

𝑏 𝑝𝑢𝑡 (𝑥 − 𝑎) = (𝑏 − 𝑎)𝑡
∫𝑎 (𝑥 − 𝑎)𝑚 (𝑏 − 𝑥)𝑛 𝑑𝑥

1 𝑥 𝑚−1 (1−𝑥)𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑡
∫0 𝑑𝑥 𝑝𝑢𝑡 =
(𝑎+𝑏𝑥)𝑚+𝑛 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑥 𝑎 + 𝑏

1 𝑥 𝑚−1 +𝑥 𝑛−1 𝑥
∫0 𝑑𝑥 𝑝𝑢𝑡 =𝑡
(1+𝑥)𝑚+𝑛 1+𝑥
∞ 1 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑡 = (1/𝑥)
∫1 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 𝑝+1 (𝑥−1)𝑞

𝜋
CATEGORY 3: Reducible to: ∫02 sin 𝜃 𝑝 cos 𝜃 𝑞 𝑑𝜃 : BASIC LEVEL

EXPRESSION SUBSTITUTION

∞ 𝑥𝑚 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃
∫0 𝑑𝑥
(1+𝑥 2 )𝑛

∞ 𝑥𝑚 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃
∫0 𝑑𝑥
(1+𝑥)𝑛

𝜋
CATEGORY 4: Reducible to: ∫02 sin 𝜃 𝑝 cos 𝜃 𝑞 𝑑𝜃 : ADVANCE LEVEL

EXPRESSION SUBSTITUTION

∫0
∞ 1
𝑑𝑥 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑒 𝑥 = tan(θ) 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑒 −𝑥 = cot(θ)
(𝑒 𝑥 +𝑒 −𝑥 )𝑛

𝜋 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑡 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑥/2)


∫0 𝑑𝑥
(𝑎+𝑏𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)𝑛 2𝑡 1−𝑡 2
ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥) = & 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥) =
1+𝑡 2 1+𝑡 2

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