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DBMS-3

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DBMS-3

Uploaded by

rajateshpaul
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Database Management Systems (CS 20004)

KALINGA INSTITUTE OF INDUSTRIAL


TECHNOLOGY

School Of Computer
Engineering

Dr. Amiya Ranjan Panda,


Assistant Professor [II]
School of Computer Engineering,
Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT),
Deemed to be University,Odisha

3 Credit Lecture Note 03


Chapter Contents
2

❑ Data Storage and Querying


✓ Storage Manager
✓ Query Processor

❑ Database Architecture
❑ Application Architecture
❑ Disadvantages of Database Processing
Data Storage and Querying
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➢ The functional components of a database system can be broadly divided into:


✓The storage manager is important because databases typically require a large
amount of storage space
✓The query processor is important because it helps the database system
simplify and facilitate access to data
➢The overall computer system consists of four modules as: Hardware, Operating
system, File management system and Application program
Storage Manager
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➢A storage manager is a program module that provides the interface between


the low-level data stored in the database and the application programs and
queries submitted to the system. The storage manager is responsible for the
interaction with the file manager. Storage manager is responsible for storing,
retrieving and updating data in the database.
➢ The storage manager components include:
• Authorization and Integrity Manager: This module tests for the
satisfaction of integrity constraints and checks the authority of users to access
data.
• Transaction Manager: Transaction manager ensures that the database
remains in a consistent (correct) state despite system failures and concurrent
transaction executions proceed without conflicting.
• File Manager: This module manages the allocation of space on disk
storage and data structures used to represent information stored on the disk.
• Buffer Manager: Buffer manager is responsible for fetching data from the
disk storage into main memory. The buffer manager is a critical part of the
database system.
Disk Storage
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➢The storage manager implements several data structures as part of the


physical system implementations:
• Data files: These are files in the physical memory used to store the database
itself.
• Data Dictionary: Data dictionary stores the metadata (data about data) that
provides the information about the definitions of the data items and their
relationships, authorizations, and usage statistics. In addition, any changes
made to the physical structure of the database are automatically recorded in
the data dictionary.
• Indices: Indices are used to provide faster access to data items stored in the
physical storage.

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Query Processor
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➢ The work of query processor is to execute the query successfully.


➢ The major components of query processor include
✓DDL Interpreter: This is the interpreter used to interpret DDL statements

and records the definitions in the data dictionary.


✓DML Compiler: DML compiler translates the DML statements in a query

language into an evaluation plan consisting of low-level instructions that


the query evaluation engine understands. When a user wants to perform a
DML operation, the data dictionary has to be checked for the validation
purpose.
✓Query Evaluation Engine: This module executes the low-level
instructions generated by the DML compiler.

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Database Architecture
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➢ The overall database architecture is:

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Application Architecture
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➢Client machines are those on which the remote database users work. Server
machines are those on which the database system runs.
✓2-Tier Architecture: Here, the application is partitioned into a component
that resides at the client machine, which invokes database system
functionality at the server machine through query language. The two tiers
are: Data server and Client application.
✓3-Tier Architecture: Here, the client machine acts as a front end and
doesn’t contain any direct database calls. The client end communicates with
an application server, usually via a form interfaces. The application server
in turn communicates with a database system to access data. The 3-tier
applications are more appropriate for large applications, and the
applications that run on the web.

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Disadvantages of Database Processing
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➢ The major disadvantages are:
✓Larger file size: In order to support all the complex functions that it provides to
users, a DBMS must be a large program that occupies a great amount of disk
space as well as a substantial amount of internal memory.
✓Increased Complexities: The complexity and breadth of the functions provided
by a DBMS make it a complex product. Users of the database system must learn
a great deal to understand the features of the system in order to take full
advantages of it.
✓Greater Impact of Failure: If several users are sharing the same database, a
failure on the part of any one user that damages the database in some way might
affect all the other users connected.
✓More difficult recovery: The database must first be restored to the condition it
was in when it was last known to be correct, any updates made by users since
that time must be redone. The greater the number of users involved in updating
the database, the more complicated this task becomes.

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