North America

NORTH AMERICA
Anglo-America encompasses two of the developed countries of the world. Of course, this
world’s largest countries – the United States of has been aided by a vast natural resource base,
America and Canada. It is so called because of which is partly a consequence of the immense
the dominant Bri sh influence. This is reflected geographical diversity.
in the language, as also similari es in the cultural The natural resources have facilitated the
and poli cal landscapes, such as a democra c development of world’s largest manufacturing
and federal polity. complexes, a concomitant of which has also
The European cultural norms act as a unifying been the large-scale urbanisa on. Over and
force in these plural socie es. While in Canada, above industrialisa on, these countries remain
there is a manifesta on of regional bilingualism, it the foremost producers of a variety of agricultural
is not so in the United States. Diversity in na onal products. Agriculture here is primarily
backgrounds, languages, socio-economic inequity mechanised, commercial and export-oriented.
and ethnic divisions have not prevented the During recent mes, the economic geography
emergence of an essen ally ‘American culture’. of this region has undergone change. The change
This culture encourages and acknowledges is a consequence of factors like transforma on in
entrepreneurship, development of skills and the nature of the economy, from one dependent
pursuit of excellence in an enabling environment. on manufacturing to knowledge based industries,
These are the reasons for the emergence of the emergence of regional trade blocs and global free
United States and Canada as two of the most trade. The effects of these have been the rise of

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North America

ameni es-rich ‘Sunbelt’ and change in trade The Western Cordillera, stretching from
flows. Such changes include strengthened north to south along the en re length of the
interconnec ons between North and Middle con nent, consists of several parallel ranges.
America as a result of NAFTA(North Amerian Free The Rocky Mountain is the most prominent.
Trade Area); increased interac ons with the Apart from this, Sierra Nevada, the Coast Ranges
Pacific Rim countries while maintaining close and the Cascade Ranges also form part of the
economic links with Europe. Western Cordillera.
No doubt, there have been myriad problems These ranges enclose within them several
such as socio-economic inequity on one hand intermontane plateaus and basins. The largest
and pollu on and environmental deteriora on of the basins is the Great Basin that forms an
on the other. Nevertheless, the Anglo-American area of inland drainage. The other important
countries have shown the way in reconciling basins and plateaus are the Colorado plateau,
developmental goals with environmental known for its Grand Canyon, Columbia – Snake
conserva on. Plateau, Fraser – Nechako – S kine plateau and
Natural Landscape the Yukon basin, all of which are named a er
the principal rivers draining these areas.
The physiographic diversity in Anglo-America Apart from the rivers in western America,
is immense and varies from swampy plains to the important ones are the St. Lawrence and
high mountains. At the broadest level, the Mackenzie which flow northwards and the
physical divisions of North America include Mississippi which flows southwards. The
plains and highlands. important tributaries of Mississippi are Missouri,
The plains include the Canadian Shield, the Tennessee, Ohio and Arkansas.
Arc c Coastal plains, the Gulf – Atlan c Coastal
plains, the Piedmont and the Interior plains. Climate and Vegetation
These differ in terms of the plain forming The clima c pa ern of Anglo-America
processes, the nature of underlying rocks and exhibits both diversity and largeness of scale.
local topographical varia ons. For instance, the Every major non-tropical clima c type is present
mineral rich Canadian Shield is formed of here, with the tropical clima c type represented
ancient, highly eroded, metamorphic rocks. only in Hawaii and southern Florida. USA has the
Large parts of these are covered with swamps maximum number of clima c types within its
and a number of lakes of glacial origin like the boundaries. This variety affords unparalleled
Great Bear, Winnipeg and the Great Lakes. As a possibili es and economic opportuni es.
contrast, the more fer le Interior plains lie Of the various climates, the Tundra type is
mostly within the drainage basins of four found in the north. It rims the coast from Alaska
important rivers: Mississippi, Mackenzie, to Labrador and is also found in the coastal
Saskatchewan and St Lawrence. sec on of Greenland. This region is characterised
The most important highlands are the by a very low mean annual temperature, with
Appalachians, the Interior Highlands and the not more than four months having temperatures
Western Cordillera. above freezing point. Within the Arc c Circle,
The Appalachians or the Eastern highlands there are weeks of con nuous darkness or light.
were once very high. Over the years, these have Here, precipita on is primarily in the form of
been eroded and are now an area of low relief. snow that falls mainly in winter.
The Interior Highlands, o en called the Permafrost and poor drainage have restricted
Ozark-Ouachita highlands, cons tute an island the vegeta on to mosses and lichens, though
of hill country surrounded by plains. The stunted birches and dwarf willows may be found
Arkansas river divides the Interior Highlands in sheltered spots.
into two major segments- Boston and Ozark The Cool Temperate Con nental (Siberian)
mountains in the north and Ouachita mountains type, commonly known as the Taiga is found
in the south. south of the Tundra type. Winters here are long

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and bi erly cold and summers cool and brief. This is intermediate between the Siberian and
The annual range of temperature is very large the Bri sh types, with features of both mari me
but not as much as that in the Russian Taiga. This and con nental climates. Here the winters are
is a consequence of the lesser east-west expanse cold and dry and summers warm and wet. The
of North America. The precipita on here is low summers would have been warmer, were it not
because of con nentality and is primarily for the cold Labrador ocean current. The
convec onal with a summer maximum. precipita on is uniformly distributed through
Permanent snowfields are absent because any out the year due to mari me influence of the
accumula on of snow is melted with the return Atlan c and the Great Lakes.
of summers. The predominant vegeta on of the
Though the total precipita on is low, cool Lauren an type of climate is cool temperate
and humid condi ons allow the growth of trees, forest, a mix of conifers and deciduous. The
with the evergreen conifers being the most important deciduous tree species include oak,
wide-spread. Important species include the beech, maple and birch.
douglas fir, balsam fir, pine and spruce. These The Cool Temperate Western Margin (Bri sh)
occur in pure stands, thus commercial type is found in the northwest. This region is
exploita on is easy. under a permanent influence of the westerlies.
South of the Taiga, lies the region of Cool The mean annual temperature range is not very
Temperate Eastern Margin (Lauren an) type. large because of the oceanic influence. The

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rainfall is adequate throughout the year, but shadow effect. The climate is characterised by a
with a winter or autumn maximum. very large diurnal and annual range of
The natural vegeta on of this clima c type is temperature without a dis nct cold season. The
deciduous hardwood. These occur in pure stands annual precipita on is less than 25cm and is
with scanty undergrowth. The important species primarily convec onal.
include elm, beech, poplar, alders and aspen. The natural vegeta on consists of xerophy c
The Warm Temperate Eastern Margin (China) scrub. These either lie dormant during the hot
type is found in the southeast where con nental season awai ng the infrequent rain or have
hea ng in summer induces an inflow of air from developed special adapta ons, such as long wiry
the cooler Atlan c Ocean. It is some mes roots, thick succulent stem and thorny leaves.
referred to as the Gulf type. Here the monsoonal Bordering the desert, in the interior of the
characteris cs are less well established, as there con nents lie the Temperate Grasslands. Due to
is no complete reversal of winds. The warm Gulf con nentality rainfall is so low that these
stream and onshore trade winds lead to a smaller grasslands are prac cally treeless. In North
range of temperature. The annual rainfall is America, these are called Prairies. They are
heavy and is well distributed throughout the characterised by extremes of temperature
year. There is a summer maximum because of leading to a very large annual range of
hurricanes. This region is also known for the temperature. The precipita on is light and
intense and extremely destruc ve tornadoes mainly convec onal. Winter rainfall occurs
called “twisters” in the Mississippi basin. because of depressions steered in by the
The natural vegeta on is luxuriant because westerlies. An interes ng feature of the Prairies
of higher rainfall. The Gulf States of USA have is a hot local wind, the Chinook, also called the
lowland deciduous forests with thick Snow Eater. It blows down the easter slopes of
undergrowth. The important species include Rockies and has a beneficial effect on the
walnut, oak, hickory, maple and pines. pastures.
The Warm Temperate Western Margin The Prairies are covered with grass. There
(Mediterranean) type is found in California. This are almost no trees, although some species like
region experiences a dry warm summer with low willows, alders, and poplars are found along
offshore trade winds and a moist winter with watercourses. In areas with adequate rainfall
onshore westerlies. The rain comes in heavy long prairie grasses are found. These are typical
showers interrupted by a few days of bright of the wheat lands in Northern America. In areas
sunshine. with lesser rainfall short steppe grasses are
Since half the year is dry, the natural found. These grasses are not only shorter but
vegeta on is not luxuriant. The trees have also wiry and occur in clumps. This region is less
xerophy c adapta ons. The plant growth is suitable for farming and is used for ranching.
restricted to autumn and spring, when Anglo-America which includes USA and
temperature is higher and moisture sufficient. Canada is undoubtedly the leading region of the
On the highlands, natural vegeta on consists world. Both these countries have certain
of the Mediterranean evergreen forests with the similari es such as large area, huge natural
Giant Sequoia or the Redwood typical of resource base and developed manufacturing
California; evergreen conifers in the cooler parts economies but there are certain important
and Mediterranean bushes and scrubs called differences. For instance, the popula on of
chaparral in California. Canada is much smaller and manufacturing not
In the southwest, lies the Desert type of as well developed as in the US. There is somewhat
climate. The region includes Mohave, Sonaran lesser poli cal cohesion in Canada than the US.
and Californian deserts, formed as a result of These differences jus fy their treatment
offshore trade winds, desicca ng effect of the separately, in so far as the social, economic and
Californian cold current, subsiding air and rain poli cal aspects are concerned.

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USA that they will outnumber the Afro-Americans by

2005. Apart from the Hispanics, the popula on
The USA that we see today is because of the
of Asians has also been increasing.
immigrants who have shaped and con nue to
As per the recent census, no less than 12% of
shape a rich and varied cultural mosaic. In fact,
the US popula on spoke a primary language
the latest census showed that nearly 85% of the
other than English. There are differences even in
US popula on iden fied themselves with one of
the usages of English. For instance, the Southern
more than 140 different na onal backgrounds. states possess a dis nc ve accent, different
It is thus, a veritable ‘mel ng pot’. from that of the New England states. A closer
The more important of the na onali es are
rela on between language and cultural
Bri sh, Irish, French, Italian, Scandinavian,
landscape can be discerned from the names of
African and more recently Chinese, Indian and
places, that also provide clues to the movement
Korean. Although the dominant European
of people in the past. (See box: Toponymy)
ancestries (Bri sh, French and Irish) were fairly
The immigrants have brought with them
well dispersed throughout USA, most others different religions. The important among these
show preference for a par cular region. For are Islam, Buddhism, Confucianism and
instance, Italians and Portuguese are clustered
Hinduism. Nevertheless, Anglo-America remains
in the northeast, Scandinavians in the north-
Chris an dominated. The distribu on of
central states, Afro- Americans in the southeast,
religious groups also shows regional varia on.
Hispanics in the southwest and Asians in the
For instance, Protestant Bap sts are clustered in
west. the southeast, Mormons in Utah, Roman
The popula on composi on has been Catholics in the New England states and
changing over me. Although the Afro-American Hispanics in the southwest.
popula on remains fairly stable, the Hispanic
Cultural geography of USA con nues to
popula on has been increasing. It is expected
evolve into a complex mosaic. The basis of group

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North America

iden fica on is changing today. It is now no employment are in the services sector or
longer solely based on the tradi onal divisions knowledge based industries. Here, the example
of race and ethnicity. Age, occupa onal status of old tex le towns of Lowell and Lawrence must
and life-style have emerged as new dimensions be cited. These towns have been ‘recycled’ and
in social stra fica on. As it reflects an increasing now possess a developed electronics industry.
secularisa on of the society, it is a cause of Though agriculture in the north east is highly
sa sfac on to a majority of the Americans. produc ve, it is over shadowed by other ways of
Nevertheless, it does represent a threat to the life, occupa ons and land uses. Interes ngly, the
cherished democra c ideals of the American nature of agricultural products of Northeast has
na on. changed over me. During the colonial mes,
As an aid to study the socio-economic small surpluses of grains were produced that fed
diversity, conterminous USA has been divided, the pre-industrial, urbanising society. Increasing
somewhat arbitrarily into 4 major mul -state compe on from the Midwest in grain
regions, the North East, South, Midwest and produc on and expanding demand of dairy
West. products led to the development of dairy and
The North East consists of 6 New England truck farming. This was also suited to the
states (Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, generally low quality soils of this region. In
Massachuse s, Connec cut and Rhode Island) recent years, truck farming has lost out to newer
and 5 Middle Atlan c states (New York, New speciali es such as chicken broiler produc on.
Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland) and Another adapta on in the densely urbanised
the District of Columbia. and populated states such as Massachuse s and
Besides the fact that this area was se led the Rhode Island is the greenhouse products. Today,
earliest, it is also the most intensely developed, this is a leading source of income.
most densely populated and most urbanised The South includes 14 states: 5 along the
region. In fact, nearly, 25% of the popula on Atlan c from Virginia to Florida; 4 along Gulf of
resides in the North East, which accounts for 5% Mexico from Alabama to Texas; 5 interior states
of the total land area of USA. This is despite the of West Virginia, Kentucky, Arkansas, Oklahoma
region not being well endowed in terms of and Tennessee. It accounts for 25% of the total
natural resources and most of the materials area and a li le over 30% of the popula on.
required by the North East industries coming This region has certain dis nc ve
largely from outside this region. characteris cs. It has an intermediate popula on
The most prominent feature of this region is density. The urbanisa on level is somewhat
its intense urbanisa on. This is even more lower. There are several small towns and ci es
marked in the Boston- Washington axis, also and only a few large metropolitan centres. Even
called the “Megalopolis”. The extraordinary the ethnic composi on on the south is different,
urbanisa on was a necessary by-product of with a higher percentage of white Protestants of
industrialisa on. Even though it emerged during Bri sh ancestry, black Protestants and Mexican
the industrial revolu on, the process of American Catholics. Historically, this region had
urbanisa on had begun well before the American lower incomes than the na on in general,
Civil War. John Brocht has developed a framework though this difference has lessened markedly.
based on transporta on technology and The economy of the South has been
industrial energy to study the process of urban dominated by produc on of cash crops for the
evolu on in the North East. (See box) world markets. This reliance on commercial
It is of interest to note that although there is agriculture was established by the 17th century.
a decline in employment in the manufacturing It was ini ally dependent upon growing tobacco
sector, this region s ll records the lowest using slave labour. This was followed by growing
unemployment rates. Thus, the northeast rice and indigo for exports, during the late 17th
presents a mixed picture. The new avenues for century. Only a er the inven on of the co on

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gin did co on become the main basis for the chicken broiler and beef ca le have become the
planta on economy. major source of southern income, although in
More interes ng has been the shi of the certain areas the tradi onal staples of co on
co on growing regions westward. This was and tobacco remain important. In recent years,
ini ally concentrated in the Atlan c coastal island like districts producing a range of non-
region of Georgia and South Carolina, in the so- tradi onal products from peanuts to racehorses
called ‘Sea Island’ district. By the Civil War in have emerged.
1861, this area had lost its prominence. The development of agriculture and
By 1860, the ‘Black Belt’, extending from planta on economy was not matched by an
Alabama to Mississippi had become the principal equal development of industries. This led to
centre for co on produc on. Even in this region, developmental differen als and out migra on.
exhaus on of the soil plus the ravages of boll As a response to low co on prices and especially
weevil destroyed the co on produc on just as the Great Depression of the 1930s, industrial
in the Sea Island district. development truly commenced. The earliest
During the last century there has been a large-scale industries to develop were co on
further westward shi to the Mississippi lowland. tex le and apparel industries. These in fact,
This has proved more durable and s ll is an were able to surpass those in the northeast and
important producer of co on. a ain na onal prominence.
As elsewhere, there have been changes in A er 1940s, the industrial development
the nature of agriculture, kind of products and accelerated with an increase in the number of
the levels of produc vity. Today, the southern factories, workers in the manufacturing sector,
part is not outstanding in agriculture. Although product diversifica on and by 1980s,
smaller dispersed planta ons had appeared by industrialisa on in the south caught up with rest
the Civil War, today small and part me farmers of the USA.
producing a wide range of products dominate Despite the growth, the south remains beset
the southern agriculture. Animal products like with problems arising out of spa al and social

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North America

inequity. This is a consequence of the uneven processing, meatpacking and wheat milling
process of development. Although the south is remain important industries. In fact, the demand
well placed to make use of the opportuni es of a for agricultural implements spurred even the
post-industrial society, it s ll has a long way to go. Iron and Steel industry in this area. The
The Midwest includes 12 states sub grouped availability of steel, central loca on vis-à-vis the
into the eastern Midwest, which has the states market led to the emergence of the automobile
of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin industry, especially around Detroit and other
and the western Midwest which has the states mid-western ci es.
of Minnesota, Iowa, North Dakota, South Dakota, Increasing compe on from other na ons in
Nebraska, Kansas and Missouri. steel and automobile manufacture has brought
The Midwest accounts for about 20% of the about a decline in the employment in the
total land area and approximately 25% of the manufacturing sector, especially in the eastern
popula on. This region is a leading producer of Midwest. This situa on is made worse by the
both agricultural products and manufactured fact that this area is not a rac ng new high
goods and is extraordinarily well connected. technology industries, which are moving to the
The Midwest accounts for 40% of the total “Sunbelt”. It remains to be seen whether the
agricultural produc on, in value terms. This has expanding services sector can fill the
been made possible by a combina on of natural unemployment gap.
condi ons and human enterprise. Rich water The West includes 11 states, which lie beyond
reten ve soils, sufficient moisture and op mal western borders of the south, excluding those,
temperature have together provided the which make up the Midwest. Eight of them are
required condi ons for agricultural development. o en termed as Mountain west as they lie in the
The important products of this region are corn, mountains.
soyabean, wheat and dairy products. Other The West comprises 33% of the land area
minor specialised products such as fruits, and 20% of the popula on. This region is lightly
especially cherries around Lake Michigan, se led, except for a huge cluster in central
sunflower in North Dakota, sugar beet and California and other dispersed loca ons. The
potatoes in Minnesota. Agriculture in Midwest prominent among these are Phoenix and Tucson,
is carried out on large to medium size farms Arizona; Denver, Colorado; Salt Lake City, Utah;
owned or operated by a small number of farmers. Portland, Oregon and Sea le, Washington.
In fact agriculture is a much larger part of The West is short of water and its availability
Midwest economy than is indicated by the is a cri cal factor in the loca on of se lements.
decreasing number of people employed on the No wonder, the intensely developed urban
farms. The very capital-intensive nature of the centres are largely crowded into a handful of big
agriculture has created a large demand for farm metropolitan centres located in or near major
machinery and this contributes to the industrial oases. For that ma er, even the moist Pacific
economy of this region. Northwest can be seen as “oasis like” in the arid
The industrial development decreases from west.
east to west. The states of eastern Midwest The other areas have a fairly low intensity of
account for nearly 22% of the manufacturing development and low popula on density. This is
employment, while the western Midwest because of dry climate, rough topography and
accounts only for 7% of such employment. This late se lement.
difference has arisen because of the earlier In this region, whereas the rural popula on is
se lement of the eastern part, proximity to the dispersed because of good connec vity and
market and easier access to the Appalachian mechanised farming, the urban popula on is
coal through the well-developed transport concentrated into a handful of big urban centres.
network. The Midwest agriculture remains the The urban centres of the west coast have developed
basis for industrialisa on. Farm machinery, food- fairly diversified func ons among which servicing

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of agriculture is generally the oldest. fuels. The cheap power has a racted power
The shortage of water has not prevented the hungry aluminium plants. The single most
development of agriculture. This region accounts important industry in this region is aircra
for nearly 20% of the agricultural produc on. In manufacturing, with the Boeing Company
general, larger the irrigated area of these states, located in Sea le.
greater is the agricultural produc on and greater The other states in western USA are more
is its popula on. In southern California, the dependent on mining. For instance, mining of
favourable climate and irriga on from mountain copper in Arizona and oil and coal in Utah.
streams supported the produc on of citrus California today, is one of the most affluent
fruits. Today, the Central Valley is known for its states but this prosperity has come at the cost
highly produc ve agriculture. This region is of pollu on and threatened ecological stability.
famous for an amazing variety of products, Moreover, in today’s post-industrial economy it
important among them being grapes, co on faces compe on from other centres in the
and rice as also subtropical and temperate fruits “Sunbelt” as a favoured des na on for industrial
and vegetables. Apart from this, there has been loca on. Nevertheless, alongwith the Pacific
an increase in the propor on of farmland Northwest, California remains well poised to
devoted to growing ca le feed for beef and dairy take advantage of its loca on on the gateway to
ca le to meet the demand of the large urban the western Pacific, which is now emerging as
popula on. In recent mes, a large output of the world’s most economically dynamic region.
poultry products has added to this variety. Despite the swings in the extrac ve economy,
Agriculture in the Pacific Northwest began in the other mountainous western states have
the 1840s producing wheat, eggs and vegetables recorded an increase in popula on in recent
to supply to California during the Gold Rush. But years. The guiding force has been the search for
its development today is somewhat restricted high amenity loca ons, clean and stress-free
because of unfavourable terrain and soil environs.
condi ons. The leading products today, are milk Alaska
and truck crops that are sold in the nearby urban
centres. However, Oregon and Washington Alaska was purchased by USA from Russia in
con nue to be the leading producers of mber 1867, thus becoming its 49th state. Although it
especially so wood varie es like douglas fir. comprises nearly 17% of the area of USA, its
The Mountain states are drier than those in rugged territory and harsh climate have severely
the northwest and lack the irriga on facili es of restricted se lement in this mineral rich region.
California. This has limited agricultural The Arc c coastal plains of Alaska contain very
development to only those areas which have large deposits of oil and natural gas.
ample irriga on. For instance, co on and hay, to Since the 1940s, this region has experienced
support beef and dairy ca le in Salt River valley growth largely due to increased military and
in Phoenix and limited agriculture to meet the governmental employment, development of air
local needs of farm products in Salt Lake City has transport and rise of fishing industry.
been established around an oasis. Today, nearly half the popula on lives in
The favourable climate, availability of skilled metropolitan Anchorage, while the rest is
manpower and other such factors have dispersed over the state with pockets of
contributed to the rise of high technology concentra on in Fairbanks, and the state capital
industries like computers and biotechnology in Juneau.
the San Francisco region, especially in the famed Of the total popula on about 17% comprise
‘Silicon Valley’. Alaskan Na ves (Eskimos, American Indians or
Industrial development in the Pacific Aleuts). They have been vic ms of white
Northwest has been spurred by making available exploita on for very long and have only recently
cheap hydro-electricity in a region lacking fossil received some redress.
As agriculture is limited only to high cost

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North America

dairying in some areas, Alaska is totally include its greater reliance on the exports of
dependent on conterminous USA for both food raw or semi-finished materials, energy and food
and consumer goods. This has made Alaska, the while it impor ng the manufactured goods. It is
most expensive of the states. overwhelmingly dependent on USA, which is its
Hawaii largest trading partner. In fact, the whole
economic structure of Canada is geared to
The state of Hawaii consists of 8 volcanic interchange with the giant next door. This is
mountainous islands, with the island of Hawaii being because of Canada’s small popula on. Although
the largest. Hawaii was annexed in 1898 a er the Canadians are affluent, their limited numbers
overthrowing a Polynesian monarchy. The state’s are neither a large enough market for the
popula on is a mix of Caucasian, Japanese Canadian products, nor are they able to provide
Polynesian, Filipino and Chinese origins. But vast capital.
culturally the popula on is thoroughly Americanised. The overbearing influence of USA on
Nearly 3/4th of the popula on is concentrated Canada has been a sore point to many Canadians
in Metropolitan Honolulu, which occupies the who think of themselves as an ‘American
island of Oahu. Colony’. Apart from this, is the past experience
The temperatures in Hawaii are tropical of less than cordial rela ons, manifested in
except for colder spots on mountain tops. threats of annexa on, a series of border
The rainfall produced by the Trade winds disputes and more recently disputes over trade.
shows extreme contrasts between the windward Nevertheless, rela ons between the two
and leeward slopes. As a result, some areas are countries have improved gradually to a level
so dry that only irrigated agriculture is possible. where the two countries are cited as an example
The main agricultural products and exports are of coopera on between the neighbouring
sugarcane and pineapples. They are sent mainly countries with the fron er separa ng them
to conterminous USA. Apart from agriculture, coming to symbolise friendship. These es have
the economy of this region is based on military found their basis in cultural similari es,
expenditure and in recent years, on tourism. material wealth of both na ons, mutual need
Canada for and advantages of coopera on, both
economic and military.
Canada is one of the most developed, The peculiar characteris cs of Canada arise
industrialised, technologically advanced and also because of the internal geography of
urbanised states of the world – Despite this, it Canadian regions, which differs sharply. This has
has certain characteris cs which are unlike any also influenced the se lement pa ern of
other developed country. Canada.
These peculiar characteris cs of Canada

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