05.18.

24

Iterative solution procedure

Water at 60 degrees fahrenheit (density =

62.36 lbm/ft3 and dynamic viscosity = 7.536
* 10^-4 lbm/ft·s) is flowing steadily in a 2-in-
diameter horizontal pipe made of stainless
steel at a rate of 0.2 ft3/s. Determine the
pressure drop, the head loss, and the required
pumping power input for flow over a 200-ft-
long section of the pipe.
To solve this problem, we need to determine
the pressure drop, head loss, and required
pumping power for the given flow conditions
in the pipe.

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Given Data

Temperature of water, 𝑇 60 ∘F

Density of water, 𝜌 62.36 lbm/ft

Dynamic viscosity of water, 𝜇 7.536 10 lbm/ft ⋅ s

Pipe diameter, 𝐷 2 in ft 0.167 ft

Pipe length, 𝐿 200 ft

Flow rate, 𝑉˙ 0.2 ft /s

.
Roughness, 𝜖 0.002 in ft 0.000167 ft

Calculate the Average Velocity

First, calculate the cross-sectional area of the pipe:

. ft
𝐴 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 0.0835 ft 0.0219 ft

Now, calculate the average velocity 𝑉 of the water in the pipe:

/s
˙ . ft
𝑉 9.13 ft/s
. ft

Calculate the Reynolds Number

The Reynolds number 𝑅𝑒 is given by: 𝑅𝑒

. lbm/ft . ft/s . ft
Now, calculate 𝑅𝑒: 𝑅𝑒
. lbm/ft⋅s
. lbm/ft⋅s
𝑅𝑒 . lbm/ft⋅s

𝑅𝑒 1.26 10

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Since 𝑅𝑒 4000, the flow is turbulent.

Use the Colebrook-White Equation for the Friction Factor

/ .
The Colebrook-White equation is given by: 2log
.

We'll use an iterative approach to solve for 𝑓:

Initial Guess for 𝑓: 𝑓 0.02

Iteration:
. / . .
First Iteration: √ 2log
. . . √ .
. .
7.07 2log 7.07 2log 0.00027 0.00014
. . .
7.07 2log 0.00041 7.07 2 3.387 7.07 6.774

. / . .
Adjust 𝑓 based on the difference: 𝑓 2log
. . √ .

𝑓 6.774 0.0218

Second Iteration: Using the new 𝑓:

. / . .
√ .
2log . . √ .
6.765 2log 0.00027 0.00014 6.765 2 3.387 6.765 6.774

This is sufficiently close, so we can use 𝑓 0.0218.

Calculate the Pressure Drop

Using the friction factor from iteration, calculate the pressure drop: Δ 𝑃 𝑓

ft . lbm/ft . ft/s
Δ𝑃 0.0218
. ft

First, calculate the velocity head term:

. lbm/ft . ft/s . .
2600.06 lbm/ft ⋅ s

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Then calculate the dimensionless factor:

𝑓 0.0218 .
0.0218 1197.6 26.09

Now, calculate the pressure drop:

Δ𝑃 26.09 2600.06 lbm/ft ⋅ s 67, 764.63 lbm/ft
To convert this to lbf/ft²: Δ 𝑃 67, 764.63 lbf/ft
, .
To convert to psi (1 psi = 144 lbf/ft²): Δ 𝑃 470.58 psi

Calculate the Head Loss

The head loss ℎ is given by: ℎ

, . lbf/ft
Using 𝑔 32.174 ft/s : ℎ
. lbm/ft . ft/s
, .
ℎ 33.76 ft
.

Calculate the Required Pumping Power

The required pumping power 𝑊 is given by: 𝑊 𝑉˙ Δ 𝑃 𝑊 0.2 ft /s

67, 764.63 lbf/ft
𝑊 13, 552.93 ft ⋅ lbf/s
, .
Convert to horsepower (1 hp = 550 ft·lbf/s): 𝑊 24.64 hp

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Heated air at 1 atm and 35 degrees Centigrade is to be transported in a 150-m-long circular plastic
duct at a rate of 0.35 m3/s . If the head loss in the pipe is not to exceed 20 m, determine the
minimum diameter of the duct.

To determine the minimum diameter of the duct that limits the head loss to 20 meters, we will
follow these steps:

Use the given data to calculate the required parameters.

Determine the Reynolds number to assess the flow regime.

Use the Darcy-Weisbach equation to relate head loss, flow rate, and diameter.

Iterate or solve for the diameter ensuring the head loss does not exceed 20 meters.

Given Data

Temperature of air, � = 35 ∘C

Pressure of air, � = 1 atm

Flow rate, �˙ = 0.35 m �/s

Length of duct, � = 150 m

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Head loss, ℎ� = 20 m

Properties of Air at 35°C

We need the density and dynamic viscosity of air at 35°C. These values can be obtained from
standard air property tables:

Density of air, � ≈ 1.145 kg/m �

Dynamic viscosity of air, � ≈ 1.895 × 10 −� kg/m ⋅ s

Calculations

Calculate the Average Velocity

�� �
First, we assume a diameter � for the duct. The cross-sectional area � of the duct is: � =
�

�˙ �˙ ��˙
The average velocity � of the air is: � = = �� �
=
� �� �
�

Calculate the Reynolds Number

��� ���˙
The Reynolds number �� is given by: �� = �
=
���

Use the Darcy-Weisbach Equation

�
��
The head loss ℎ� due to friction is given by the Darcy-Weisbach equation: ℎ� = �� ��

� �/�
����˙
Rearranging to solve for the diameter �, we get: � = � � �
� ���

However, to solve this equation, we need the friction factor �, which depends on the Reynolds
number and the roughness of the duct. For a smooth plastic duct, we can initially assume � using
empirical correlations for turbulent flow.

Iterative Process

Assume a friction factor �: A typical initial guess for � in turbulent flow for smooth pipes is
0.02.
�/�
�×�.��×���×(�.��) �
Calculate the initial diameter �: � = � �
� � �.����

Iterate to find the accurate �:

Compute the Reynolds number with the initial �.

Use the Colebrook-White equation to find a more accurate �.

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Recalculate � using the updated �.

Step-by-Step Calculation

1. Initial Diameter Calculation

Let's perform the initial calculation with � = 0.02:

�/�
�×�.��×���×(�.��) �
�=� �
� � �.����

��.������.���� �/�
�=� �
�.����

��.��.���� �/�
�=� �
���.�

�.� �/�
�=� �
���.�
�/�
� = (0.0187)
� ≈ 0.290 m

2. Calculate Reynolds Number with Initial �:

��.��
�= ≈ 5.32 m/s
��.�� �
�.����.���.��
�� = ≈ 94, 800
�.���×�� −�

Since �� > 4000, the flow is turbulent.

3. Update Friction Factor Using Colebrook Equation

� �/� �.��
The Colebrook equation for turbulent flow in smooth pipes is: = − 2log�� � + �
�� �.� ����

For a smooth plastic duct, we assume � / � ≈ 0:

� �.��
= − 2log�� � �
�� ��,�����

Solve iteratively for �:

� �.��
Initial guess � = 0.02: √�.��
≈ 7.07 7.07 = − 2log�� � � 7.07 = − 2log�� (1.88 × 10 −�)
��,����.����
7.07 = 8.74

This suggests � should be higher. Iterate with � = 0.03:

� �.��
Next guess � = 0.03: √�.��
≈ 5.77 5.77 = − 2log�� � � 5.77 = − 2log�� (2.3 × 10 −�)
��,����.����
5.77 = 7.64

Adjust � downward and iterate:

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� �.��
Final iteration � = 0.025: √�.���
≈ 6.32 6.32 = − 2log�� � �
��,����.���
6.32 = − 2log�� (2.1 × 10 −�) 6.32 = 7.68

After a few iterations, assume � ≈ 0.026.

Final Diameter Calculation

Using � = 0.026:
�/�
�×�.���×���×(�.��) �
�=� �
� � �.����

��.�������.���� �/�
�=� �
�.����

��.���.���� �/�
�=� �
���.�
�/�
� = (0.0198)
� ≈ 0.297 m

Check for mistakes

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