Lecture_4_Vector_
Lecture_4_Vector_
Vector space.
Action on vectors.
→
Directed line segment is called vector, denoted by АВ , where
A is the beginning of the vector, and B is the end of the vector
→ → ¿
(Sometimes denoted as а = АВ , а , а).
→
Length of the vector АВ is the length of the segment АВ.
A directed segment at which the beginning and the
end coincide (B = A) is called the zero vector.
Two non-zero vectors AB and CD are equal if they
lie on parallel lines, are directed to the same direction
and have equal lengths, i.e. | AB | = |CD |.
Vectors lie on a straight line or in parallel lines is called
collinear vectors.
¿ ¿
Let two vectors а and b be given. Let’s connect the
¿ ¿
beginning of b with the end of а . Then the directed
¿
segment c of which the beginning coincides with the
¿ ¿
beginning of а and the end – with the end of b is called
¿ ¿
the sum of а and b . This definition is called triangle rule.
b b
a a a
b a b a b
¿ ¿
Recall that the sum of vectors а and b of which the
beginnings coincide is depicted by the directed segment
having the same beginning coinciding with the diagonal
of parallelogram of which sides are the directed
¿ ¿
segments а and b (the parallelogram rule). Subtraction
¿ ¿
(difference) of vectors а and b is defined as:
¿ ¿ ¿ ¿
а - b = а + (-1) b
a b
a
b
¿ ¿
The difference а - b of these vectors is depicted by the
vector coinciding with the second diagonal of the same
parallelogram so that the beginning of this vector is at the
¿ ¿
end of the vector b , and its end – at the end of the vector а .
¿ ¿
The product а of a directed segment а on number is
zero directed segment for 0 and the directed
segment for 0 such that its length is equal to | | |
¿ ¿
а | and its direction coincides with the direction of а if
¿
0 and is opposite to the direction of а if 0.
For example, λ = 2, λ = -1.
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a 2a a
ā⋅b̄=|ā|⋅|b̄|cos ϕ ,
¿ ¿
where φ is angle between а and b , 0
Properties of scalar product
¿ ¿ ¿ ¿
1. ā⋅b̄=0 for а 0 and b 0 if а and b are mutually
orthogonal.
2. ā⋅b̄=b̄⋅ā
3. ( ā+ b̄ )⋅с̄=ā⋅с̄+ b̄⋅с̄
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4. ā⋅ā=|ā|
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ā⋅b̄
cos ϕ=
¿ ¿
5. For non-zero а and b |ā|⋅|b̄|
Consider the Cartesian coordinate system. A( x 1 , y 1 ) is beginning
¿
point and В( x 2 , y 2 ) is the endpoint of the vector АВ . Then we can
¿
vector АВ writing by components:
B
y2
¿
АВ = ( x 2−x 1 , y 2 − y 1 )
A
y1
0 x1 x2 x
y
a3
a2
a a
a2 y
a1 x
a1
x
|ā|= √a 21 +a 22 +a 23
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¿ ¿
Let
а =( a1 , a2 , a 3 ) , b =(b 1 , b2 , b 3 ) and λ real number, then:
¿
а + b̄=(a1 +b1 , a 2 +b 2 , a3 +b3 )
¿
λ а=( λa1 , λa2 , λa3 )
¿
а⋅b̄=a1⋅b1 +a2⋅b2 +a3⋅b3
vectors and , 0 ;
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1. | x | is equal to the area of parallelogram
1. x =- x
2. ( λ ā ) x b̄=λ ( ā x b̄ )
3. ( ā+ b̄ ) x с̄=ā x с̄+ b̄ x с̄
¿ ¿
Let
а =( a1 , a2 , a 3 ) and b =(b 1 , b2 , b 3 ) . Then
x =
The cross–product enables us to derive elegant formulae
for the distance
from a point to a line, the area of a triangle and the
distance between two skew lines.
Mixed product
( а ×b̄ )⋅c̄ .
¿
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mixed product is positive if the triple of vectors ,
and с̄ is right, and is negative if left.
¿ ¿ ¿
Let
а =( a1 , a2 , a 3 ) , b =(b 1 , b2 , b 3 ) and с =(с 1 , с 2 , с 3 ) . Then
a1 a 2 a 3
|b 1 b 2 b 3 |
( , ,с̄ )= c 1 c 2 c3
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→ →
α x + β y =0
is truly if only α = β =0. If we assume that this is not true, say β≠0 ,
→ α→ → →
then y =- β x , and it means that vectors x , y are collinear. Any
three vectors on the plane are linearly dependent.
Properties of the vector space:
1. If among the vectors x, y, z, …, u there is zero vector, then this
vectors are depended vectors. Indeed, say x=0 . Then (1) is correct if
α =1, β =γ =…= λ =0.
2. If several vectors of a x, y, z, …, u are linearly dependent, then
they are linearly dependent. Indeed, if we want the vectors y, z, …, u
are linearly dependent, the equation β y+γ z+…+ λ u=0 must be valid
only if all the coefficients β ,γ ,…, λ are simultaneously equal to zero.
Consider the example. Whether the vectors x=(3,2,-1), y=(2,-
1,3), z=(1,3,-4) are linearly dependent?
Decision. Vectors x, y, z are linearly dependent if this α x+ β y+γ
z= 0
is true for inequality to zero at least one of the coefficients α , β ,γ .
Let us write as columns vectors x, y, z:
() ()( )
3 2 1
2 −1 3
α −1 +β 3 +γ −4 =0
{3α+2β−γ=0¿{2α−β+3γ=0¿ ¿
This system consistence, i.e. it always has a solution. Solve the problem
by Gauss and find all non-zero solutions:
α=−5 С , β=11С , γ =7 С ,
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Here C - any real number.
For the given vectors equation (1) is true if at least one of the numbers
α , β ,γ is nonzero. So, given vectors are linearly dependent.
Say, α=−5 , β=11 , γ =7 (С=1).
Def. If there is a n linearly independent vectors in a vector
space R and any (n+1st) linearly expressed through them, then the space
is called the n-dimensional. dim(R)=n or Rn - whichever way they
write.
Def. п linearly independent vectors of n-dimensional vector
space is called a basis.
Following statements are true:
1. The determinant coordinates of basis vectors consisted matrix is not
zero.
2. Any vector of space is expressed in terms of basis vectors, and the
only way.
e ,e ,
If 1 2
..., e n - a basis, any x∈ R expressed by them as follows:
x=x 1 e 1 + x 2 e 2 + . . . + x n e n .
e ,e ,
It turns out, the number х is determined by 1 2
..., e n only way with
numbers 1 2
x , x , .. . , x
n , which called coefficients.
Example. Are x=(1;3;0), y=(-1;2;1), z=(1;-1;2) basis? If so,
write out u=(2;0;1) the terms of the basis vectors.
Decision. By the first assertion, if x, y, z are basis, then determinant
consisting of the coordinates is not zero:
1 3 0
|−1 2 1|=14≠0
1 −1 2
Consequently, these vectors form a basis.
By the second assertion,u is expressed in terms of basis vectors
(x,y,z), and the only way:
u=u1 x+ u2 y + u3 z .
x, y, z, u written in the form of columns, and remove the parentheses:
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() ( ) ( )()
1 −1 1 2
3 2 −1 0
u1 0 +u2 1 +u3 2 = 1
Obtain the following problem:
{u1+3u2=2¿{−u1+2u2+u3=0¿¿¿¿
u u u
Solving this equation, we find the coordinates( 1 , 2 , 3 ) of the u in
basis (x, y, z). Consisting of system three equations with three
unknowns can be solved in any way. We find the only right decision:
9 8 11
u1 = u =− u =
14 , 2 14 , 3 14 .
9 8 11
u= x− y+ z
So, 14 14 14 .
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ЕСЕПТЕР МЕН ТАПСЫРМАЛАР
9. ( e1 , e 2 , e 3 )
базисінде а=e 1+ 2 e 2−e 3 , b=e 1+ 3 e 3 , c=e 2 +5 e 3
векторлары берілген. а, b,c векторлары базис құратынын
e 1−2e 2 + ¿ e ¿
дәлелдеу керек; d= 3 векторының (а,b,c) базисте
жіктелу коэффициенттерін тап
( )
1 −1 2
A= 3 2 1
12. А сызықты түрлендіруі ( e1 , e 2 , e 3 ) базисінде 2 0 1
( )
1 2 −2
(−12 −34 ) ;
A= 1 3 0
A=
а) б) 1 0 3 .
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15. Квадраттық форманың матрицасын жазу керек:
f ( x1 , x 2 )=x 21 +7 x 1 x 2 +3 x 22
а)
f ( x1 , x 2 , x3 )= x12−6 x 1 x 2 +3 x 22−8 x 1 x 3 +x 23
б)
f ( x1 , x 2 )=2 x 21 +3 x 1 x 2− 4 x 22
16. квадраттық формасынан
x1 = y1 −2 y 2 x2 = y1 + 3 y 2
сызықтық түрлендіру арқылы
алынған квадраттық форманы анықтау керек.
f ( x1 , x 2 )=x 21−3 x 1 x 2 +5 x 22 x = y + y2
17. квадраттық формасынан 1 1
x2 = y1 −2 y 2
сызықтық түрлендіру арқылы алынған квадраттық
форманы анықтау керек.
f ( x1 , x 2 )=x 21 +x 1 x 2 +x22
а)
f ( x , x , x )= x 2 +2 x x +4 x 2 +3 x 2
в) 1 2 3 1 1 2 2 3.
______________________________________________________
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21. а=(1,-2,0) және b=(5,0,-1) векторлары берілген. Осы
векторлардың скаляр көбейтіндісі мен арасындағы бұрышты
табу керек.
25. а=(2, -1, 5), b=(3, 2, 1), c=(1, 1, 0), векторлары базис құра ма?
Егер құрса d=(5, 6, -3) векторының (а, b, c) базисте жіктелу
коэффициенттерін тап.
26. ( e1 , e 2 , e 3 ) e +e + e 2 e +3 e 3 , c=e 2 +5 e 3
базисінде а= 1 2 3 , b= 2
векторлары берілген. а, b,c векторлары базис құратынын
2e −e + ¿ e ¿
дәлелдеу керек; d= 1 2 3 векторының (а,b,c) базисте
жіктелу коэффициенттерін тап
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( )
1 1 −3
A= 1 2 1
28. А сызықты түрлендіруі ( 1 2 3 ) базисінде
e ,e , e −3 1 1
матрицасымен берілген. х =e1 +2 e3 векторына жасалған
y= Ах сызықты түрлендіруін табу керек.
( )
2 −1 1
а)
A= (64 −4
−2 ) ; б)
A= (−ba −ba ); в)
A= −1 2 −1
0 0 1 .
f ( x1 , x 2 )=x 21 +9 x 1 x 2 +5 x 22
а)
f ( x1 , x 2 )=2 x 21 +7 x 1 x 2 −3 x 22
31. квадраттық формасынан x1 = y1 + y 2
x2 = y1 −2 y 2
сызықтық түрлендіру арқылы алынған квадраттық
форманы анықтау керек.
f ( x1 , x 2 )=x 21 +3 x 1 x 2− x 22
а)
f ( x1 , x 2 , x3 )= 4 x21 −4 x1 x 2 +x 22 +4 x1 x3 −3 x 2 x 3 + x23
б)
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