1

Spoken Kashmiri
A LA N G U A G E C OURSE

Omkar N Koul

INDIAN INSTITUTE OF LANGUAGE STUDIES

2 SPOKEN KASHMIRI

SPOKEN KASHMIRI : A LANGUAGE COURSE

by

OMKAR N. KOUL

Copyright: The Author

Rs. 300

First Published 1987

Second Edition 2005
Third Reprint 2012

Published by
Indian Institute of Language Studies
C-13 Greenview Apartments
33/ Sector 9, Rohini,
Delhi 110085

ISBN 81-86323-19-8
 3

Contents

Transcription ... 4
Introduction .. 5
Lesson 1 ... 11
Lesson 2 ... 18
Lesson 3 ... 23
Lesson 4 ... 28
Lesson 5 ... 33
Lesson 6 ... 37
Lesson 7 ... 42
Lesson 8 ... 47
Lesson 9 ... 53
Lesson 10 ... 59
Lesson 11 ... 65
Lesson 12 ... 71
Lesson 13 ... 78
Lesson 14 83
Lesson 15 ... 88
Lesson 16 ... 94
Lesson 17 ... 99
Lesson 18 ... 103
Lesson 19 ... 109
Lesson 20 ... 114
Appendix (Classified Vocabulary of Kashmiri) 118
References 133
4 SPOKEN KASHMIRI

Transcription

Vowels Front Unrounded Central Back Rounded

High i i: : u u:
Mid e e: : o o:

Low a a: :

Consonants B. D. R. P. V. G
Stops:
VI. unasp p t k
VI. asp ph th h kh
Vd. Unasp. b d d g
Affricates:
VI. unasp. ts c
VI. asp. tsh ch
Vd. Unasp. j
Nasals: m n
Fricatives: VI. s š h
Vd. z
Lateral: I
Trill: r
Semi-vowels v y

Nasalization of vowels is indicated by the nasal sign over the

vowels. The palatalization of consonants is indicated by an
apostrophe sign after the consonantal letter: p’, b’ , etc.

Abbreviations

Abbreviations used are as follows: s. sg. (singular), p. pI.

(plural), m. (masculine), f. (feminine), hon. (honorific) non-hon
(non honorific), vl. (voiceless), vd. (voiced), unasp (unaspirated)
asp. (aspirated), i. (intransitive), t. (transitive), B(bilabial),
D(Dental),R (Retroflex), P (Palatal),V (Velar), G (glottal).
 5

Introduction

Area and Speakers

The Kashmiri language is called k :šur or k :šir zaba:n by its

native speakers. It is primarily spoken in the Kashmir Valley of
the state of Jammu and Kashmir in India. It is also spoken by
Kashmiris settled in other parts of India, and other countries.
According to the 2001 census there were 5,362,349 speakers of
the language. Keeping in view the rise of the population over last
many years, the current number of its speakers will be around six
million. The language spoken in and around Srinagar is regarded
as the standard variety. It is used in literature, mass media and
education.

Classification and Dialects

There is a general consensus amongst historical linguists that

Kashmiri belongs to the Dardic branch of the Indo-Aryan family.
Grierson (1919), Morgenstierne (1961), Fussman (1972) classify
Kashmiri under Dardic group of Indo-Aryan languages. The
term Dardic is stated to be only a geographical convention and
not a linguistic expression. The classification of Kashmiri and
other Dardic languages has been reviewed in some works
(Kachru 1969, Strand 1973, Koul and Schmidt 1984) with
different purposes in mind. Kachru points out linguistic
characteristics of Kashmiri. Strand presents his observations on
Kafir languages. Koul and Schmidt have reviewed the literature
on the classification of Dardic languages and have investigated
the linguistic characteristics or features of these languages with
special reference of Kashmiri and Shina.
Kashmiri has two types of dialects: (a) Regional dialects and
(b) Social dialects. Regional dialects are further of two types: (i)
those regional dialects or variations which are spoken in the
regions inside the valley of Kashmir and (ii) those which are
spoken in the regions outside the valley of Kashmir. Kashmiri
speaking area in the valley is ethno-semantically divided into
three regions: (1) Maraz (southern and south-eastern region), (2)
Kamraz (northern and north-western region) and (3) Srinagar
6 SPOKEN KASHMIRI

and its neighboring areas. There are some minor linguistic

variations mainly at the phonological and lexical levels.
Kashmiri spoken in the three regions is not only mutually
intelligible but quite homogeneous. These dialectical variations
can be termed as different styles of the same speech. Since
Kashmiri, spoken in and around Srinagar has gained some social
prestige, very frequent ‘style switching’ takes places from
Marazi or Kamrazi styles to that of the style of speech spoken in
Srinagar and its neighboring areas. This phenomena of style
switching is very common among the educated speakers of
Kashmiri. Kashmiri spoken in Srinagar and surrounding areas
continues to hold the prestige of being the standard variety which
is used in mass media and literature.
There are two main regional dialects, namely Poguli and
Kishtawari spoken outside the valley of Kashmiri (Koul and
Schmidt 1984). Poguli is spoken in the Pogul and Paristan
valleys bordered on the east by Rambani and Siraji, and on the
west by mixed dialects of Lahanda and Pahari. The speakers of
Poguli are found mainly to the south, south-east and south-west
of Banihal. Poguli shares many linguistic features including 70%
vocabulary with Kashmiri (Koul and Schmidt 1984). Literate
Poguli speakers of Pogul and Pakistan valleys speak standard
Kashmiri as well. Kishtawari is spoken in the Kishtawar valley,
lying to the south east of Kashmir. It is bordered on the south by
Bhadarwahi, on the west by Chibbali and Punchi, and on the east
by Tibetan speaking region of Zanskar. Kishtawari shares most
of the linguistic features of standard Kashmiri, but retains some
archaic features which have disappeared from the latter. It shares
about 80% vocabulary with Kashmiri (Koul and Schmidt
1984) .
No detailed sociolinguistic research work has been conducted
to study different speech variations of Kashmiri spoken by
different communities and speakers who belong to different
areas, professions and occupations. In some earlier works
beginning with Grierson (1919: 234) distinction has been pointed
out in two speech variations of Hindus and Muslims, two major
communities who speak Kashmiri natively. Kachru (1969) has
used the terms Sanskritized Kashmiri and Persianized Kashmiri
to denote the two style differences on the grounds of some
 7

variations in pronunciation, morphology and vocabulary

common among Hindus and Muslims. It is true that most of the
distinct vocabulary used by Hindus is derived from Sanskrit and
that used by Muslims is derived from Person-Arabic sources.
On considering the phonological and morphological variations
(besides vocabulary) between these two dialects, the terms used
by Kachru do not appear to be appropriate or adequate enough to
represent the two socio-dialectical variations of styles of speech.
The dichotomy of these social dialects is not always clear-cut.
One can notice a process of style switching between the speakers
of these two dialects in terms of different situations and
participants. The frequency of this ‘style switching’ process
between the speakers of these two communities mainly depends
on different situations and periods of contact between the
participants of the two communities at various social,
educational and professional levels. Koul (1986) and Dhar
(1984) have presented co-relation between certain linguistic and
social variations of Kashmiri at different social and regional
levels. The sociolinguistic variations of the language deserve a
detailed study.

Unique Characteristics

Kashmiri is closely related to Shina and some other languages of

the North-West frontier. It also shares some morphological
features such as pronominal suffixes with Sindhi and Lahanda.
However, Kashmiri is different from all other Indo-Aryan
languages in certain phonological, morphological and syntactic
features. For example, Kashmiri has a set of central vowels / , :,
and :/ , and dental affricates /ts/ and /tsh/ which are not found
in other Indo-Aryan languages. In a similar way, in Kashmiri the
finite verb always occurs in the second position with the
exception in relative clause constructions. The word order in
Kashmiri, thus, resembles the one in German, Dutch, Icelandic,
Yiddish and a few other languages. These languages form a
distinct set and are currently known as Verb Second (V-2)
languages. Note that the word order generated by V-2 languages
is quite different from Verb middle languages such as English. In
a V-2 language, any constituent of a sentence can precede the
8 SPOKEN KASHMIRI

verb. It is worth mentioning here that Kashmiri shows several

unique features which are different from the above mentioned
other V-2 languages.

Script

Various scripts have been used for Kashmiri. The main scripts
are: Sharda, Devanagari, Roman and Perso-Arabic. The Sharda
script, developed around the 8th century, is the oldest script used
for Kashmiri. The script was not developed for writing Kashmiri.
It was primarily used for writing Sanskrit by the local scholars at
that time. Besides a large number of Sanskrit literary works, old
Kashmiri works were written in this script. This script does not
represent all the phonetic characteristics of the Kashmiri
language. It contiued to be used for writing horoscopes by the
priests of the Kashmiri Pandit community till the end of the 20th
century in the Kashmir valley but is no longer used now. The
Devanagari script with additional diacritical marks is used for
Kashmiri by writers and researchers in representing the data
from Kashmiri texts in their writings in Hindi related to
language, literature and culture. It is also used as an additional
script (besides Perso-Arabic)or alternate script in certain literary
works, religious texts including devotional songs written by
Hindu writers outside the valley of Kashmir after their migration
from the valley. It is being used by a few journals namely
Vaakh, Koshur Samachar, Kshir Bhawani Times, Vitasta, and
Milchar on regular basis. Certain amount of inconsistency
prevails in the use of diacritic signs. The diacritic signs for
writing Kashmiri in this script have recently been standardized
and the computer software is available for it. It is currently used
in most of the publications printed in Devagari. The Roman
script is also used for Kashmiri but is not very popular. The
Roman script with phonetic diacritic signs is used in the
presentation of data from Kashmiri in the linguistic and literary
works related to the Kashmiri language and literature written in
English. It is also used in instructional materials for teaching and
or learning Kashmiri as a second/foreign language through the
medium of English. However, there is no uniformity in the use
of diacritic signs.
 9

The Perso-Arabic script with additional diacritical marks

now known as Kashmiri script has been recognized as the
official script for Kashmiri by the Jammu and Kashmir
Government and is now widely used in publications in the
language. It still lacks standardization (Koul 1996). The
computer software is available for writing Kashmiri in this
script.

Learning of Kashmiri as a second/foreign language

In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in learning

Kashmiri as a second/foreign language. Kashmiri is being taught
as a second language at the Northern Regional Language Centre
(CIIL) Patiala since 1971. A limited number of pedagogical
materials in the from of language courses and supplementary
materials have been produced in Kashmiri so far. Kachru
(1969,1973) has made first serious attempt in this regard. Koul
(1985,1995) has prepared two textbooks for teaching basic and
intermediate level courses in Kashmiri at the NRLC Patiala.
They introduce all major structures of the Kashmiri language.
Bhat (1982) and Raina (1995) have prepared readers in for
teaching Kashmiri at the first two levels at the sochool level.
They contain lessons on the Kashmiri script and some structures.
Bhat (2001) has prepared an audio-cassette course in Kashmiri
with a manual useful for the second language learners of
Kashmiri.
The present book is essentially a self-instructional course. It
contains 20 lessons presenting basic structures of the Kashmiri
language. Each lesson contains usually one major structure along
with related patterns. All the lessons consist of text, mostly in the
form of dialogues, followed by drills, exercises, vocabulary and
notes on grammar. Texts are given with equivalent English
translations. It is to be noted that these English translations have
no one to one correspondence with Kashmiri, either structurally
or stylistically but are intended, only to convey the general
meaning.
Drills are provided for the oral practice of the structure and
teachable items introduced in each lesson. The types of drills
introduced are: Substitution drill, Repetition drill,
10 SPOKEN KASHMIRI

Transformation drill, and Response drill. The main types of

exercises used in this book are: Fill in the blanks using suitable
words, completion of sentences, answering of questions, using of
words and phrases in sentences etc. The drills and exercise are
designed to help the development of learners’ linguistic
competence in the language systematically. The vocabulary
section lists lexical items, which occur in the lesson for the first
time. The English meanings given for the lexical items are
generally restricted to the context they occur in the lesson. The
notes on grammar are provided from the functional point of view
and the use of technical terms is kept to the minimum. The
learners may consult other sources (Kachru 1969, 1973, Koul
1977, 1985, Koul and Hook 1984, Bhat 1986, and Wali and Koul
1997, Koul and Wali 2006, 2009) for more detailed grammatical
descriptions. The appendix provides a list of classified
vocabulary in Kashmiri.The learners who use this book as a self-
instructional course must ensure that they practice drills and
attempt exercises given in each lesson with the assistance of a
native speaker of Kashmiri or from the lessons recorded, to be
obtained from the publishers.
This book was first published in 1987. It was reprinted with
minor revisions in 2005. I would like to thank Mr Sunil Fotedar
for making it available on net and encouraging me to bring out
its second reprint. The second reprint is not available now and
the book is reprinted again with minor revision.
 11

Lesson 1

1. yi k’a: chu? What is this?

yi chu me:z. This is a table.
yi chu ka:kaz. This is a paper.
yi chu kalam. This is a pen.

2. hu k’a: chu? What is that?

hu chu darva:z . That is a door.
hu chu pankh That is a fan.
hu chu pard That is a curtain.

3. yim k’a: chi? What are these?

yim chi me:z. These are tables.
yim chi ka:kaz. These are papers.
yim chi kalam. These are pens.

4. hum k’a: chi? What are those?

hum chi darva:z . Those are doors.
hum chi pankh Those are fans.
hum chi pard . Those are curtains.

5. yi k’a: cha? What is this?

yi cha kita:b. This is a book.
yi cha k mi:z. This is a shirt.
yi cha dava:th. This is an inkpot.

6. yim k’a: cha? What are these?

yim cha kita:b . These are books.
yim cha k mi:z . These are shirts.
yim cha dav :ts. These are inkpots.

7. h k’a: cha? What is that?

12 SPOKEN KASHMIRI

h cha g r. That is a watch.

h cha v :j That is a ring.
h cha kursi: That is a chair.

8. hum k’a: cha? What are those?

hum cha gari. Those are watches.
hum cha va:ji. Those are rings.
hum cha kursiyi. Those are chairs.

Drills

I. Substitution drill

(i) yi/hu chu --- (ii) yim/hum chi ---

duka:n ‘a shop’ duka:n ‘shops’
maka:n ‘a house’ maka:n ‘houses’
p’a:l ‘a cup’ p’a:l ‘cups’
kul ‘tree’ kul’ ‘trees’

(iii) yi/h cha ---. (iv) yim /hum cha ---

k z ‘key’ k z ‘keys’
d j ‘handkerchief’ daji ‘handkerchiefs’
u:p’ ‘cap’ o:pi ‘caps’
b niya:n ‘pullover’ b niya:n ‘pullovers’

II. Transformations drill

yi chu kul. yim chi kul.’

yi chu maka:n. yim chi maka:n.
hu chu p’a:l . hum chi p’a:l .
hu chu ko: h. hum chi ko: h.
yi cha d :r. yim cha da:ri.
yi cha alm :r’. yim cha alma:ri.
h cha ka:pi:. hum cha ka:piyi.
h cha ci h’. hum cha ci hi.
 13

Exercises

I. Fill in the blanks using Kashmiri equivalents of the words

given in brackets

yi chu ---(pen) hu chu ---(tree)

hu chu---(cup) hum chi ---(doors)
h cha ---(window) hum cha ---(caps)

II. Answer the following questions

yi k’a: chu? (darva:z ) yi chu drava:z .

hu k’a: chu? (ko: h) hum k’a: chi? (kalam)
hu k’a: chu? (p’a:l ) hum k’a: chi? (pard )
h k’a: cha? (alm :r’) hum k’a: cha? ( o:pi)
h k’a: cha? (k z) hum k’a: cha? (ka:piyi)

III. Write down 20 sentences using words from the table below:

yi, hu chu kita:b, v :j, k z k z , alma:ri

yim, hum chi pard , dav :ts, d :r, daji, p’a:l ,
h , hum cha o:pi, da:ri, ka:piyi

Notes

In this lesson, we lave introduced. pimple declarative and

interrogative sentences using demonstrative pronouns, forms of
the copular verb in the present tense and an interrogative word
k’a: ‘what’.

Dernonstrative pronoun

Kashmiri has the following three term system of demonstrative

pronouns in the nominative case.
14 SPOKEN KASHMIRI

Masculine Feminine
Sg. Pl. Sg. Pl.
Proximate yi ‘this’ yim yi yim
Remote I hu ‘that’ hum h hum
Remote II su ‘that’ tim s tim

These demonstrative pronouns can be used with both animate

and inanimate subjects. The third category of demonstrative
pronouns has not been used in this lesson. The term ti can also be
used alternately with su or s in case the subject is inanimate.
The masculine plural forms yim, hum and tim are used for
honorific singular subjects as well.

Word-order

In Kashmiri, the verb usually comes in the second position. The

surface word order of a simple declarative sentence is subject
+verb+object. The word-order of a question word interrogative
sentence is: subject+interrogative word+verb+remaining
constituents, e.g.,

yi chu me:z ‘This is a table.’

yi k’a: chu? ‘What is this?’

Copular verb

The copular verb agrees with the subject in both number and
gender. Following are forms of the copular verb in present tense
used with third person subject:

Masculine Feminine
Sg. Pl. Sg. Pl.
chu chi cha chi
 15

Gender

There are two genders in Kashmiri: masculine and feminine. All

the inanimate nouns (as well as animate ones) are assigned to
one of the two genders.

Number

There are two numbers: singular and plural. There are different
types of rules for plural formation which apply according to the
phonological structure of the words. Some of these rules are
indicated below:

(1) Most of the consonant ending and vowel / / ending

masculine nouns do not change in their plural form:

me:z ‘table( s)’ kalam ‘pen(s)’

duka:n ‘shop (s)’ pard ‘curtain(s)’

(2) The vowels /o:/ and /o/ changes into /e:/ and /a/ respec-
tively and the word final non-palatal consonants are
palatalized:

kul ‘tree’ kul’ ‘trees’

mo:l ‘father’ m :l’ ‘fathers’
no ‘pitcher’ n ’ ‘pitchers’
ko ‘a boy’ k ’ ‘boys’

(3) Palatal consonants do not change in plural forms:

bo:y ‘brother’ b :y ‘brothers’

(4) The second vowel /u/ in disyllabic words changes to

/a/ in plural forms:

k kur ‘cock’ k kar ‘cocks’

batukh ‘duck’ batakh ‘ducks’
16 SPOKEN KASHMIRI

(5) Most of the feminine plurals are formed by adding

suffixes - or -i depending on the phonological structure of
the word. After these suffixes are added, certain other
changes may take place

Sg. Pl.
- kita:b ‘book’ + kita:b
kami:z ‘shirt’ + k mi:z
k z ‘key’ + k z
-i ka:pi: ‘copy’ + i ka:piyi
g r ‘watch’ + i gari
ci h’ ‘letter’ + i ci hi
u:p’ ‘cap’ + i o:pi

(6) Besides certain changes in vowels, the consonants /th/,

/ / and /d / change into /ts/, /c/ and /j/ respectively, e.g.,

ra:th ‘night r ::ts ‘nights’

dava:th ‘inkpot’ dav :ts ‘inkpots’
p ‘plank’ paci ‘planks of wood’
l nd ‘branch’ lanji ‘branches’

(7) In one case there is a change of only vowel:

ga:v ‘cow’ g :v ‘cows’

(8) The /i/ ending feminine nouns do not change in their plural
forms, e.g., beni ‘sister(s).

Vocabulary

yi this kursi: f chair

hu m that/he duka:n m shop
yim m these maka:n m house
hum m those p’a:l m cup
h f that/she kul m tree
hum f those k z f. key
 17

chu m is d j f. handkerchief
chi m are u:p’ f. cap
cha f.s. is b niya:n f. pullover
cha f.p. are ko: h m. coat
k’a: what alm :r’ f. almirah
me:z m table ci h’ f. letter
ka:kaz m paper ka:pi: f. copy
kalam m pen mo:l father
beni sister no m pitcher
l nd f branch ko m. boy
darva:z m door bo:y brother
pankh m fan k kur m cock
pard m curtain batukh m duck
kita:b f book ra:th f night
k mi:z f shirt p f a plank
dava:th f inkpot ga:v cow
g r f watch v :j f ring
18 SPOKEN KASHMIRI

Lesson 2

1. yi kus chu? Who is this?

yi chu dob. This is a washerman.
yi chu s ts. This is a tailor.
yi chu cha:n. This is a carpenter.
yi chu mozu:r. This is a laborer.

2. hu kus chu? Who is that?

hu chu n yid. That is a barber.
hu chu d sil. That is a mason.
hu chu duka:nda:r. That is a shopkeeper.
hu chu gru:s. That is a farmer.

3. yim kam chi? Who are these?

yim chi dob’. These are washermen.
yim chi s ts. These are tailors.
yim chi cha:n These are carpenters.
yim chi mozu:r. These are laborers.

4. hum kam chi? Who are those?

hum chi n :yid. Those are barbers.
hum chi d sil. Those are masons,
hum chi duka:nda:r. Those are shopkeepers.
hum chi gr :s’. Those are farmers.

5. yim kam chi? Who is this?

yim chi da:k ar s :b. This is a doctor.
yim chi ma:s arji: This is a teacher.
yim chi v ki:l s :b. This is an advocate.
yim chi inji:niyar. This is an engineer.

6. hum kam chi? Who is that?

hum chi dar s :b. That is Mr. Dhar.
hum chi kha:n s :b. That is Mr. Khan.
 19

hum chi r :na: s :b. That is Mr. Raina.

hum chi mohanji: That is Mohanji.

7. yim cha: ko:l s :b? Is this Mr. Koul?

a:, yim chi ko:l s :b Yes, this is Mr. Koul.
yim cha: sohanji? Is this Sohan?
na, yim chin sohanji: No, this is not Sohan.
yim chi ša:mji: This is Sham.

8. hum cha: ma:s arji:? Is that a teacher?

na, hum chin ma:s arji: No, that is not a teacher.
hum chi da:k ar. That is a doctor.
hum cha: n rs ? Are those nurses?
a:, hum cha n rs Yes, those are nurses.

Drills

I. Substitution drill

1. yi/hu chu --- 2. yim/hum chi ---

s nur ‘goldsmith’ swan r’
kha:r ‘blacksmith’ kha:r
cu:k’dar ‘chowkidar’ cu:k’dar

3. yim/hum cha: ---? 4. yim/hum chi ---

me:jar ‘major’ ma:s arji:
sipa:h ‘soldier’ da:k ar s :b
duka:nda:r v ki:l s :b

II. Transformations drill

yi chu sonur. yam chi sorn r’.

yi chu kha:r. yim chi kha:r.
hu chu cu:k’dar. hum chi cu:k’dar.
hu chu sipa:h. hum chi sipa:h.
su chu mozu:r. tim chi mozu:r.
su chu d sil. tim chi d sil.
s cha n r s. tim cha n rs .
20 SPOKEN KASHMIRI

Exercises

I. Fill in the blanks using Kashmiri equivalents of the words

given in brackets:

1. yim chi da:k ar, yim chin --- (lawyer)

2. yim chi mozu:r, yim chin --- (masons)
3. yi chun n :yid, yi chu --- (carpenter)
4. yi chan n r s, yi cha --- (teacher)
5. hu chu duka:nda:r, hu chun --- (soldier)
6. hu chu kha:r, hu chun --- (goldsmith)
7. s cha da:k ar, s chan --- (nurse)
8. s cha dob’ba:y, s chan --- (tailor)
9. tim chi s ts, tim chin --- (washermen)
10. tim cha ma:s arba:yi, tim chan ---(nurses)

II. Answer the following questions:

1. yim cha: da:k ar s :b? (a:) a:, yim chi da:k ar s :b.
2. yim cha: v ki:l s :b? (na)
3. yim china: mozu:r? (a:)
4. hum cha: n rs ? (na)
5. hum cha: ma:s arba:yi? (a:)
6. tim cha: duka:nda:r? (na)

III. Write down 20 sentences using words from the table below:

yi/yim chu/chun gru:s/mozu:r

hu/hum chi/chin cha:n/cu:k’dar
su/tim cha/chan n r s/ da:k ar
s /tim ma:s arba:y

Notes

In this lesson demonstrative pronouns and question words

have been used for animate subjects, along with the forms of
 21

copular verb.

Question words

Following question words are used with animate subjects

agreeing with the subject in number and gender:

Masculine Feminine
Sg Pl. Sg. Pl.
kus kam k s kam

Yes-no answer type questions.

‘Yes-no’ answer type questions are formed by adding

interrogative particle -a: to the (copular) verb. When this
particle. is, added, the preceding vowel, if any, gets deleted, e.g.,

chu + a: = cha: chun + a: = chuna:

chi + a: = cha: chin + a: = china:
cha + a: = cha: chan +a: = chana:

Short answers to such questions can either be a: ‘yes’ or na ‘no’.

These short answers may optionally be followed by a complete
statement as in the following examples:

yi cha: da:k ar? Is this a doctor?

a:, yi chu da:k ar. Yes, this is a doctor.
yim cha: v ki:l? Is this a lawyer?
na, yim chin v ki:l. No, this is not a lawyer,

Negation

The negative particle n ‘not’- is added after the copular verb in

the negative statement, e.g.,

yim chi ma:s ar. This is a teacher.

yim chin ma:s ar. This is not a teacher.
22 SPOKEN KASHMIRI

Honorific titles

The honorific titles s :b (Hindi-Urdu sa:hib) and ji: are added

with the names of persons for indicating respect or politeness.
Whereas s :b is added generally to the surnames of Hindus and
Muslims, ji: is added to the first (and middle) names of Hindus
only.

dar s :b ‘Mr. Dhar’

mohanji:/mohanla:lji: ‘Mohanji/Mohanlalji’

Both s :b and ji: are used with the professional titles of persons
belonging to both communities, e.g.,

da:k ar s :b ma:s ar s :b/ma:s ar ji:

Vocabulary

kus m.s. who ma:s ar teacher, master

kam m.p. who n rs nurse
kas f.s. who s nur m goldsmith
kam f.p. who kha:r m blacksmith
dob m.s. washerman cu:k’dar m chowkidar
s ts tailor me:jar major
cha:n m carpenter sipa:h soldier
mozu:r laborer a: yes
n :yid m barber na no
d sil m mason n not
duka:nda:r shopkeeper s :b honorific title
gru:s m farmer ji: polite title
da:k ar doctor v ki:l lawyer
inji:niyar engineer
 23

Lesson 3
A. yim k ts šur’ chi? How many children are these?
B. yim chi z šur’. These are two children.
A. hum k ts chi? How many are those?
B. hum chi tre šur’. Those are three children.
A. hum k ts ko:ri cha? How many girls are those?
B. hum cha tso:r ko:ri Those are four girls.
A. tim k :t’a:h l dk chi? How many boys are those?
B. tim chi pã:tsh l dk Those are five boys.
A. yim cha: še zana:n Are these six women?
B. na, yim cha sath. No, these are seven.
A. hum cha: : h mar d? Are those eight men?
B. na, hum chi nav. No, those are nine.
A. yim k :tsa:h kursiyi cha? How many chairs are these?
B. yim cha d h. These are ten.

2. yi chu akh ja:n ba:g. This is a good garden.

yi ja:y cha sa:ph. This place is clean.
yi ja:y cha s’a ha:
khu:bsu:rath. This place is very beautiful.
yim po:š chi saphe:d. These flowers are white.
hum po:š chi gul :b’. Those flowers are pink.
ga:s chu sab z. The grass is green.
yim z kul’ chi ja:n. These two trees are good.
yi po:n’ chu sar d. This water is cold.
ca:y cha gar m. The tea is hot.
ta:ph chu tot. The sun is hot.

3. yi l dk chu tsho . This boy is short.

hum z l dk chin tsho ’. Those two boys are not short.
yi ku:r cha tsho . This girl is short (in height).
hum zana:n cha tsh ci. Those women are short.
yi chu n’u:l kapur. This cloth is blue.
yim chi ni:l’ palav. These clothes are blue.
24 SPOKEN KASHMIRI

yi cha ni:j k mi:z. This is a blue shirt.

yim cha ni:ji k mi:z . These are blue shirts.

Drills

I. Substitution drill

(1) yim/hum kats ---? (2) yim /hum k ts ---?

yinsa:n kita:b
l dk kursiyi
kul’ zana:n
ja:nvar ko:ri

(3) yi/hu šur chu --- (4) yi/h ku:r cha ---
ga: ul tsho
tsho zi: h
z’u: h z :vij
z :v’ul ga: j

II. Transformations drill

yi chu z’u: h kul. yim chi zi: h’ kul’.

yi chu z :v’ul kul. yim chi z :vil’ kul’.
hu chu n’u:l po:š hum chi ni:l’ po:š.
hu chu tsho l dk . hum chi tsho ’ l dk .
h cha ga: j ku:r. hum cha ga: ji ko:ri.
h zana:n cha zi: h. hum zana:n cha ze:chi.
su l dk chu ga: ul. tim l dk chi ga: l’.
su chu da:na:. tim chi da:na:.

Exercises

I. Fill in the blanks using Kashmiri equivalents of the words

given in brackets:

1. yim chi pã:tsh ...(boys) 6. yim kul’ chi … (short)

2. yim chi sath ... (men) 7. hum ko:ri cha ... (slim)
3. hum chan d h ...(women) 8. ca:y chan ... (cold)
 25

4. yi ba:g chu :…(beautiful) 9. po:š chin ... (blue)

5. yim po:š chi ...(white) 10. yim ko:ri cha ... (tall)

II. Answer the following questions:

1. yim k :t’a:h chi? (d h) yim chi d h.

2. yim k ts maka:n chi? (še)
3. yi cha: z’u: h kul? (a:)
4. hu cha: saphe:d po:š? (na)
5. yi ca:y cha: gar m? (a:)
6. ta:ph cha: tot? (na)
7. po:n’ chuna: sar d? (na)
8. ga:s chuna: sab z? (a:)
9. yim china: sa:ph palav? (a:)
10. yim china: s’a ha: ga: l’? (a:)

II. Write down 20 sentences using words from the table

below:

yi/hu/h šur/šur’ chu/chun sa:ph

yim/hum/hum ba:g cha/chan ja:n
su/s maka:n chi/chin z :v’ul/z :vil’
tim/tim po:š z’u: h/zi: h’
ko:ri z :vij/z :viji
kul’ n’u:l/ni:l’/ni:j/ni:ji

Notes

Numerals

In this lesson cardinal numerals from 1 to 10 have been

introduced. All the numerals have been given in the appendix.

Adjectival complements
26 SPOKEN KASHMIRI

The copular verb a:sun ‘to be’ takes adjectival (adjectives/

adjective phrases) as complements besides nominal and
adverbial. There are two kinds of adjectives: (1) those which are
not inflected for number and gender of the. nouns they modify;
and (2) those which are inflected. Adjectives like sab z ‘green’,
saphe:d ‘white’, gul :b’, ‘pink’, ja:n ‘good’, sar d ‘cold.’,
da:na: ‘wise’ khu:bsu:rath ‘beautiful’ gar m ‘hot’ etc. fall in the
first category of adjectives. Following are the forms of some of
the adjectives which are inflected for number and gender of the
nouns they modify:

Masculine Feminine
Sg. Pl. Sg. Pl.
n’u:l ni:l’ ni:j ni:ji blue
v zul v z l’ v zj v zji red
1’odur led r’ led r ledri yellow
kruhun kr h n’ kr h n’ kr hni black
z :v’ul z :v l’ z :vij z :viji slim
z’u: h zi: h’ zi: h ze:chi tall
v’o h ve h’ v’ h vechi fat
ga: ul ga: l’ ga: j ga: ji wise
tsho tsho ’ tsho tsh ci short
tot t t’ t ts tats hot

Question word k ts ‘how many’

The question word k ts is used for both masculine and feminine

objects. k :t’a:h/ k ts’ is used for masculine, and k :tsa:h or
k :ts for feminine objects only, e.g.,

k ts l dk /ko:ri ‘How many boys/girls’

k :t’a:h/k ts l dk ‘How many boys’
k :tsa:h/k :ts ko:ri ‘How many girls’
 27

Vocabulary

k ts how many ja:n good

k :t’a:h m. how many ja:y f place
k :tsa:h f. how many sa:ph clean
k :t’a:h m. how many s’a ha: very
k :ts f. how many šur child
khu:bsu:rath beautiful ku:r girl
saphe:d white l k boy
ga:s m grass zana:n woman
sab z green tot m hot
kul m tree mar d man/men
po:š flower akh one
po:n’ m water z two
sar d cold tre three
ca:y f tea tso:r four
tsho m short ba:g m garden
n’u:l m blue pã:tsh five
kapur m. cloth še six
palav m clothes sath seven
da:na: wise :h eight
ga: ul m.s. wise nav nine
z :v’ul m.s. slim d h ten
ja:nvar m. bird gul :b’ pink
28 SPOKEN KASHMIRI

Lesson 4

1. yi chu m’o:n pa:n. This is my body.

yi chu m’o:n kal . This is my head.
yi chu co:n buth. This is your face.
yi chu co:n ath . This is your hand.

2. yim chi me:n’ ath . These are my hands.

yim chi me:n’ kh r. These are my feet.
yim chi c :n’ kan. These are your ears.
yim chi c :n’ ne h. These are your thumbs.

3. yi cha me:n’ nas. This is my nose.

yi cha me:n’ õg j. This is my finger.
yi cha c :n’ gardan. This is your neck.
yi cha c :n’ z’av. This is your tongue.

4. yim cha m’a:ni õg ji These are my fingers.

yim cha m’a:ni bum . These are my eyebrows.
yim cha ca:ni zang . These are you: legs.
yim cha ca:ni ch. These are your eyes.

5. yi chu tuhund mas. This is your hair.

yi chu tuhund ko h. This is your knee.
yi cha tuh nz h gan’. This is your chin.
yi cha tuh nz yad. This is your belly.

6. yim chi tuh nd’ ko h’. These are your knees.

yim chi tuh nd’ vu h. These are your lips.
yim cha tuh nz nari. These are your arms.
yim cha tuh nz ch. These are your eyes.

7. yi chu t m’sund necuv. This is his/her son.

yim chi t m’s nd’ mo:l m :j. These are his/her parents.
yim cha t m’s nz ko:ri. These are his/her daughters.
 29

8. yi chu tihund bo:y. This is his/her/their brother

yim chi tih nd’ :šina:v These are his/her/their relatives.
yi cha tih nz beni. This is his/her/their sister.
yim cha tih nz hamsa:yi. These are his/her/their
neighbors.

Drills

I. Response drill

1. yi cha: tuhund ath ? (a:) a:, yi chu m’o:n ath .

2. yi cha: tuh nz n r? (a:) a:, yi cha me:n’ n r.
3. yim cha: tuh nd’ kh r? (a:) a:, yim chi me.n’ kh r.
4. yi cha: m’o:n ph’ok? (no) na, yi chun tuhand ph’ok.
5. yi cha: m’o:n kan? (na) na, yi chun tuhund kan.
6. yim cha: tuh nz õgji? (na) na, yim chan m’a:ni õgji.
7. yi cha: tuhund necuv? (na) na, yi chun m’o:n necuv.
8. yi cha: tuh nz beni? (a:) a:, yi cha m:e:n’ beni.
9. yim china: tuh nd’ b :y? (na) na, yim chin me:n’ b :y.
10. yi chana: tuh nz ku:r? (na) na, yi chan me:n’ ku:r.

II. Transformations drill

1. yi chu m’o:n kan. yim chi me:n’ kan.

2. yi chu co:n :šina:v. yim chi c :n’ :šina:v
3. yi cha tuh nz n r. yim cha tuh nz nari
4. yi cha tuh nz zang. yim cha tuh nz zang .
5. hu chu t m’sund bo:y. hum chi t m’s nd’ b :y.
6. hu chu t m’sund do:s. hum chi t m’s nd’ do:s.
7. yi cha t m’s nz ku:r. yim cha t m’s nz ko:ri.
8. yi cha t m’s nz beni. yim cha t m’s nz beni.
9. hu chu m’o:n do:s. hum chi me:n’ do:s.
10. hu chu co:n necuv. hum chi c :n’ neciv’.
30 SPOKEN KASHMIRI

Exercises

I. Fill in the blanks using Kashmiri equivalents of the words

given in brackets.

1. yi cha me:n’… (nose) 7. yi chu tuhund … (friend)

2. yi chan me:n’... (eye) 8. yi cha tuh nz … (mother)
3. yi chu co:n … (knee) 9. yim chi tuh nd’ … (parents)
4. yi chu tuhund … (thumb) 10. yim cha tuh nz …(sisters)
5. yi chu tuhund … (brother)
6. hum chi tuh nd’... (neighbor)

II. Answer the following questions:

1. yim kam chi? (do:s) yim chi me:n’ do:s.

2. hum kam chi? ( :šina:v)
3. yim cha: tuh nd’ hamsa:yi? (na)
4. hum cha: tuh nd’ b :y? (a:)
5.yi cha: tuh nz ku:r? (na)
6. h cha: tuh nz beni? (a:)
7. yi k m’sund bo:y chu? (m’o:n)
8. hum k m’s nd’ do:s chi? (tuh nd’)
9. h k m’s nz beni cha7 (me:n’)
10. hum k m’s nz ko:ri cha? (tuh nz )

III. Write down 20 sentences using words given in the table

below:

yi/yim/yim chu/chun m’o:n/co:n do:s

hu/h /hum/hum chi/chin me:n’/c :n’ mo:l m :j
su/s /tim/tim cha/chan m’a:ni/ca:ni ko:ri/beni
tuhund/tuh nd’ ch/kan
tuh nz/tuh nz
t m’sund/t m’s nz
 31

Notes

Possessive Pronouns

Possessive pronouns have the following forms agreeing with the

subject in number (and status) and with object in both number
and gender:

Subject Object
Masculine Feminine
Sg. Pl. Sg. Pl.
Person
1st (sg) m’o:n me:n’ me:n’ m’a:ni
1st (pl) so:n s :n’ s :n’ sa:ni
2nd (sg) co:n c :n’ c :n’ ca:ni
2nd (pl) tuhund tuh nd’ tuh nz tuh nz
3rd (sg.) Prox. y m’sund y m’s nd’ y m’s nz y m’s nz
3rd (sg) Rem.I hom’sund hom’s nd’ hom’s nz hom’s nz
3rd (sg) Rem.II t m’sund t m’s nd’ t m’s nz t m’s nz
3rd (pl) Prox. yimanhund yimanh nd’ yimanh nz yimanh nz
yihund yih nd’ yih nz yih nz
3rd (pl) Rem.I humanhund humanh nd’ humanh nz humanh nz
huhund huh nd’ huh nz huh nz
3rd (pl) Rem.II timanhund timanh nd’ timanh nz timanh nz
tihund tih nd’ tih nz tih nz
Inter. (sg) k m’sund k m’s nd’ k m’s nz k m’s nz
(pl) k hund k h nd’ k h nz k h nz

Vocabulary

m’o:n m.s. my k m’s nz f.p. whose

me:n’ m.p. my k h nz f.p. whose
me:n’ f.s. my pa:n m.s. body, self
m’a:ni f.p. my kal m. head
co:n m.s. your buth m. face
c :n’ m.p. your ath m. hands
c :n’ f.s. your kh r m. foot/feet
ca:ni f.p. your kan m. ear/ears
32 SPOKEN KASHMIRI

tuhund m.s. your ne h m. thumb(s)

tuh nd’ m.p your nas f. nose
tuh nz f.s. your z’av f. tongue
tuh nz f.p. your õg j f. finger
t m’sund m.s. his/her gardan f. neck
tihund m.s. his/her bum f. eyebrow
t m’s nd’ m.p. his/her zang f. leg
tih nd’ m.p. his/her ch f. eye
t m’s nz f.s. his/her mas m. hair
tih nz f.s. his/her ko h m. knee
t m’s nz f.p. his/her h gan’ f. chin
tih nz f.p. his/her yad m. belly
k m’sund m.s. whose vu h m. lip(s)
k hund m.s. whose n r f. arm
k m’s nd’ m.p. whose necuv son
k h nd’ m.p. whose beni sister
k m’s nz m.s. whose mo:l-m :j parents
k h nz f.s. whose hamsa:yi neighbor(s)
:šina:v relatives
 33

Lesson 5
1. yim chi dar s :b. This is Mr. Dar.
dar s :b chi s :n’ hamsa:yi. Mr. Dar is our neighbor.
yi cha ru:pa:ji, dar s :b n’ This is Rupaji, Mr. Dar’s
a:šen’. wife.
yim chi d švay s’a ha: Both of them are very
š ri:ph. gentle.
dar s :b chi da:k ar. Mr. Dar is a doctor.
rame:š chu yihund necuv. Ramesh is his son.
ši:l cha yih nz ku:r. Shiela is his daughter.
uma: cha rame:š n’ zana:n. Uma is Ramesh’s wife.
rame:š chu bank mane:jar. Ramesh is a bank manager.
uma: cha ka:le:j lekcarar. Uma is a college lecturer.
sohn chu rame:šun do:s. Sohan is Ramesh’s friend.
su chu sark :r’ mul :zim. He is a government servant.
sohn n’ beni rama: cha Sohan’s sister Rama is
ši:l n’ ves. Shiela’s friend.
yim cha d švay
an h riši. Both of them are unmarried.
sohn n’ pita:ji chi akh Sohan’s father is a
he:k dar. contractor.
tim chi s’a ha: mi:r. He is very rich.

2. dar sa:bun maka:n chu s’a ha: Mr. Dar’s house is quite
bod. big.
maka:nuk paš chu i:nuk. The roof of the house is
(made) of tin.
maka:n k’ darva:z chi mazbu:t. The doors of the house are
strong.
maka:nci da:ri cha ši:šci The windows of the house
are made of glass.
maka:n c kira:y cha pã:tsh The rent of the house is
sa:s r p yi. five thousand rupees.
34 SPOKEN KASHMIRI

so:n maka:n chu l ku Our house is small.

kul chi tso:r kamr . There are four rooms in all.
co:k chu bod. The kitchen is big.
šra:n ku h’ chi z . There are two bathrooms.
maka:nuk ã:gun chu ja:n. The compound of the
house is good.

Drills

I. Transformation drill

yi chu maka:nuk darva:z . yim chi maka:n k’ darva:z

yi cha maka:n c d :r. yim cha maka:n ci da:ri.
yi chu dar s :bun do:s yim chi dar sa:b n’ do:s.
yi chu yihund hamsa:yi. yim chi yih nd’ hamsa:yi.
yi chu sohnun bo:y. yim chi sohn n’ b :y.

II. Response drill

yi kuhnnd :šina:v chu? (m’o:n) yi chu m’o:n :šina:v

yi cha: tuhund hamsa:yi? (a:) a:, yi chu so:n hamsa:yi.
yim cha: tuh nd’ do:s? (a:) a:, yim chi me:n’ do:s.
yi k h nz ku:r cha? (ra:mji:yin’) yi cha ra:mji:yin’ ku:r.
yim k h nd’ neciv’ chi? (dar s :b n’) yim chi dar s :b n’ neciv’.
yim k hnz ko:ri cha? (ko:l s :b ni) yim cha ko:l s :b ni ko:ri.
maka:n k’ m :likh kam chi? (b ) b chus maka:nuk m :likh

Exercises

I. Fill in the blanks using Kashmiri equivalents of the

words/phrases given in brackets:

1. dar s :b chi … hamsa:yi. (our)

2. ru:pa:ji: cha … a:šen’. (Mr. Dar’s)
3. ša:mji: chi … neciv’ (Mr. Raina’s)
4. rame:š chu … do:s. (Sohan’s)
5. rama: cha … beni. (Sohan’s)
6. … pita:ji chi s’a ha: mi:r. (Ram’s) .
 35

7. .... chu š ri:ph (owner of the house)

8. … cha n mazbu:t (windows of the house)
9. … chi he:k dar. (my friend)
10. … chu so:n hamsa:yi. (your friend)

II. Answer the following questions using cues:

1. dar s :b k h nd’ hamsa:yi chi? (me:n’)

2. rame:š kuhund necuv chu? (dar s :bun).
3. sohn kus chu? (rame:šun necuv)
4. rama: k s cha? (sohn n’ beni)
5. he:k dar kam chi? (kha:n s :b)
6. rame:š k’a: chu? (lekcarar)
7. uma: k s cha? (rame:š n’ zana:n)
8. uma: k h nz ves cha? (ši:l n’)
9. sohn kuhund do:s chu ( ramešun)
10. rama: k h nz beni cha? (sohn n’)

III. Write down 15 sentences using words from the table

given below:

rameš/sohn chu/chun so:n/s :n’ rišt da:r/ a:k ar

rama:/uma: cha/chan m’o:n/me:n’ hamsa:yi/v ki:l
dar s :b chi/chin tuhund/tuh nd’ do:s

Notes

Possessive nouns

Following suffixes are added to the animate nouns changing

them in possessive nouns agreeing with the object in number and
gender:

Masculine Feminine
Sg. Pl Sg Pl
-un -in’ -in’ -ini
36 SPOKEN KASHMIRI

Examples:
ra:mun necuv ‘Ram’s son’
ra:m n’ neciv’ ‘Ram’s sons’
ra:m n’ g r ‘Ram’s watch’
ra:m ni gari ‘Ram’s watches’

Vocabulary

a:šen’ wife mi:r rich

d švay both pita: father
š ri:ph gentle bod m. big
yihund m.s his/her i:n m. tin
yih nz f.s. his/her darva:z m. door
yih nd’ m.p. his/her mazbu:t m strong
yih nz f.p. his/her d :r f. window
bank m. bank paš m. roof
manejar manager ši:š m. glass
ka:le:j m. college kira:y f. rent
lekcarar lecturer sa:s thousand
šra:n ku h m. bathroom r p yi f rupees
l ku m.s. small mul :zim employee
kamr m. room do:s friend
co:k m. kitchen ves girl’s girl friend
ã:gun m compound an hu:r m.. unmarried
an h riš f.s. unmarried he:k dar contractor
sarka:r f government
 37

Lesson 6

1. A. toh’ kam chiv? What’s your name?

B. bi chus rame:š. I’m Ramesh.
A. toh’ chiva: k :šir’? Are you a Kashmiri?
B. a:, b chus k :šur. Yes, I’m a Kashmiri.
A. yim kam chi? Who is this?
B. yim chi ra:ke:š This is Rakesh.
A. toh’ chiva: ba:r n’? Are you brothers?
B. na, s’ chi do:s. No, we are friends.
A. toh’ chiva: panj :b’? Are you a Punjabi?
B. na, b chus n panj :b’, No, I am not a Punjabi, I’m
b chus bang :l’. a Bengali.
me:n’ zana:n cha panj :b’. My wife is a Punjabi.

2. A. toh’ kam chiv? What’s your name?

B. b chas rama:. I’m Rama.
yi cha uma:. This is Uma.
A. toh’ chava: ben ni? Are you sisters?
B. na, s’ cha ves . No, we are friends.
b chas gujr :t’. I’m a Gujarati.
rama: cha k :šir. Rama is a Kashmiri.
A. b ti chas k :šir I’m Kashmiri too.
me:n’ bartha: chi mar : h’. My husband is a Marathi.

3. A. ts kus chukh? What’s your name?

B. b chus n zi:r. I am Nazir.
A. ts k s chakh? What’s your name?
B. b chas ra:j . I’m Raja.
yi cha sa:r . This is Sara.
A. toh’ chava: ves ? Are you friends?
B. na, s’ cha ben ni. No, we are sisters.
A. ts chukha: ga:muk? Do you belong to a village?
B. a:, b chus ga:muk. Yes, I am.
38 SPOKEN KASHMIRI

A. toh’ chava: ša:hr ci Are you from the city?

B. a:, s’ cha ša:hr ci. Yes, we belong to the city.

Drills

I. Substitution drill

1. b chus… 2. s’ chi …
bang :l’ bang :l’
k :šur k :šir’
panj :b’ panj :b’
gujr :t’ gujr :t’
ga:muk ga:m k’

3. b chas… 4. s’ cha…
k :šir ves
ga:m c ben ni
ša:hr c k :širi
panj :b’ ga:m ci
bang :l’ ša:hr ci

II. Transformations drill

b chus da:k ar. s’ chi da:k ar.

b chus duka:nda:r. s’ chi duka:nda:r.
b chas inji:niyar. s’ cha inji:niyar.
b chas v ki:l s’ cha v ki:l.
ts chukh dob. toh’ chiv dob’.
ts chukh na:yid. toh’ chiv n :yid.
ts chakh n r s. toh’ chav n rs .
ts chakh ma:s arba:y. toh’ chav ma:s arba:yi.
su chu k :šur. tim chi k :šir’.
su chu panj :b’. tim chi panj :b’.
s cha ga:m c. tim cha ga:m c .
s cha ša:hr c. tim cha ša:hr c .
 39

Exercises

I. Fill in the blanks using Kashmiri equivalents of the words

given in brackets:

1. b chus … (lawyer) 11. b chas… (Punjabi)

2. b chus … (carpenter) 12. b chas… (teacher)
3. s’ chi … (Kashmiri) 13. toh’ chiv … (villagers)
4. ts chukh … (shopkeeper)14. toh’ chiv … (friends)
5. ts chukh … (Bengali) 15. toh’ chav … (villagers)
6. ts chakh …(Punjabi) 16. toh’ chav … (sisters)
7. hu chu … (barber) 17. hum chi ... (barbers)
8. h cha … (tailor) 18. hum cha … (friends)
9. su chu … (wise) 19. tim chi … (short boys)
10. s cha … (wise) 20. tim cha … (tall girls)

II. Answer the following questions:

1. toh’ chiva: k :šir’? (a:) a: b chus k :šur.

2. toh’ chiva: bang :l’? (a:)
3. toh’ chiva: da:k ar? (a:)
4. toh’ chiv: duka:nda:r? (a:)
5. b chusa: panj :b’? (na) na, toh’ chivn panj :b’.
6. b chusa: v ki:l? (na)
7. b chasa: zi: h? (na)
8. b chasa: v’ h? (na)
9. ts chukhna: k :šur? (na) na, b chusn k :šur.
10. ts chakhna: ga: j? (na)
11. su chuna: z’u: h? (na)
12. s chana: kr h n’ (na)
13. tim china: panj :b’? (na)
14. tim chana: ja:n ko:ri? (na)

III. Write down 20 sentences using words from the table below:

b / s’ chus/chas k :šur/k :šir’/k :šir/k :širi

ts /toh’ chiv/cha/chu panj :b’/bang :l’
40 SPOKEN KASHMIRI

su/tim chukh/chakh ga:muk/ga:m k’/ga:m c/ga:m ci

s /tim chiv/chav ša:hruk/š:hr k’/ša:hr c/ ša:hr ci

Notes

In this lesson personal pronouns have been introduced in the

nominative case along with the forms of the copular verb in the
present tense.

Personal pronouns in the nominative case

Masculine Feminine
Sg. Pl. Sg. Pl.
st
1 per. b s’ b s’
2nd per. ts toh’ ts toh’
3rd per.(within sight) hu hum h hum
3rd per. (out of sight) su tim s tim

Note that second and third person masculine plural forms of

personal pronouns are used for honorific singulars as well. e.g.,

toh’ chiv da:k ar. You are a doctor.

hum chi v ki:l. He is a lawyer.
tim chi k :šir’. He is a Kashmiri.

Copular verb forms in the present tense

Following are the forms of the copular verb ‘be’ in Kashmiri in

present tense agreeing with the subject in person, number and
gender:
Masculine Feminine
Sg. Pl. Sg: P1.
1st per. chus chi chas chi
2nd per. chukh chiv chakh chav
rd
3 per. chu chi cha cha

It is to be noted that second and third person masculine

plural forms are used for honorific singulars as well. Examples
are already given above.
 41

Interrogative particle /-a: /

The interrogative particle /-a:/ can be added to the negative

copular verb form ending in -n , e.g.,

b chusn k :šur. I am not a Kashmiri.

b chusna: k :šur. Am I not a Kashmiri?

Vocabulary

b I gujr :t’ Gujarati

s’ we mar : h’ Marathi
ts s. you do:s friend
toh’ p. you k :šur m.s. Kashmiri
chus m.s am bartha: husband
chas f.s. am ga:muk m a villager
bang :l’ Bengali šahruk m of a city
chukh m.s (you) are
chakh f.s. (you) are ben ni sisters
chiv p. (you) are panj :b’ Punjabi
chav f.p. (you) are k :širi f.p. Kashmiri
k :š r f.s. Kashmiri k :šir’ m.p. Kashmiri
42 SPOKEN KASHMIRI

Lesson 7

A. namaska:r. Namaskar (Greetings)

B. namaska:r. toh’ chiva: Namaskar. How are you?
va:ray?
A. ahan ma:hra: va:ray. I’m fine.
B. toh’ k’a: chiv kara:n? What are you doing?
A. b chus kita:b para:n. I am reading a book.
B. ši:l k’a: cha kara:n? What is Shiela doing’?
A. ši:l cha ci h’ le:kha:n. Shiela is writing a letter.
B. šur’ cha: ginda:n? Are children playing?
A. vi:n cha re:diyo: bo:za:n. Vina is listening to radio.
šan cha palav chala:n. Shana is washing clothes.
B. mi:n kati cha? Where is Meena?
A. mi:n cha bat rana:n. Meena is cooking food.
B. k’a:zi? no:kar kati chu? Why? Where is the servant?
A. su chu az be:ma:r. He is sick today.
B. be:bi: kati cha? Where is Baby?
A. be:bi: cha TV vucha:n. Baby is watching TV.
***
A. toh’ kot :siv gatsha:n Where were you going
ra:th? yesterday?
B. b o:sus ba:zar gatsha:n. I was going to the market.
toh’ kati :siv ? Where were you?
A. b o:sus dava: heva:n. I was purchasing a medicine.
B. n zi:r s :b kati :s’? Where was Mr. Nazir?
A. tim :s’ k h ka:kaz He was looking for
tshã:da:n. some papers.
B. n si:m k’a: :s kara:n? What was Nasim doing?
A. s :s pan n’ palav She was stitching her clothes.
suva:n.
A. ts osukha: bat kheva:n? Were you eating your food?
B. na, b o:sus ca:y cava:n. No, I was taking tea.
A. rama: :sa: b niya:n Was Rama knitting a sweater?
 43

vo:na:n?
B. na, s :s tasvi:r No, she was drawing a picture.
bana:va:n.
A. ts k’a: o:sukh kara:n? What were you doing?
B. b o:sus k :m kara:n. I was doing some work.

Drills

I. Substitution drill

1. b chus /chas… 2. s’ chi/cha

bat kheva:n palav chala:n
ca:y cava:n bat rana:n
kita:b para:n saph :yi kara:n
ci h’ le:kha:n TV vucha:n

3. ts chukh/chakh … 4. toh’ chiv/chav ..

re:diyo: bo:za:n ca.y bana:va:n
ca:y bana:va:n b niya:n vo:na:n
ginda:n palav suva:n
ba:zar gatsha:n palav chala:n

II. Transformations drill

b chus kita:b para:n. b o:sus kita:b para:n.

b chas ci h’ le:kha:n. b :s s ci h’ le:kha:n.
s’ chi bat kheva:n. s’ :s’ bat kheva:n.
ts chukh ca:y cava:n. ts o:sukh ca:y cava:n.
ts chakh b niya:n vo:na:n. ts :s kh b niya:n vo:na:n.
toh’ chiv palav chala:n. toh’ :siv palav chala:n.
su chu re:diyo: bo:za:n. su o:s re:diyo: bo:za:n.
s cha TV vucha:n. s :s TV vucha:n.
tim chi saph :yi: ka:ra:n tim :s’ saph :yi: kara:n.

Exercises
44 SPOKEN KASHMIRI

I. Fill in the blanks using appropriate words:

1. b … kita:b … 6. ts … ci h’ …
2. toh’ … palav … 7. toh’ … bat …
3. su … re:diyo:… 8. s … TV …
4. tim … ca:y … 9. tim … ba:zar …
5. rama: … palav … 10. n si:m … dava: …

II. Answer the following questions using cues:

1. toh’ k’a: chiv kara:n? (reading) b chus para:n.

2. toh’ k’a: chiv vo:na:n? (sweater)
3. toh’ k’a: chiv cava:n? (tea)
4. ts k’a: chukh para:n? (book)
5. ts k’a: chakh le:kha:n? (letter)
6. tim k’a: :s’ heva:n? (medicine)
7. toh’ kot :siv gatsha:n? (market)
8. toh’ k’a :siv bana:va:n? (picture)
9. toh’ k’a: :siv suva:n? (clothes)
10. tim k’a: :s’ tshã:da:n? (papers)

III. Write down 20 sentences using words given in the table

below:

b / s’/ts /toh’ chus/chas/chukh kita:b para:n

su/tim/s /tim chakh/chu/chiv ci h’ le:kha:n
chi/cha/chav bat rana:n
o:sus/ :s s/ :s’ ca:y bana:va:n
a:s /o:sukh/ :s kh palav chala:n
:siv /a:s v /o:s ginda:n/heva:n
Notes

Main verb roots

In Kashmiri main verb roots are of two types : consonant ending

roots and vowel ending roots. Most of the verbs have consonant
 45

ending roots and only a limited number of verbs (about seven)

have vowel ending roots. Infinitives are formed by adding -un
suffix to the roots:

Verb roots Infinitive

1. par- parun ‘to read’
kar- karun ‘to do’
le:kh- le:khun ‘to write’
2. khe- kh’on ‘to eat’
ce- con ‘to drink’
ni- n’un ‘to take’

Notice that certain phonological changes take place while

forming infinitive forms in the second category of verbs.

Present progressive

The present progressive is formed by adding the suffix -a:n to

the main verb roots and by using the present auxiliary verbs
agreeing with the subject, in person, gender and number.

Present auxiliary verbs

Note that the present auxiliary verb forms and the copular verb
forms of the copular verb be are the same.

Past auxiliary verbs

Following are the forms of the past auxiliary verb a:s ‘be’
agreeing with the subject in person, gender and number.

Masculine Feminine
Sg. Pl. Sg. Pl.
1st Per. o:sus :s’ :s s a:s
2nd Per. o:sukh :siv :s kh a:s v
3rd Per. o:s :s’ :s a:s
46 SPOKEN KASHMIRI

Note that the second and third person masculine plural forms are
used for honorific second and third person singular subjects
respectively, e.g.,

toh’ :siv ci h’ para:n. you (hon.) were reading a letter.

tim :s’ kita:b para:n. He (hon.) was reading a book.

Past progressive

Sentences with past progressive are constructed by adding the

progressive suffix -a:n. to the main verb and by using the
auxiliary form of the verb agreeing with the subject in person,
number and gender.

Term of Greetings
namaska:r is a term of greeting used by a Hindu for addressing
a Hindu. It’s short form is namaste. It may be followed by an
honorific suffix ma:hra:.

Vocabulary

va:ray alright h’on to buy

karun to do k h some
le:khun to write ka:kaz m paper(s)
gindun to play tshã:dun to search
bo:zun to listen panun m. own
chalun to wash suvun to stitch
re:diyo: m radio kh’on to eat
kati where con to drink
bat m food vo:nun to knit
ranun to cook tasvi:r f picture
az to day bana:vun to make
bema:r sick saph :yi: f cleanliness
TV m television saph :yi kar n’ to clean
vuchun to see/watch k :m f work
kot where gatshun to go
dava: m medicine
47
48 SPOKEN KASHMIRI

Lesson 8

A. toh’ kati chiv ro:za:n? Where do you live?

B. b chus ro:za:n siri:n gr . I live in Srinagar.
A. toh’ k’a: k :m chiv kara:n? What do you do?
B. b chus ka:r ba:r kara:n. I am in business.
A. kam’uk ka:r ba:r? Which business?
B. s’ chi ts : h’an hund We deal in apples.
ka:r ba:r kara:n.
asi chu akh duka:n ami:ra: We have a shop at Amira
k dl . Kadal.
toh’ k’a: chiv kara:n? What do you do,?
A. b chus ma:s ar. I am a teacher.
B. toh’ kar chiv sku:l gatsha:n? At what time do you go to
school?
A. b chus navi baji sku:l I go to school at 9 o’clock.
gatsha:n .
B. va:pas kar chiv yiva:n? At what time do you return?
A. tso:ri baji. At 4 0’ clock.
B. toh’ k’a: chiv par na:va:n? What subjects do you teach?
A. b chus hisa:b t ãgri:zi: I teach mathematics and
par na:va:n. English.
B. m’o:n necuv chu d himi My son studies in the tenth
para:n. class.
su chu sakh mehnath kara:n. He works very hard.
me:n’ ku:r cha : himi para:n. My daughter studies in the
eighth class.
s cha sil :y ti hecha:n. She learns stitching (of
clothes) too.
s cha s’a ha: ja:n geva:n. She sings very well.
A. acha:? Is it?
b ti o:sus geva:n. I also used to sing.
m’o:n l ku l dk chu My younger son plays
ha:ki: ginda:n. hockey.
su chu nav vuhur. He is nine years old.
 49

2. b chus pã:tsi baji nendri I get up at 5 0’ clock.

v tha:n.
b chus ath buth chala:n. I wash my hands and feet.
b chus d hay s :r kara:n. I go for a walk daily.
b chus šeyi baji šra:n kara:n I take a bath at 6 0’ clock.
b chus : hi baji ca:y cava:n I have my tea at 8 0’ clock.
b chus navi baji daphtar I start for my office at 9 0’
ne:ra:n. clock.
b chus d hi baji daphtar I reach my office at 10 0’
va:ta:n. clock.
b chus šeyi baji gar yiva:n. I come home at 6 0’ clock.

Drills

1. Substitutionl drill

1. b chus/chas …ro:za:n. 2. b chus/chas daphtar

mumbayi (Mumbay) gatsha:n ….
dili (Delhi) : hi baji
a:gra: (Agra) dahi baji
anantna:g (Anantnag) kahi baji
jemi (Jammu) bahi baji

3. m’o:n necuv chu para:n.. 4. toh’ chiv parna:va:n …

doyimi hisa:b
treymi ãgri:zi:
tsu:rimi k :šur ‘Kashmiri’
p :tsimi ko:nu:n ‘law’
šeymi saynas ‘science’

II. Response drill

toh’ chiva: ka:r ba:r kara:n? (a:) a:, b chus ka:r ba:r kara:n.
toh’ chiva: no:kri: kara:n? (a:) a:, b chus no:kri: kara:n.
toh’ chiva: geva:n? (na) na, b chusn geva:n.
50 SPOKEN KASHMIRI

toh’ chiva: siri:n gr ro:za:n? (na) na, b chusn siri:n gr

ro:za:n
tuhund necuv cha: ha:ki: ginda:n? (a:) a:, su chu ginda:n.
tuh nz ku:r cha: geva:n? (a:) a:, s cha geva:n.

III. Transformation drill

toh’ kati chiv ro:za:n? toh’kati :siv ro:za:n?

b chus/chas ro:za:n ga:m . b o:sus/ :s s ro:za:n
ga:m .
s’ chi/cha ro:za:n ša:hr . s’ :s’/a:s ro:za:n ša:hr .
mohn chun ginda:n. mohn o:sn ginda:n.
tim chi sku:l gatsha:n tim :s’ sku:l gatsha:n.
tim cha geva:n. tim a:s geva:n.

Exercises

I. Fill in the blanks using Kashmiri equivalents of the words

given in brackets:

I. s’ chin ga:m ….. (live)

2. b chusn … kara:n (business)
3. b chus … gar gatsha:n. (8 0’ clock)
4 s’ chi va:pas …yiva:n. (10 0’ clock)
5. m’o:n l ku bo:y chu ….para:n. (9th class)
6. me:n’ beni cha … hecha:n. (stitching)
7. mohn chu …. vuhur. (11)
8. b chus/chas …. kara:n. (working hard)
9. s’ chi ….. daphtar va:ta:n. (11 o’clock)
10. toh’ chiv ….. s :r kara:n. (daily)

II. Answer the following questions:

1. toh’ kati chiv ro:za:n?

2. toh’ k’a: k :m chiv kara:n?
3. toh’ chiva: no:kri kara:n?
4. toh’ k ts v lh r’ chiv?
 51

5. toh’ k’a: chiv hecha:n?

6. toh’ kar chiv nendri v tha:n?
7. toh’ chiva: geva:n?
8. toh’ k’a: chiv ginda:n?
9. toh’ kar chiv daphtar/sku:l gatsha:n?
10. va:pas kar chiv gar yiva:n?

III. Write down 20 sentences using words given in the table

below:

b / s’ chus/chas/chi/o:sus/ :s s kita:b para:n, le:kha:n,

ts /toh’ chukh/chakh/chiv ha:ki: ginda:n,parlna:va:n
o:sukh/ :s kh/ :siv hecha:n, gatsha:n
su/s chu/cha/o:s/ :s šra:n kara:n, yiva:n
tim/tim :s’/ :s kh/a:s v s :r va:ta:n, ne:ra:n
daphtar

Notes

Present and past indefinite construction

The present and past indefinite constructions are formed by

adding the suffix -a:n to the main verb, and by using the forms
of present or past auxiliary verbs agreeing with the subject in
person, gender and number.

Adverbs of place

The locative case markers - and -i are added to the consonant

ending adverbs of place for indicating the location, e.g.,

siri:n g r + = siri:n gr ‘in Srinagar’

amira: kad l + = ami:ra:k dl : ‘at Amira Kadal’
dil + i = dili ‘in Delhi’

A zero suffix is added to the -a: ending adverbs of place:

a:gra: +Ø = a:gra:
52 SPOKEN KASHMIRI

Adverbs of time

The suffix -i is added to all the constituents of adverbs of time

phrases to indicate the definiteness, e.g.,

tre +i baje + i = treyi baji ‘at 3 o’clock’

tso:r +i baje + i = tso:ri baji ‘at 4 o’clock’
pã:tsh +i baje + i = pã:tsi baji ‘at 5 o’clock’
še +i baje + i = šeyi baji ‘at 6 o’clock’

Notice that certain morphophonemic changes take place after

these suffixes are added: The semi-vowel /y/ is added after the
final vowel of monosyllabic roots, and the final vowel of the
disyllabic words is elided before the suffix -i is added to it.

Coordinate conjunction morpheme t ‘and’

The coordinate conjunction morpheme t ‘and’ is used to conjoin

two or more than two noun phrases, verb phrases or sentences
which are of the similar structure, e.g.,

mohn t ra:j chi para:n.

Mohan and Raj are studying.
toh’ chiv k :šur t ãgri:zi:para:n
You study Kashmiri and English.
mohn chu z’u: h t ra:j chu tsho .
‘Mohan is tall and Raja is short.

Vocabulary

ro:zun to live/stay hechun to learn

ka:r ba:r m business gevun to sing
ha:ki: f hockey ts : h m apple
vuhur m. years old mi:ra:k d l m Amira kadal
nend r f sleep sku:l m school
v thun to get up baje hour, o’clock
ath -buth hands and face va:pas return
d hay daily yun to come
 53

s :r m a walk va:pas yun to return

par na:vun to teach hisa:b m mathematics
daphtar m office ãgre:zi: m English
ne:run to start sakh very hard
va:tun to reach mehnath hard work
gar m home sil :y stitching
šra:n m bath šra:n karun to take a bath
54 SPOKEN KASHMIRI

Lesson 9

1. buth chal. Wash your face.

k :m kar. Do your work.
kita:b par. Read your book.
kalam an. Bring your pen.
ci h’ le:kh. Write a letter.
sku:l gatsh. Go to school.
sabakh kar ya:d. Learn your lesson.
ha:ki: gind. Play hockey.

2. šra:n k riv. Please take your bath.

akhba:r p riv. Please read the newspaper.
ca:y ceyiv. Please take your tea.
ba:zar g tshiv. Please go to the market.
sabzi: niv. Please bring vegetables.
k :m k riv. Please do your work.
palav badl :viv. Please change your clothes
daphtar ni:riv. Please start out for the office.

3. šo:r m k riv, tsh p k riv. Do not make noise, keep quiet.

ca:y m ceyiv, d d ceyiv. Do not drink tea, drink milk.
TV m vuchiv, pan n’ k :m Do not watch TV., do
k riv. your own work.
ts : h’ m kheyiv, bat Do not eat apples, eat
kheyiv. your meals.
re:diyo: m bu:ziv, g tshiv Do not listen to radio,
p riv. go (and) study.

4. darva:z kart band. Close the door.

d :r m tsra:vt . Open the window.
bijli: za:lt . Switch on the light.
sabakh part . Learn your lesson.
nov mazmu:n le:kht . Write down a new essay.
 55

n v kath bo:zna:vt . Narrate a new story.

sku:l c k :m ha:vt . Show your school assignment.
vakh t mat kart za:yi. Do not waste time.

5. ba:zar g tsh’tav. Please go to the market.

sabzi: n’tav. Please bring vegetables.
tse:r mat k r’tav Please don’t be late.
jaldi: k r’tav. Please hurry.
m :l palav ch l’tav Please wash dirty clothes.
n v’ palav tshun’tav. Please put on new clothes.
s :r k r’tav. Please go for a walk.
varziš k r’tav. Please do physical exercises.

Drills

I. Substitution drill

(1) kita:b par (read) (2) ci h’ li:khiv (write)

(see) (bring)
(write) (see)
(buy) (read)
(bring) (take)

(3) ts : h’ het (buy) (4) ha:ki gind’tav (play)

(see) (see)
(eat) (bring)
(take) (buy)
(bring) (change)

II Transformation drill

(1) kita:b par. kita:b p riv.

re:diyo: bo:z. re:diyo: bu:ziv.
TV vuch. TV vuchiv.
ts : h an. ts : h’ niv.
bat khe. bat kheyiv.
(2) k :m kar. ts kar k :m.
56 SPOKEN KASHMIRI

buth chal. ts chal buth.

sku:l ne:r. ts ne:r sku:l.
sabzi: ran. ts ran sabzi:. -
akhba:r par. ts par akhba:r.
(3) tsh p k riv. toh’ k riv tsh p .
palav heyiv. toh’ heyiv palav.
b niya:n vu:niv. toh’ vu:niv b niya:n.
tasvi:r ban :viv. toh’ ban :viv tasvi:r.
šra:n k riv. toh’ k riv šra:n.
gar g tshiv. toh’ g tshiv gar .
(4) ca:y cet . ca:y ceytav.
ts : h khet . ts : h kheytav.
d d ant . d d n’tav.
bat rant . bat r n’tav.
k mi:z chalt . k mi:z ch l’tav.

Exercises

I. Fill in the blanks with suitable words:

1. tsh p kar, šo:r .......

2. kita:b par, re:diyo: m .......
3. pan n’ ......... kar, TV m ........
4. daphtar m g tshiv, gar .........
5. bat ........, ca:y m ........
6. ts : h ........ d d m ..........
7. m :l palav ........., sa:ph …… tshuniv.
8. d :r ........ band, darva:z .........
9. sabakh ....... ya:d, vakh t mat ........... za:yi.
10. ba:zar ............, n v k mi:z ...........

II. Write down four types of imperative forms of the following

verbs and use them in your own sentences:

1. kh’on 2. con 3. h’on 4. parun

5. le:khun 6. vuchun 7. gatshun 8. anun
9. šra:n karun 10. ya:d karun 11. tshunun 12. badla:vun
 57

13. ranun 14. vo:nun 15. ha:vun 16. chalun

17. bo:zun 18. gindun 19. vuchun 20. m tsra:vun

karun 1 2 3 4
kar k riv kart k r’tav
1. k :m kar 2. k :m k riv
3. k :m kart 4. k :m k r’tav.

Notes

Imperative constructions

The imperative constructions are formed by using the imperative

forms of the verbs and the second person subject can be dropped.
Imperative verb forms are of two types: singular and plural. The
singular non-honorific forms are derived by adding -Ø suffix to
the verb root forms and the plural forms are derived by adding
-iv suffix to the verb roots. Notice that in case the verb root ends
in a vowel, /y/ glide is inserted between the two vowels. The
plural forms are used for honorific singular person as well. The
singular forms are thus used for non-honorific singulars alone.
I lI
Verb root Singular/Non- Plural/Honorific Sg
honorific

bo:z bo:z bu:ziv

par par p riv
le:kh le:kh li:khiv
khe khe kheyiv
ni ni niyiv

Notice that when the suffix -iv is added to the root the vowel
of the stem is raised in height as a result of vowel harmony rule,
e.g.,

bo:z + iv = bu:ziv
par + iv = p riv
58 SPOKEN KASHMIRI

Jussiv imperatives

In Kashmiri, besides the simple imperative forms indicated

above, there are additional two forms of jussive imperative forms
which are formed by adding the suffix -ti to the verb roots in
their singular (non-honorific), and -ytav to the verb roots for
forming the plural or honorific singular forms, e.g.,
I II
Verb root Singular/Non-honorific Plural/Honorific

par- part p r’tav

bo:z- bo:zt bu:z’tav
le:kh- le:kht li:kh’tav
ni- nit niytav
he- het heytav

Notice that the initial /y/ of the suffix results in the palata-
lization of tine stem final consonant. It also causes the raising of
the vowel of the stem in height. Semantically, jussive imperative
forms carry extra emphasis, request or definiteness of the
proposed action.

Conjunct verbs

A noun (or an adjective) and a verb are conjoined to form

conjunct verbs. In this case the main verb takes all the inflexions
required. Examples of the conjunct verbs introduced in the
present lesson are as follows:

šra:n karun ‘to take a bath’

ya:d karun ‘to memorize/to remember’

The negative particles m and mat

The negative particle m ‘don’t’ is used with simple imperative

forms of the verbs and the negative particle mat with the jussive
imperative forms. These morphemes precede the imperative
forms of verbs, e.g.,
 59

kita:b m par. Don’t read the book.

ci h’ m li:khiv. Don’t write the letter.
philim mat vucht . Don’t watch the film.
re:diyo: mat bu:z’tav. Don’t listen to radio.

Vocabulary

sabakh m lesson m tstra:vun to open

bijli: f electricity za:lun to burn, to light
ya:d m memory mazmu:n m essay
ya:d karun to memorize bo:z na:vun to narrate
d :r f window sabzi: f vegetable
vakh t m time anun to bring
za:yi m waste band karun to close
za:yi karun to waste badla:vun to change
tse:r m late band closed
tse:r karun to be late panun m.s.self
jaldi: f hurry šo:r m noise
varziš f exercise šo:r karun to make noise
jaldi: kar n’ to hurry m :l dirty
tsh p f quiet tshunun to wear
tsh p kar n’ to keep quiet
60 SPOKEN KASHMIRI

Lesson 10

A. t hi k’a: gatshi? What do you want?

B. me diyiv p :s . Please give me money.
b hem k h sa:ma:n. I will purchase some articles.
A. k :t’ p :s ? How much money?
B. hath r p yi diyiv. Give me 100 rupees.
ba:k y p :s an va:pas. I’ll bring back the balance.
A. toh’ k’a: k’a: niv? What would you bring?
B. b an tomul, t masa:l . I’ll bring rice and spices.
A. asi cha: ti:l? Do we have oil?
B. ti:l chu. ba:k y ci:z chin . Yes, we have. We do not have
maslan nu:n, madre:r, ca:y, other things like salt,
ka:phi: vag :r . sugar, tea coffee etc.

A. tse k’a: gatshiy? What do you want?

B. me gatshi dava: ra:mas I need medicine for Ram.
k’uth.
A. t mis k’a: chu? What is the matter with him?
B. t mis chu kalas do:d. He has a headache.
A. da:k ar s :bas pr tsh. Ask the doctor.
B. da:k ar s :b chin The doctor is not at his shop.
duka:nas p’a h. timan ti He is also not feeling well.
chun t biyath hi:kh.
A. acha:. yim ni z ph l’ dava:. O.K. Take these two tablets.
yim dava: ph l’ kheyi su He will take these tablets with
ca:yi s :t’. su gatshi ša:m tea. He will be alright by
ta:m hi:kh. ša:man gatshi evening. He will go to (see)
su da:k aras niš. the doctor in the evening.
***
A. kamras manz kam chi? Who are in the room?
B. kamras manz chi šur’. There are children in the
room.
A. tim k’a chi kara:n? What are they doing?
B. mohn chu k mi:zi ba an Mohan is fixing buttons in his
la:ga:n. ši:li cha palvan shirt.Shiela is ironing clothes.
 61

k d’ kara:n.
A. yi k’a: chu me:zas p’a h? What is this on the table?
B. yi chu akh lipha:ph . This is an envelope.
A. ath manz k’a: chu? What is in it?
B. ath manz chi p :s . There is money in it.
A. yath kursi: tal k’a: chu? What is under this chair?
B. kursi: tal chu gila:s. There is a glass under the
chair.

Drills

I. Substitution drill

1. me diyiv p :s (d’un) 2. me k’a: gatshi (me)

heyiv (h’on) gatshiy (tse)
h :viv (ha:vun) gatshiv (t hi)
niv (anun) gatshi (t mis)

3. me chun t biyath hi:kh (me) 4. ra:mas di kita:b (ra:m)

tse chuyn (tse) (ra:ji)
t hi chun (tohi) (ši:l )
t mis chun (tamis) (sa:r )
timan chun (timan) (ku:r)

II. Transformation drill

1. me diyiv akhba:r asi diyiv akhba:r

tse k’a: gatshiy? t hi k’a: gatshiv ?
3. t mis chu kalas do:d timan chu kalas do:d.
4. l dkas di p :s . l dkan di p :s .
5. ko:ri an palav. ko:r’an an palav.

III. Response drill

1. duka:nas p’a h kam chi? (da:k ar s :b)

duka:nas p’a h chi da:k ar s :b.
2. da:ri p’a h k’a: chu? (pard )
3. mezas tal k’a chu? (tomul)
62 SPOKEN KASHMIRI

4. kita:bi tal k’a: chu? (kalam)

5. darva:zas niš k’a: chu? (sandu:kh)
6. kursiyi niš k’a: chu? (lipha:phl)
7. ba:gas manz kus chu? (ba:gva:n)
8. na:vi manz kus chu? (h :z)

Exercises

I. Fill in the blanks using Kashmiri equivalents of the cues

given in brackets.

1. t hi k’a: . . . .? (want) 6. t mis cha: …? (headache)

2. me . . . tem’s nz kita:b. (give) 7. timan . . . kus chu? (near)
3. asi . . . z’uk akhba:r. (bring) 8. .. . p’a h kus chu? (shop)
4. tse . . . n v g r. (want) 9. . . manz kam chi? (house)
5. t hi . . . . yi kursi:? (want) 10. gila:s chu . . . tal. (chair)

II. Answer the following questions:

1. tuh ndis kalas p’a h k’a: chu?

2. tuh ndis athas manz k ts õgji cha?
3. tuh ndis maka:nas manz k ts kamr chi?
4. t hi niš kam chi ro:za:n?
5. me:zas tal k’a: chu?
6. tuh ndis garas niš k’a: chu?
7. tuh ndis garas manz kam kam chi ?
8. t hi s :t’ kam chi ro:za:n?
9. toh’ k’a: niv me k’uth?
10. t hi cha: t biyath hi:kh?

III. Write down sentences using the following words and

phrases:

manz, p’a h, niš, k’uth, tal, s :t’, k h, va:pas anun,

t biyath, k d’ kar n’, ba un la:gun.

III. Write down the dative case forms of the following nouns:
 63

gar , darva:z , mo:l, šur, d :r, ku:r, kursi:, kita:b, ši:l ,

da:k ar.

Notes

Personal pronouns in dative case

Personal pronouns in dative case are as follows:

Mas./Fem.
Sg. Pl.
1st Person me asi
nd
2 Person tse t hi
3rd Person t mis timan

Notice that the second and third person plural forms are used
for honorific singulars as well. The pronouns do not change for
gender.

Demonstrative pronouns in dative case

Following are the forms of the demonstrative pronouns used

with inanimate and animate objects in date case:

Inanimate Animate
Sg. Pl. Sg. Pl.
Prox. yath yiman yemis yiman
Rem I (within sight) h th human homis human
Rem II(out of sight) tath timan t mis timan

The plural forms are used for honorific singulars as well.

Dative case

The subjects in dative case are formed by adding -as or -is

suffixes to the masculine nouns and the feminine nouns which
end in -i. The suffix -i is added to the feminine nouns:

darva:z + as = darva:zas
akhba:r + as = akhba:ras
64 SPOKEN KASHMIRI

ši:l + as = ši:las
kul + is = kulis
šur + is = šuris
mo:l + is = m :lis
ku:r +i = ko:ri
zana:n +i = zana:ni
kita:b +i = kita:bi
kursi: +i = kursiyi

Notice that -as is added to the - vowel ending or the

consonant ending masculine nouns preceded by low vowel. The
suffix -is is added to the consonant ending masculine nouns
which are preceded by a high or mid back vowel. The suffix -i is
added to all other feminine nouns. As a result of adding of these
suffixes, certain morphophonemic changes occur.

Postpositions

In Kashmiri postpositions are of two types: (1) Those which

follow the nouns in dative case, and (2) those which follow the
nouns in ablative case. In this lesson, we have used the
postpositions: manz ‘in, inside’, tal ‘under’, niš ‘near, nearby’
p’a h ‘on’, s :t’ ‘with’ and k’uth ‘for’. All these postpositions
follow the subjects in dative case:

me:zas p’a h/tal/niš/ /s :t’/, /k’uth/ etc.

kita:bi p’a h/tal/niš/ s :t’ /k’uth/ etc.

In case postpositions follow a subject noun phrase containing

a determiner and noun, both the constituents of the phrase take
the dative case form:

akh l dk = kis l dkas

m’o:n bo:y = me:nis b :yis
yi šur = yemis šuris
yi gar = yath garas
h ku:r = homis ko:ri
h g r = h th gari
 65

Future forms of verbs

The following suffixes are added to the consonant and vowel

ending main verb roots for forming the future forms agreeing
with the subject in person and number.

Person Consonant ending Vowel ending

Sg. Pl. Sg. Pl.
1st - -av -m -may
2nd -akh -iv -kh -yiv
3rd -i -an -yi -n

Examples:

b kar ‘I will do’. b dim ‘I will give’.

s’ karav. s’ dimav.
ts karakh. ts dikh.
toh’ k riv. toh’ diyiv.
su/s kari. su/s diyi.
tim karan. tim/tim din.

Vocabulary

gatsh want, desire hi:kh well

p :s m money acha: alright
sa:ma:n m things phol m tablet
hath m hundred s :t’ with
r pyi f rupees ša:m m evening
ba:k y remaining ta:m up to
va:pas anun to bring back niš near
tomul m rice manz in, inside
masa:l m spices ba un m button
ti:l m oil h :z m boatman
maslan for example la:gun to fix
nu:n m salt k d’ kar n’ to iron
m dre:r m sugar tal under
ka:phi: f coffee lipha:ph m envelope
66 SPOKEN KASHMIRI

k’uth for gila:s m glass

kal do:d m headache ba:gva:n m gardener
pr tshun to ask na:v f boat
p’a h on, at t biyath m health
 67

Lesson 11

A toh’ kar g tshiv dili? When will you go to Delhi?

B. b gatsh paga:h. toh’ kar I’ll go tomorrow. When will
yiyiv? you come?
A. b yim k :l’k’ath. I’ll come day after tomorrow.
B. t hi s :t’ kam gatshan? Who will accompany you?
A. rameš a:si me s :t’. Ramesh will accompany me.
t mis chu kis do:stas A friend of his is getting
khã:dar. married.
B. toh’ g tshiva: basi (k’ath) Will you go by bus or by
kin re:li? train?
A. s’ gatshav basi. We’ll go by bus. We’ll come
va:pas yimav re:li. back by train.
B. az cha s’a ha: garmi:. It is very hot today. It is
maka:nas andar chu dam suffocating inside the house.
h’uh. p kiv, nebr kani Come on, let us sit outside.
behmav.
A. v n’ gatshi tse:r. b ne:r . Now it will be late. I’ll leave.
paga:h vun’k’an :siv toh’ You’ll be in Delhi tomorrow
dili. at this time.
B. a:, s’ ne:rav sub han Yes, we’ll start at 8 o’ clock
: hi baji. dili va:tav še in the morning. We’ll reach
baje: ša:m ta:m. Delhi by 6 o’clock in the
evening.
A. ra:me:š kati a:si Where will be Ramesh at this
vun’k’an? b so:z t mis time? I’ll send him a message.
šech.
B. tim a:san gari. toh’ k riv He’ll be at home. Ring
timan eli:pho:n. him up.
A. acha:ji. t hi s :t’ sapdi Alright. I’ll now see you in
v n’ dili mula:ka:th. t hi Delhi. Do you have my
cha: m’o:n pata: dili hund? address in Delhi?
B. me chun pata:. toh’ li:khiv I do not know. (Please) write
68 SPOKEN KASHMIRI

yath dayri: p’a h. in this diary.

A. t hi brõh kani k’a: chu? What is in front of you?
B. yi chu akh sandu:kh. This is a box.
A. ath andar k’a: chu? What is inside it?
B. yath manz chi k h zaru:ri: There are some important
ka:kaz. papers inside it.
A. t hi d chin’ kin’ k’a: cha? What is on your right hand
side?
B. yi cha alm :r’. ath manz It is an almirah. There are
cha kita:b . books inside it.
A. me:zas kho:v r’ kin’ k’a What is on the left hand side
chu? of the table?
B. yi chu akh dab . It is a box.
A. dabas tal kani k’a: chu? What is under the box?
B. yi chu tavliya:. It is a towel.
A. me:zas pat kani k’a chu? What is behind the table?
B. yi chu šra:puc. It is a knife.

Drills

I. Substitution Drills

1. toh’ kar g tshiv gar ? 2. b a:s paga:h dili.

v :tiv (va:tun) s’ a:sav ( s’)
yiyiv (yun) ts a:sakh (ts )
ni:riv (ne:run) toh’ :siv (toh’)
ban :viv (bana:vun) su a:si (su)

3. maka:nas brõh kani chu ba:g.

pat kani
d chin’ kin’
kho:v r’ kin’
nebr kani

II. Response drill

l. t hi broh kani k’a: chu? (me:z) me broh kani chu me:z.

 69

2. t hi pat kani k’a: chu? (darva:z )

3. t hi d chin’ kin’ k’a: cha? (d :r)
4. t hi kho:v r’ kin’ k’a: cha? (kursi:)
5. me:zas tal kani k’a: chu? (sondu:kh)

Exercises

I. Fill in the blanks using suitable words:

1. toh’ kar…. gar ? 2. gari k’a: ….?

3. me …. a:san me:n’ do:s. 4. s’ … paga:h dili.
5. b … re:li, va:pas … basi.
6. t hi …. sapdi paga:h …
7. yath al ma:ri …. kani k’a: chu?
8. kursiyi …. kani chu me:z.
9. s :nis maka:nas …. kani chu ba:g.

II. Answer the following questions using cues:

1. toh’ kar yiyiv va:pas? (paga:h) b yim va:pas paga:h.

2. t hi s :t’ kam yin? (me:n’ do:s)
3. toh’ kith k n’ g tshiv? (ka:ri manz).
4. toh’ kati :siv paga:h vun’ka’n? (gari)
5: t hi s :t’ kar sapdi mula:ka:th? (k :l’k’ath)
6. tuh ndis garas brõh kani k’a: chu? (sku:l)
7. tuh indis daphtaras pat kani k’a: chu? (ba:g)
8. tuh nd’ do:s kar a:san yeti? (ša:man)
9. t hi cha: m’o:n pata:? (a:)
10. b kar yim tuhund gar ? (paga:h)

III. Use the following words/phrases in sentences:

paga:h, k :l’k’ath, khã:dar, basi k’ath, garmi:, tse:r gatshun,

vun’k’an, šech so:z n’, mula:ka:th sapdun, zaru:ri:

Notes
70 SPOKEN KASHMIRI

Auxiliary verb in presumptive or future tense

Following are the forms of the auxiliary verb a:s ‘be’ in

presumptive or future tense agreeing with the subject in number
and person in the nominative case:

Sg. Pl.
1st person a:s a:sav
2nd person a:sakh :siv
3rd person a:si a:san

Examples:
b a:s para:n I will be reading.
s’ a:sav paka:n. We will be walking.
ts a:sakh para:n. You will be reading.
toh’ :siv paka:n. You’ll be walking.
su/s a:si para:n. He/she will be reading.
tim/tim a:san paka:n. They will be walking.

The second and third person plural forms are used for
honorific singular subjects as well.
In case the subject is in dative case, following are the forms
of the verb a:s ‘have’ agreeing with the subject in person and
with object in number:

Person Sg. Pl.

1st a:si a:san
2nd (sg) a:siy a:snay
2nd (pl.) a:siv a:snav
3rd a:si a:san

Examples:
me a:si/a:san ‘I’ll have’
asi a:si/a:san ‘We will have’
tse a:siy/a:snay ‘You will have
t hi a:siv /a:snav ‘You will have
t mis a:si/a:san ‘He will have’
timan a:si/a:san ‘They will have’
 71

The coordinate conjunction morpheme kin ‘or’.

The coordinate conjunction morpheme kin is used to conjoin

two sentences of similar structure after the deletion of repeated
elements in the second sentence. Examples:

1. toh’ g tshiva: basi k’ath?

2. toh’ g tshiva: re:li k’ath?
3. toh’ g tshiva: basi k’ath kin re:li?

Adverbs

In this lesson certain adverbs indicating direction like brõh kani

‘in front’ d chin’ kin’ ‘right hand side’, kho:v r’ kin’ ‘left hand
side’, tal kani ‘underneath’, pat kani ‘behind’ have been used.
When these adverbs are used (as postpositions), the subject noun
or noun phrase which immediately precedes them is put in the
dative case using the dative case markers.

Vocabulary

paga:h tomorrow dab m. box

k :l’k’ath day after pakun to walk
tomorrow tal kani underneath
khã:dar m marriage tavliya: f. towel
bas f. bus pat kani behind
kin or šra:puc m. knife
re:l f. rail bihun to sit
garmi: f. hot dam m suffocation
tse:r gatshun to be late nebr kani outside
vun’k’an at present dayri: f. diary
šech f message brõh kani in front
so:zun to send sondu:kh m. box
eli:pho:n m telephone zaru:ri: important
kho:v r’ kin’ towards left mula:kath m meeting
pata: m address sapdun to happen
72 SPOKEN KASHMIRI

Lesson 12
A. t hi porva: akhba:r? Did you read the newspaper?
B. a:, me por. Yes, I read.
A. k’a: cha n v khabar? What is new (Any new news)?
B. kha:s n k h. toh’ ti p riv. Nothing in special. Read it.
A. acha: diyiv. OK. Give it to me.
B. r iv. (Please) take it.
A. azkal chu ša:hras manz There is a circus in the city
s rk s. t hi vuch va:? these days. Did you see it?
B. šur’av vuch. me m’u:l n The children saw it. I could
vakh t. not get time.
A. t hi h’otva: nov maka:n Did you purchase the new
m l’? house?
B. na, vuni n . me vuch u:tri No, not yet. I saw one day
akh, magar yi chu drog. before yesterday, but it is
expensive.
A. ko:ta:h k :math chus? How much is the price?
B. lagbag vuh lach r p yi. About twenty lakh rupees.
A. maka:n ko:tah bod chu? How big is the house?
B. maka:n chun z’a:d bod. The house is not very big. It
ath manz chi tre kamr , has three (bed) rooms and a
akh b : hakh, co:k t z sitting (drawing) room, a
šra:n ku h’. maka:nci kitchen and two bathrooms.
da:ri t darva:z chi ja:n The windows and doors of the
l kri h nd’. house are made of good timber.
A. ã:gun cha:? Is there a compound?
B. a:, akh l ku ã:gun ti Yes, it has a small compound
chus t gara:j ti. maka:n a:v and a garage too. I liked the
me pasand. house.
A. t hi k’a korv az? What did you do today?
B. az :s chu i:. me k r It was a holiday today. I did a
va:riya:h k :m. me on lot of work. I purchased
ba:zr sa:ma:n. me ch l’ (certain) things from the
palav. me le:chi k h ci hi market. I washed clothes.
 73

do:stan. me 1’uk:h akh I wrote some letters to friends.

mazmu:n akhba:r kh :tr . I wrote an article for the
sub han k r me ba:gas newspaper. I worked in the
manz k :m. t hi k’a: korv ? garden in the morning. What did
you do?
A. sub han go:s b : s :ras. I went for a walk in the
va:pas a:s : hi baji. me morning. I came back at
li:ch kis do:stas ci h’. me 8 o’clock. I wrote a letter
k ’ bank manz p :s . to a friend. I drew money
sarl t b g yi ba:zar from the bank. Sarla and I
kahi baji. asi h’ot palvan went to market at 11.
k’uth kapur. kapur d’ut We purchased cloth for
s tsas. b go:s r ši:dun clothes. (We) gave the cloth
gar . su o:s n gari. b a:s to the tailor. I went to
gar t šõgus kis Rashid’s house. He was not
gan as. b go:s hušiya:r at home.I came home and
tso:ri baji. me ceyi ca:y slept for an hour. I woke
t a:s t hi niš yo:r. up at 4 o’clock. I had tea
and came to see you here.
B. yeti p’a h kot g tshiv? Where will you go from
here?
A. b gatsh va:pas gar . I’ll return. home. Sarla will
sarl asi me pra:ra:n. be waiting for me.

Drills

I. Repetition drill

1. me por akhba:r. 2. me l’u:kh mazmu:n.

me p r’ akhba:r. me li:kh’ mazmu:n.
me p r kita:b. me li:ch ci h’.
me pari kita:b . me 1echi ci hi.

3. tse onuth akh me:z. 4. tse h’otuth kapur.

tse nith z me:z. tse hetith palav.
tse nith kursi:. tse hets th g r.
tse an’ath kursiyi. tse hetsath gari.
74 SPOKEN KASHMIRI

5. t hi cholv buth. 6. t hi n’uv akh akhba:r.

t hi ch liv palav. t hi niyiv palav.
t hi ch jiv d j. t hi niyiv k mi:z.
t hi chajiv daji. t hi niyiv k mi:z .

II. Substitution drill

1. b go:s gar (gatshun) 2. b g yas ba:zar.

a:s (yun) a:yas
tsa:s (atsun) tsa:yas
dra:s (ne:run) dra:yas

3. s’ g yi daphtar. 4. ts go:kh sku:l.

a:yi a:kh
tsa:yi tsa:kh
dra:yi dra:kh

5. toh’ g yivi gar . 6. su gav gar .

a:yiv a:v
tsa:yiv tsa:v
dra:yiv dra:v

7. s g yi gar . 8. tim/tim g yi gar .

a:yi a:yi
tsa:yi tsa:yi
dra:yi dra:yi

III. Response drill

1. toh’ kot g yiv ? (gar ) b go:s/g yas gar .

2. toh’ kar a:yiv ? (ra:th) b a:s/a:yas ra:th.
3. ts kar a:kh? (u:tr ) b a:s/a:yas u:tr
4. ts kar g yakh? (sub han) b g yas sub han.
5. su kot gav? (dili) su gav dili.
6. s kot g yi? (gar ) s g yi gar .
7 tim kar dra:yi? (ša:man) tim dra:yi ša:man.
 75

Exercises

I. Fill in the blanks using appropriate form of the verbs

given in brackets:

1. t hi k’a: ….? (parun)

2. tse k’a: ….? (le:khun)
3. tse …. kita:b? (anun)
4. tse …. akhba:r? (vuchun)
5. t m’ …. mazmu:n? (le:khun)
6. t m’ …. ci h’? (parun)
7. su …. gar ? (gatshun)
8. s …. daphtar? (yun)
9. tim …. ba:zar? (ne:run)
10. timav … akhba:r? (h’on)

II. Answer the following questions using cues:

1. ts kar a:kh? (ra:th) b a:s ra:th.

2. ts kar a:yakh? (u:tri)
3. t hi k’a: porv ? (akhba:r)
4. t hi k’a: 1’u:khv ? (mazmu:n)
5. t hi k’a: ch liv ? (palav)
6. t hi k’a: h’otv ? (kapur)
7. t hi k’a: on vi? (pankh )
8. t hi k’a: vuch v ? (s rks)
9. toh’ kot g yivi? (daphtar)
10. toh’ kar šõgiv ? ( : hi baji)

III. Use the following words/phrases in sentences:

1. khabar 2. azkal 3. vakh t me:lun 4. drog a:sun

5. lagbag 6. chu i: a:s n’ 7. s :ras gatshnn 8. š gun
9. hušiya:r gatshun 10. pra:run.
76 SPOKEN KASHMIRI

Notes

Past tense

In this lesson both intransitive and transitive verbs are used in

simple past tense.

Intransitive verbs in the past tense

The forms of verbs agree with the subject in person, gender and
number. Following are the forms of some intransitive verbs:

Person Masculine Feminine

1st Sg. Pl. Sg. Pl.
yun a:s a:yi a:yas a:yi
gatshun go:s g yi g yas g yi
šõgun šõgus šõg’ šõjis š ji
p’on p’o:s peyi peyas peyi
va:tun vo:tus v :t’ v :ts s va:ts
nd
2 a:kh a:yivi. a:yakh a:yivi
go:kh g yiv g yakh g yivi
šõgukh šõgiv šõjikh š jiv
p’o:kh pey v peyakh peyiv
vo:tukh v :tiv v :ts kh va:ts v
rd
3 a:v a:yi a:yi a:yi
gav g yi g yi g yi
šõg šõg’ šõj š ji
p’av peyi peyi peyi
vo:t v :t’ v :ts va:ts

Transitive verbs in the past tense

In case the subject is Ist or 3rd person, the forms of transitive

verbs agree with the object in gender and number. Following are
the forms of some transitive verbs:
 77

Object
Person Masculine Feminine
1st /3rd Sg. Pl. Sg. Pl.
parun por p r’ p r pari
le:khun 1’u:kh li:kh’ li:ch 1e:chi
anun on n’ n’ ani
karun kor k r’ k r kari
ha:vun ho:v h :v’ h :v ha:vi
vuchun vuch vuch vuch vuchi
kh’on khev kheyi kheyi kheyi
con cav ceyi ceyi ceyi

In case the subject is in second person, forms of verbs agree

with it in number and/or status, and with the object in gender and
number:

Masculine Feminine
Sg. P1. Sg. Pl.
2nd Per poruth p rith p r th pareth
(sg/non-hon) l’u:khuth li:khith li:chith le:chath
onuth nith nith aneth
koruth k rith k r th kareth
ho:vuth h :vith h :v th ha:veth
vuchuth vuchith vuch th vucheth
kh’o:th kheyath kheyath kheyath
co:th ceyath ceyath ceyath
2nd Per porv p riv p rv pariv
(pl/hon. sg) 1’u:kh v li:khiv li:chiv le:chiv
on v niv niv aniv
kor v kariv k rv kariv
ho:v v h :yiv h :v v ha:yiv
vuchiv vuchiv vuchiv vuchiv
kh’o:v kheyiv kheyiv kheyiv
co:v ceyiv ceyiv ceyiv
78 SPOKEN KASHMIRI

Vocabulary

akhba:r m newspaper k :math m price

nov m.s.new lach m lakh
n v f.s. new p’a h from
kha:s special z’a:d more
d’un to give b : hakh f living room
ra un to hold/catch azkal now-a-days
šra:n ku h m bathroom s rk s m circus
l kr f timber me:lun to get
yo:r here m l’ h’on to purchase
gara:j m garage vun’ right now
pasand yun to like u:tr day before
yesterday
gan m hour hušiya:r m awake
magar but chu i: f holiday
drog m expensive va:riya:h a lot
ko:ta:h m. how much kh :tr for
pra:run to wait subuh m morning
p’on to fall šõgun to sleep
 79

Lesson 13

A. t hi k’a: chu na:v? What’s your name?

B. me chu na:v r hma:n. My name is Rahman.
A. toh’ k’a: chiv kara:n? What do you do?
B. b chus ka:r ba:r kara:n. I am in business.
A. kam’uk ka:r ba:r? What do you deal in?
B. asi chi z duka:n. akh We have two shops. In
chu k :širen dastka:ren one of the shops we sell
hund. t b’a:kh chu me:vun Kashmiri handicrafts, and
hund. fruits in the other.
A. toh’ kam ci:z chiv k na:n? Which items do you sell?
B. s’ chi k :šir’ k :li:n, We deal in Kashmiri
ša:l, ri:šmi: do:ti, dus , carpets, shawls, silken
pe:par m :ši h nd’ ci:z k na:n. saris, blankets, and
yim s :ri: ci:z chi k ši:ri papier mache items. All
bana:n. these are made in Kashmir.
A. me:v duka:nas manz kam Which items are there in the
ci:z chi? fruit shop (for sale)?
B. s’ chi z’a:d tar ts : h’, We sell apples, walnuts and
du:n’ t ba:da:m k na:n. almonds mostly. We keep
bak y mu:smi: me:v ti other seasonal fruits as
chi s’ thava:n. maslan well. For example, cherry,
gila:s, ang, tse:r , o:luv pears, appricots, plums
bukha:r , dach vag :r . grapes etc. Besides these,
ami ala:v chi s’ k h we sell some dry fruits like
kh šik me:v yane: na:rji:l, coconuts, dates, raisin,
kh z r, kišmiš, ka:ju: cashew nuts etc. Alright,
vag :r ti k na:n. acha:, t hi you didn’t tell me about
von v n ki toh’ k’a: chiv your profession.
kara:n?
A. b chus sark :r’ no:kri: I am in government service.
kara:n. b chus puli:sas manz. I am in police (department).
b chus so:po:r ro:za:n. I live at Sopore. My
80 SPOKEN KASHMIRI

m’o:n l ku bo:y brother too is a shopkeeper

ti chu duka:nda:r. su chu He sells grocery. Please
kirya:ni k na:n. toh’ diyiv me give me your address.I will
panun pata: b yim tuh ndis visit your shop. I have to
duka:nas p’a h. me chi k h buy certain items for my
ci:z hen’ kis nebrimis do:stas friend from outside (the
kith’. valley).
B. zaru:r li:hiv pata:. toh’ Certainly.Please write down
kar yiyiv? the address. When will you
come?
A. b anan panun do:s ti pa:nas I’ll bring my friend also.
s :t’. acha: diyiv me OK. Please permit me
yija:zath. me chu daphtar to leave. I have to go to the
gatshun. office.
B. b div, kh da:yas hava:l ! Please go. May God protect
you !

Drills

I. Substitution drill

1. b chus ka:r ba:r kara:n. 2. s’ chi ša:l k na:n.

no:kri: k :širi dastka:ri
k :m l kri h nd’ ci:z
duka:nd :ri kiriya:n

3. k ši:ri chi dus t ša:l bana:n

ri:šmi: do:ti
pe:par m :ši: h nd’ ci:z
dastka:ri

4. me chi ci:z hen’. (ci:z hen’)

k :m kar n’
ša:l k n n’
me:v an n’
 81

II. Transformation drill

me chu akhba:r parun. me chi akhba:r par n’.

me chu mazmu:n le:khun. me chi mazmu:n le:kh n’.
asi chu maka:n vuchun. asi chi maka:n vuch n’.
asi chu me:z k nun asi chi me:z k n n’.
t hi chuv patlu:n suvun. t hi chiv patlu:n suv n’.
me cha kita:b par n’. me cha kita:b par ni.
me chi g r hen’. me cha gari heni.
t hi chav v :j an n’. t hi chav va:ji an ni.
t hi chav k mi:z chal n.’ t hi chav k mi:z chal ni.
timan cha ci h’ le:kh n’ . timan cha ci hi le:kh ni.

III. Response drill

toh’ k’a: chiv k na:n? (kiriya:n ) b chus kiriya:n k na:n

toh’ k’a: chiv kara:n? (no:kri:)
t hi kot chu gatshun? (gar )
t hi s :t’ kam chi? (me:n’ do:s)
t hi k’a: chu h’on ba:zr ? (dastka:ren h nd’ ci:z)
t hi k man kith’ chi yim ci:z? (do:stas kith’)

Exercises

I. Fill in the blanks using suitable words

1. toh’ kam’uk . . . . chiv . . . .?

2. asi chu akh . . . . me:van hund t . . . . kiriya:nuk.
3. s’ chi . . . . h nd’ t . . . . hind’ ci:z k na:n.
4. yim s :ri: . . . . chi k ši:ri . . . .
5. s’ chi . . . . manz k :m . . . .
6. me cha do:stas ci h’ . . . .
7. t hi cha: panun maka:n . . . .?
8. me chun akhba:r . . . ., me cha ci h’ . . . .
9. t hi cha: kita:b m l’ . . . . . kin . . . .
10. yija:zath . . . . , me chu daphtar . . . .
82 SPOKEN KASHMIRI

II. Answer the following questions:

1. toh’ k’a: k :m chiv kara:n?

2. toh’ kati chiv k :m kara:n?
3. k :širi dastka:ri k’a: k’a: cha?
4. k ši:ri manz kam kam me:v chi a:sa:n?
5. k ši:ri kam kam dastka:ri cha bana:n?
6. kh š k me:van h nd’ na:v li:khiv.

IV. Use the following words/phrases in sentences:

1. ka:r ba:r 2. k :širi dastka:ri 3. me:v 4. kiriya:n

5. nebrim 6. yija:zath d’un 7. z’a:d tar 8. no:kri: kar n’.

Notes

Verbs in infinitive from

In this lesson, infinitive forms of verbs are used along with the
subject nouns or pronouns in dative case. The forms of the verb
a:sun ‘to have’ agree with the subject in person, gender and
number.

Vocabulary

na:v m name thavun to keep

ci:z m thing(s) gila:s m. cherry
dastk :r’ f. handicraft ang m. pear
b’a:kh other,second tse:r f. appricot
kam kam which ones o:luv bukha:r m. plum
k nun to sell dach m grapes
k :li:n m. carpet vag :r etc.
ša:l m. shawl ala:v extra
ri:šim f. silk ami ala:v besides this
du:t’ f. sari na:rji:l m. coconut
dus m. stole kh š k dry
ya:ne: like, as banun to get/be
available
 83

kh z r m. date(s) yija:zath d’un to permit

me:v m fruit kišmiš m. raisin
z’a:d tar mostly kaju: m. cashew
nut(s)
nebrim of outside acha: alright
du:n m. walnut vanun to say
ba:da:m m. almond ha:va:l custody
kh da: m God puli:s m police
mu:sim season l ku m.s young, small
nebar outside panun pa:n m.s self
badun to move kirya:n m grocery
pe:par m :ši: f papier mache
84 SPOKEN KASHMIRI

Lesson 14
A. toh’ chiva: k ši:ri g :m t’? Have you visited Kashmir?
B. a:, b chus go:mut. Yes, I have gone.
A. toh’ kar chiv g :m t’? When have you gone?
B. b o:sus ka:leji para:n, I was studying in college, when
yeli b g d nici la i I went to Kashmir for the first
k ši:ri go:s. s’ g yi time. We went from the college
ka:leji p’a h s :r karni. on tour. We were in all ten
s’ a:s’ kul d h l dk . students. Our professor was
s :n’ profesar s :b :s’ with us. We stayed is Kashmir
asi s :t’. s’ ru:d’ k ši:ri for ten days.
d han d han.
A. t hi k’a: k’a: vuch v Which places did you visit in
k ši:ri? Kashmir?
B. s’ g yi gulmarag, We went to Gulmarg, Sonmarg,
son marag, pahalga:m Pahalgam, Verinag and
ve:rnag, t k karna:g. asi Kokarnag. We saw all places in
vuchi siri:n gr sa:rey ja:yi, Srinagar, especially Mughal
kha:s kar m gal ba:g: gardens: Shalimar, Nishat
ša:l ma:r, niša:t, Cashmashahi, and Nehru Park
casm š :hi: t nehru: pa:rk etc. The Mughal gardens are
vag :r . m gal ba:g chi indeed very beautiful. We went
p z’ p : h’ khu:bsu:rath. for a boat-ride in Dal. We
asi kor dal ji:las manz ti stayed in a houseboad for
na:vi s :r. s’ ru:d’ d n for two days. We liked
d han hav s bo: as manz, Kashmir very much.
asi a:yi k ši:r s’a ha: pasand.
doyimi la i chus b go:mut The second time I have gone
kis do:st s ndis (to Kashmir) on the occasion
khã:dras p’a h. me:n’ of the wedding ceremony of
k h ba:k y do:s ti :s’ a friend of mine.
khã:dras p’a: h Some of my other friends had
k ši:ri a:m t’. yi o:s also come to Kashmir at this
harduk mu:sim. wedding. It was autumn. It
 85

k ši:ri :s s’a ha: t :r was very cold in Kashmir,

ti:k’a:zi ba:lan p’a h o:s because it had snowed on
ši:n p’o:mut. k :ši:ri: the mountains. The winter is
manz cha vandas s’a ha: very cold in Kashmir. It
t :r a:sa:n. sõ:tas manz rains in spring as well, but
ti chu ru:d peva:n, magar the weather remains good
ret k :lis manz chu mu:sim during the summer. The
s’a ha: ja:n a:sa:n. garmi: summer is not hot. A numer
chan a:sa:n. va:riya:h of tourists visit Kashmir during
s :l :ni: chi o:r gatsha:n Kashmir during summer.
ret ka:li.

Drills

I. Repetition drill

1. b chus go:mut. 4. b o:sus dra:mut.

s’ chi g :mit’. s’ :s’ dra:m t’,
b chas g :mits. b :s s dra:m ts,
s’ cha gamts . s’ a:s dra:mts .
2. b chus a:mut. 5. b o:sus vo:tmut.
s’ chi a:m t’. s’ :s’ v :t’m t’.
b chas a:m ts. b :s s v :tsm ts.
s’ cha a:m ts . s’ a:s va:ts mats .
3. b chus vothmut. 6. b o:sus šõgmut.
s’ chi v th’m t’. s’ :s’ šõg’m t’.
b chas v tshm ts. b :s s šõjm ts.
s’ cha vatshmats . s’ a:s š jimats .

II. Substitution drill

1. ts chukh a:mut. (yun) 2. toh’ chiv a:m t’. (yun)

ts chukh go:mut.(gatshun) toh’ chiv dra:m t’. (ne:run)
ts chukh vo:tmut.(va:tun). toh’ chiv v :t’m t’. (vatun)
ts chukh šõgmut.(š gun) toh’ chiv g :m t’. (gatshun)
3. su chv dra:mut. (ne:run) 4. tim chi dra.m t’. (ne:run)
su chu šõgmut. (š gun) tim chi a:m t’. (yun)
86 SPOKEN KASHMIRI

su chu p’o:mut. (p’on) tim chi g :m t’ (gatshun)

su chu vo:tmut. (va:tun) tim chi v :t’m t’ (va:tun)

III. Transformation drill

b chus a:mut. b o:sus a:mut.

b chas a:m ts. b :s s a:m ts.
s’ chi g :m t’. s’ :s’ g :m t’.
ts chukh vo:tmut. ts o:sukh vo:tmut.
ts chakh v :tsm ts. ts :s kh v :tsm ts.
toh’ chiv dra:m t’. toh’ :siv dra:m t’.
su chu šõgmut. su o:s šõgmut.
s cha šõjm ts. s :s šõjm ts.
tim chi g :m t’. tim :s’ g :m t’.

Exercises

I. Fill in the blanks using appropriate forms of the verbs given

in brackets:

1. toh’ chiva: yo:r . . . .? (yun)

2. b chusn to:r . . . . . (gatshun)
3. s’ chi gar . . . . (ne:run)
4. toh’ kot . . . . gari p’a h ? (gatshun)
5. toh’ kar . . . . yo:r? (va:tun)
6. s’ :s’ k ši:ri d yi la i . . (gatshun)
7. s’ :s’ dahi baji ka:le:j . . . .? (va:tun)
8. tim :s’ kahi baji daphtar . . . (yun)
9. t hi k’a: k’a: . . . . k :ši:ri? (h’on)
10. toh’ kot kot chiv . . . .? (gatshun)

II. Answer the following questions:

1. toh’ chiva: k ši:ri g :m t’?

2. toh’ kar chiv g :m t’?
3. toh’ kot kot chiv k ši:ri manz g :m t’?
4. toh’ k :tis ka:las chiv k ši:ri ru:d’m t’?
 87

5. t hi kam kam b d‘ šahar chiv vuchm t’?

6. t hi kus kus šahar chuv pasand?
7. vandas manz k’uth mu:sim chu k ši:ri a:sa:n?
8. ret k :lis manz k’uth mu:sim chu ro:za:n?
9. k ši:ri p’a h kar a:yiv toh’ va:pas?
10. toh’ kot g tshiv yeti p’a h ?

III. Use the following words/phrases in sentences:

1. g d nici la i 2. doyimi la i 3. s :r karni

4. dal ji:l 5. pasand yun 6. khã:dar
7. harud 8. vand 9. sõ:th
10. ret ko:l 11. ši:n p’on 12. ba:l
13. ba:k y 14. tik’a:zi 15. garmi:

Notes

Present perfect tense

Sentences with the present perfect tense are formed by using

present forms of the auxiliary verb and by adding the following
suffixes to main verb roots agreeing with the subject in number
and gender in subjectival constructions (where main verbs are
intransitive).

Mas. Fem.
Sg. Pl. Sg. Pl.
-mut -m t’ -m ts -mats

b chus a:mut. s’ chi a:m t’.

ts chukh gomut toh’ chiv g :m t’.

Past perfect tense

In the construction of sentences with the past perfect tense, the

past forms of the auxiliary verb a:sun ‘be’ are used.

b o:sus go:mut s’ :s’ g :m t’.

88 SPOKEN KASHMIRI

Vocabulary

k ši:r f. Kashmir poz m true

m gal Mughal p z’ p : h’ really
g d n’uk m.s. first’ ba:l m mountain(s)
la h turn dal ji:l m Dal lake
d h m. day hav s bo: m houseboat
gul marg m Gulmarg doyum m second
son marg m Sonamarg vand m. winter
pahalga:m m Pahalgam harud m. autumn
kokarna:g m Kokarnag s :l :ni: m tourist(s)
ve:rna:g m Verinag t :r f cold
siri:n g r m Srinagar tik’a:zi because
kha:s kar especially ši:n m. snow
ša:l ma:r m Shalimar sõ:th m. spring
ni:ša:t m Nishat ru:d m. rain
cašmaša:hi: Chashmashahi ret ko:l m. summer
ja:n a:sun to be good nahru: pa:rk f Nehru Park
 89

Lesson 15

A. t hi chava: yi kita:b p rm ts? Have you read this book?

B. na, vuni n . yi k mav chi No, not yet. Who has
li:chm ts? written it?
A. yi cha mi:r s :ban li:chm ts. Mr. Mir has written it. It is
yi cha k ši:ri mutalakh. about Kashmir. It presents
yath manz chi k ši:ri: h nz brief political history of
m khsar siy :si: t :ri:kh. Kashmir. It also mentions
yath manz chu k ši:ri manz all the worth seeing places
vuchanas la:yakh sa:rin y of Kashmir.
ja:yan hund ti zikir.
B. me chu yemi kita:bi hund I have read the review of
riviv kath ta:m akhba:ras this book in some news
manz pormut. toh’ yel paper. After you have read
m kl :yiv p rith, pat diz’av it, please lend it to me to
me parn kh :tr . read.
A. paga:h chu yeti akh k :šur A Kashmir pay will be
dra:ma:. staged over here tomorrow.
B. a:, me chu pata:. me:n’ k’ Yes, I know about it. One of
do:stan cha ik hetsmats . my friends has purchased
toh’ ti vuchiva:? tickets. Will you also watch
it?
A. me chu y hay dra:ma: parus I have seen the same play
vuchmut. k :m karan v :l’ last year.The performers too
ti chi timay. agar me are the same. If I get time,
phursat me:li, b ti vuch I’ll see it again. The artists
duba:r . ada:ka:rav cha ath have done a good work in
manz ja:n k :m k rm ts. it.
B. azkal cha akh ja:n ãgri:zi: There is a good English
film ti cala:n. movie being shown these
days.
A. a: me ti chi amik’ t :ri:ph Yes, I have heard its praise.
bu:z’m t’. s’ vuchav yi We will watch this film
90 SPOKEN KASHMIRI

philm yik vat k :l’keth. together day after

tomorrow.
B. ti chu i:kh, philim vuchith That is good. After watch-
gatshav s’ rame:šun gar ti, ing the film, we will visit
t m’sund gar chu n zdi:kh Ramesh’s house. From
tati p’a h . there, his house is close by.
A. toh’ yiyiv daphtar yith so:n Please come to my house
ša:man šeyi baji. b a:s on return from the office
taya:r. at 6 o’clock. I will be ready.
B. acha: me gav tse:r. me chu Alright. I am late. I have
ba:zar gatshun: me cha to go to market. I have to
ba:zr sabzi: an n’. sabzi: bring vegetables from the
nith chu me haspata:l ti market. After bringing
gatshun. vegetables, I have to go to
hospital.
A. ad s : teli samkhav paga:h OK. We’ll meet
ša:man. toh’ k r’zev tomorrow in the evening.
ku:šiš vakhtas p’a h You should try to come on
yin c. time.

Drills

I. Substitution drill

1. me cha yi kita:b p rm ts. 2. tse chuth nov ko: h suvmut.

(parun) (suvun)
(h’on) (tshunun)
(anun) (bana:vun)
(le:khun) (h’on)

3. t hi chiv palav het’m t’. 4. timav o:s mazmu:n 1’u:khmut

(h’on) (le:khun)
(vuchun) (parun)
(k nun) (vuchun)
(bana:vun) (d’un)
 91

5. b gatsh gar k :m k rith.

(k m kar n’)
(kita:b par n’)
(ci h’ le:kh n’)
(khabar bo:z n’)

II. Transformation drill

me cha yi philim vuchm ts. me :s yi philim vuchm ts.

me chu dra:ma: 1’u:khmut. me o:s yi dra:ma:
1’u:khmut.
me cha yi khabar bu:zm ts. me :s yi khabar bu:zm ts.
asi chu maka:n k n mut. asi o:s maka:n k n mut.
tse chuth bat ron mut. tse o:suth bat ron mut.
tse chith mo:z het’m t’. tse :sith mo:z het’m t’.
tse chath b niya:n tse :s th b niya:n
tshunim ts. tshunim ts.
t hi chuv kal cholmut. t hi o:s vi kal cholmut.
t hi chiv p :s n’m t’. t hi :s v p :s n’m t’.
t hi chav g r ši:rm ts. t hi :s v g r ši:rm ts.
t m’ chu bu: h šu:rmut. t m’ o:s bu: h šu:rmut.
timav cha ka:r n’m ts. timav :s ka:r n’m ts.

Exercises

I. Fill in the blanks using suitable words:

1. t hi chuva: yi dra:ma: . . . .?
2. t hi kar chav yi kita:b . . . . .?
3. yi kita:b cha: k ši:ri . . . . .?
4. k ši:ri manz cha vuchanas. . . . va:riya:h. . . .
5. yi k :m. . . . yiyiv so:n gar .
6. yi akhba:r. . . . g tshiv ba:zar.
7. me diyiv kita:b . . . . . . kh :tr .
8. rne cha yi philim parus . . . . .
9. t hi chava: n v ka:r . . . .?
10. b yim tuhund gar , agar me phursat . . . ..
92 SPOKEN KASHMIRI

II. Answer the following questions using cues:

1. t hi cha: n v’ palav suv’m t’? (a:)

2. t hi cha: yi mazmu:n pormut? (a:)
3. tuh nd’ do:stan cha: yi dra:ma: vuchmut? (a:)
4. t hi cha: ka:lij c k :m k rm ts? (na)
5. yim k m’ chi palav ch l’m t’? (ši:lan)
6. tuh nd’ do:stan cha: nov saykal h’otmut? (na)
7. t hi chava: pan n’ k :m mokl :vm ts? (na)
8. s tsan cha: n v’ palav suv’m t’? (na)
9. t hi kar m kl :viv ki:ta:b p rith? (paga:h)
10. t hi cha: yeti panun makam bano:vmut? (a:).

III. Use the following words/phrases in sentences:

1. mutlakh 2. siy :si: 3. zikir 4. m kla:vun

5. phursat me:l n’ 6. ada:ka:r 7. t :ri:ph 8. n zdi:kh
9. tse:r gatshun 10. samkhun. 11. ku:šiš kar n’

Notes

Present and perfect tense

In this lesson, sentence constructions with the present and past

perfect tenses have been used in objectival constructions (using
transitive verbs). In case main verbs are transitive, the forms of
auxiliary verb a:sun ‘be’ are used in ergative. The present and
past forms of the auxiliary verb are used in the present and past
perfect constructions respectively.

Auxiliary verbs in ergative

Following are the present and past forms of the auxiliary verb in
the ergative agreeing with the subject in person, and with object
in gender and number:
 93

Present
Person Masculine Feminine
Sg. Pl. Sg. Pl.
st rd
1 /3 chu chi cha cha
2nd (non-hon sg.) chuth chith chath chath
2nd (pl./hon.sg.) chuv chiv chav chav

Past
1st/3rd o:s :s’ :s a:s
2nd (non-hon.sg.) o:suth :sith :s th a:sath
2nd (pl./hon.sg.) o:s v :siv :s v a:s v

Personal pronouns in ergative

Following are the forms of the personal pronouns in ergative:

Person Masculine Feminine

Sg. P1. Sg. Pl.
1st me asi me asi
2nd tse t hi tse t hi
3rd (within sight) hom’ humav homi humav
(out of sight) t m’ timav tami timav

Demonstrative pronouns in ergative

Person Masculine Feminine

Sg. Pl. Sg. Pl.
Proximate yem’ yimav yemi yimav
Remote (within sight) hom’ humav homi humav
(out of sight) t m’ timav tami timav

Nouns in ergative case

The following suffixes are added to the nouns in ergative case:

Masculine Feminine
Sg. Pl. Sg. Pl.
-an -av -i -av
94 SPOKEN KASHMIRI

Examples

l dk +an = l dkan (yem’ l dkan p r yi kita:b.)

l dk + av = l dkav (yimav l dkav p r yi kita:b.)
ku:r +i = ko:ri (yemi ko:ri p r yi kita:b.)
ko:ri +av = ko:r’av (yimav ko:r’av p r yi kita:b.)

Vocabulary

mutalakh m about ka:r f car

mokhsar brief yik vat together
siy :si: political n zdi:kh near, close by
t :ri:kh f history so:n m.s our
zikir m mention taya:r ready
riviv m review taya:r a:sun to be ready
kath ta:m some pata: a:sun to know
m kla:vun to complete drama: m play
ika h f ticket sabzi: f vegetable(s)
y hay the same haspata:l m hospital
bu: h m shoes ad s : OK.
phursat f leisure teli then
phursat me:l n’ to get time samkhun to meet
duba:r second time ku:šiš f try
ada:ka:r artist ku:šiš kar n’ to try
philim f film bat m flood
calun to be on mo:z m socks
t :ri:ph f praise parus last year
še:run to repair saykal m cycle
suvun to stitch
 95

Lesson 16

A. r :na: s :b kati chi? Where is Mr. Raina?

B. timan chun az t biyath He is not feeling well today.
hi:kh. timan o:s sub han He had fever in the morning
taph. beyi :s kh tsa:s and wassuffering from
yiva:n. ami kin’ hek’ n cough. Therefore; he could
yo:r yith. not come here.
A. tim g ya: da:k ars niš? Did he go to the doctor?
B. a: tim g yi. da:k ar Yes, he did. The doctor gave
s :ban d’ut timan dava:. him medicine. He will take
tim karan d has a:ra:m. rest for the day.
A. me ti chu kalas do:d. b I too have headache. I cannot
hek n az k :m k rith. work today.
B. dava: kheyiv. jal d g tshiv Take medicine. You will be
hi:kh. me o:s ra:th alright soon. I had badcold
zuka:m. me kh’av dava: t yesterday. I took medicine
go:s hi:kh. and got well.
A. azkal chun yeti mu:sim The climate over here is not
hi:kh. aksar chi lu:kh good these days. People be
bema:r peva:n. become sick mostly.
B. t hi onva: sa:ma:n m l’ Did you buy things from the
ba:zr ? market?
A. me het’ k h ci:z. ci:z :s’ I bought a few things. They
gob’. me hek’ n yo:r were heavy (in weight). I
nith. could not bring them here.
B. t hi k’a: k’a: h’otv ? What items did you buy?
A. me h’ot tomul, o: , I bought rice, flour, sugar,
m dre:r, masa:l , nu:n, spices, salt, oil, and cloth etc.
ti:l, beyi kapur vag :r .
B. b gatsh ša:man ba:zar. I’ll go to the market in the
me ti chi k h ci:z an n’ evening. I too have to bring a
gar kith’. few things for home.
A. teli gatshav s’ yik va Then we will go together after
96 SPOKEN KASHMIRI

daphtar yith. coming from the office.

B. acha: bihiv. ca:y ceyiv. OK. Please sit down. Have
(a cup of) Tea.
A. na, me gatshi tse:r. b No,.I’ll be late. I cannot reach
heki n panun daphtar my office in time.
vakhtas p’a h v :tith.
B. acha: b pra:r t hi OK. I’ll wait for you in the
ša:man. evening.

Drills

I. Repetition drill

1. b hek gar g tshith.

s’ hekav yi k :m k rith.
ts hekakh yo:r yith.
toh’ hekiv yi kita:b p rith.
s heki ci h’ li:khith.
tim hekan palav ch lith.
2. b chus/chas heka:n k :šur p rith.
s’ chi heka:n akhba:r p rith.
ts chukh/chakh heka:n bat r nith
toh’ chiv heka:n ka:r cal :vith.
su chu heka:n g r ši:rith.
s cha heka:n b niya:n vu:nith.
tim chi heka:n ca:y ban :vith.
tim cha heka:n palav suvith.

II. Transformation drill.

b chus heka:n yo:r yith. b o:sus heka:n …

s’ chi heka:n gar g tšith. s’ :s’ heka:n …
ts chukh heka:n saph :yi: k rith ts o:sukh heka:n …
ts chakh heka:n ts ci ban :vith. ts :s kh heka:n …
toh’ chiv/chav heka:n n tsith. toh’ :sivi/a:s v …
su chu heka:n du:rith. su o:s heka:n .
s cha heka:n ts lith. s :s heka:n …
 97

tim chi heka:n kulis kh sith. tim :s’ heka:n ….

tim cha heka:n ga:d r ith. tim a:s heka:n ….

III. Response drill

toh’ hekiva: az yith? (na) na, b hek n (yith).

tsi hek kha: n tsith? (na) na, b hek n (n tsith).
toh’ hekiva: gar g tshith? (na) na, s’ hekav n .
so hek’a: te:z du:rith? (na) na, su heki n .
tim hekna: yi ci h’ p rith? (na) na, tim hekan n .
tim hekna: ga:d t lith? (na) na, tim hekan n .

Exercises

I. Fill in the blanks using suitable words:

1. me chun az ….. hi:kh. b ….. daphtar g tshith.

2. t hi chav tsa:s ….. toh’ g tshiv ….. niš.
3. me o:s ….. da:k ar s :ban ….. me dava:
4. toh’ k riv ….. a:ra:m, toh’ hekiv n k :m…
5. t hi cha: kalas …..? dava: …
6. sa:ma:n o:s gob. me ….. tulith.
7. b ….. az ša:man ….. g tshith. toh’ g tsh’va:?
8. t hi gov v tse:r. toh’ ….. daphtar vakhtas … v :tith?
9. toh’ pr :riv. b ….. ša:man va:pas …
10. s’ … yik va … g tshith?

II. Answer the following questions:

1. toh’ chiva: heka:n gevith?

2. toh’ chiva: heka:n n tsith?
3. toh’ chiva: heka:n bat r nith?
4. toh’ chiva: heka:n vakhtas p’a h daphtar g tshith?
5. toh’ chiva: heka:n palav suvith?
6. toh’ chiva: heka:n te:z du:rith?
7. toh’ chiva: heka:n ka:r cal :vith?
98 SPOKEN KASHMIRI

III. Use the following words/phrases in sentences:

1. amikin’ 2. a:ra:m 3. hi:kh gatshun 4. mu:sim

5. bema:r p’on 6. k’uth 7. vakhtas p’a h
8. taph a:sun 9. kal do:d 10. zuka:m a:sun.

Notes

The modal verb ‘hekun’

In this lesson the modal verb hekun ‘can, be able to’ is used in
different types of sentences. When the modal verb hekun is used,
the suffix -ith is added to the main verb stem. The verb hekun
takes all the person, gender, number, and tense markers, like all
other verbs in different types of constructions, e.g.,

b chus heka:n yith. I am able to come.

me h’ok yith. I could come.
tse h’okuth yith. You could come.
t m’ h’ok yith. He could come.

The modal verb hekun can be used with the subject in nomi-
native or dative/ergative.

Vocabulary

taph m fever k h some

tsa:s f cough amikin’ therefore
tomul m rice m l’ anun to purchase
hekun to be able to o: m flour
khasun to climb m dre:r m sugar
a:ra:m m rest masa:l m spices
a:ra:m karun to rest nu:n m salt
do:d m pain, ache ti:l m oil
natsun to dance beyi and
jal d soon kapur m cloth
hi:kh gatshun to be ok ra un to catch
pra:run to wait ga:d f fish
zuka:m m bad cold ka:r f car
 99

aksar mostly cala:vnn to drive

talun to fry bema:r p’on to be ill
do:run to run lu:kh f people
tsalun to run away tso f bread
100 SPOKEN KASHMIRI

Lesson 17
A. yimtiha:n chu n zdi:kh. The exams are not far off.
t hi paziv sakh mehnath You should work very hard.
kar n’. t hi paziv n vakh t You should not waste time.
za:yi karun.
B. me chu pata:. b chus I know it. I want to study,
yetsha:n parun, magar me but I don’t get much time.
chun z’a:d vakh t me:la:n.
A. toh’ chivn dil diva:n parnas You are not paying atten-
manz. tuh nz lagi n šara:rath tion to your studies. You
kar n’. toh’ chiv v n’ should not do mischief. You
sam jda:r. are wise.
B. b chusn šara:rath kara:n. I am not doing mischief. No
kã:h chun yatsha:n one wants to fail in
yimtiha:nas manz phe:l examination, or obtain low
gatshun, ya: kam nambar n’un. marks.
A. teli k’a: d li:l cha? Then what is the matter
(with you)?
B. t hi chun pata: so:n gar You don’t know. Our house
chu yeti p’a h s’a: ha: du:r. is far away from here. I
me chu peva:n pã:tsh mi:l have to travel five miles
d hay saykalas p’a h yun. by bicycle daily.
A. toh’ kath mazmu:nas manz In which subject are you
chiv kamzo:r? weak?
B. b chus hisa:bas manz I am weak in mathematics.
kamzo:r. ãgri:zi, t :ri:kh, I get good marks in English,
jagra:phi t hendi vag :r history, geography, Hindi
mazmu:nan chi me ja:n etc.
nambar yiva:n.
A. agar t hi hisa:b chun pu:r If you do not know maths
pu:r yiva:n, tuhund gatshi well, you should ask me.
me pr tshun.
B. acha. me h :viv toh’ muškil Alright. Please help me in
muškil sava:1. bak y tagan difficult questions, the rest I
me pa:nay kar n’. b a:s can do myself. I will be
 101

t hi niš d hay yiva:n. coming to you daily. You

t hi peyivi takli:ph karun. will have to take trouble
(for my sake).
A. kã:h phikir chan . azkal Don’t worry at all. I don’t
chan me pan n’ z’a:d k :m. have much work of my own
b chus yatsha:n toh’ g tshiv these days. I want you to
ja:n nambar nin’. agar n obtain good marks. If you’ll
azkal mehnath k riv, pat not work hard these days,
peyiv pachta:vun. bad’an you’ll have to repent later
kala:san manz chun a:s :ni: on. It is not easy to get
sa:n d :khl me:la:n. admission in higher classes.
B. b kar s’a ha: mehnath. I’ll work very hard. Please
toh’ m b riv parva:y. don’t worry (for me).

Drills

I. Repetition drill

1. me pazi mehnath kar n’. t hi paziv yo:r yun.

asi pazi k :m kar n’. t mis pazi maka:n h’on.
tse paziy gar gatshun. timan pazi va:pas yun.
2. b chus/chas yatsha:n ba:zar toh’ chiv yatsha:n asun.
gatshun. su chu yatsha:n natsun.
s’ chi yatsha:n maka:n s cha yatsha:n do:run.
bana:vun. tim chi yatsha:n gevun.
ts chukh/chakh yatsha:n tim cha yatsha:n tsalun.
šõgun.
3. me/asi lagi tihund gatshun. me/asi peyi ba:zar gatshun.
tse lagiy n tsi:r’ yun. tse peyiy paydal gatshun.
t hi lagiv n šara:rat kar n’. t hi peyiv pa:nay yun.
t mis/timan lagi yo:r yun. t mis/timan peyi yo:r yun.
4. me/asi gatshi kath van n’. t hi gatsh nav palav din’.
me/asi gatshan p :s hen’. t mis gatshi kita:b din’.
tse gatshiy r pay d’un. tse gatshnay palav a:s n’.
timan gatshan kita:b dini.

II. Transformation drill

102 SPOKEN KASHMIRI

b chus yatsha:n yun. b o:sus yatsha:n yun.

s’ chi yatsha:n gatshun. s’ :s’ yatsha:n gatshun.
toh’ chiv yatsha:n k :m kar n’. toh’ :sivi yatsha:n ....
su chu yatsha:n saph :yi: kar n’. su o:s yatsha:n ....
tim chi yatsha:n kita:b le:kh n’. tim :s’ yatsha:n ....
s cha yatsha:n ci h’ vuch n’. s a:s yatsha:n ...
tim cha yatsha:n yimtiha:n d’un. tim a:s yatsha:n ...

Exercises

I. Fill in the blanks using suitable words:

1. t hi paziv gar ….. t hi ….. tse:r.

2. timan ….. pan n’ k :m ….. vakh t gatshi n za:yi …..
3. s’ chi yatsha:n kita:b ….. asi gatshi ….. me:l n’.
4. tim ….. yatsha:n ci h’ ….. timan chun ….. me:la:n.
5. t hi ….. peva:n paydal ….. tuhund ….. chu du:r.
6. me ….. peva:n ba:zar ….. b chus sayklas p’a h …..
7. tuhund gatshi sava:l ma:s aras ... ..
8. me gatshi pan n’ kita:b …..
9. me tagan yim sava:l …..

II. Answer the following questions:

1. t hi k’a: pazi karun?

2. toh’ k’a: chiv yatsha:n karun?
3. t hi lag’a: šara:rath kar n’?
4. t hi cha: taga:n k :šur parun?
5. t hi cha: peva:n daphtar paydal gatshun?
6. t hi paz’a: vakh t za:yi karun?
7. toh’ chivna: yatsha:n ja:n k :m kar n’?
8. t hi pazina: vakhtas p’a h k :m kar n’?

III. Use the following words/phrases in sentences:

 103

1. n zdi:kh 2. mehnath 3. za:yi karun 4. dil d’un

5.paydal 6. šra:rath 7. kamzo:r
8. pr tshun 9. takli:ph karun 10. phikir kar n’
11. pachta:vun 12. a:s :ni: sa:n 13. parva:y barun.

Notes

Modal verbs

The modal verbs pazi, gatshi, p’on, yatshun and tagun have
been introduced in this lesson. When these modal verbs are
used, the main verbs are put in infinitive form. They take the
gender, number, person and tense markers, and the main verb in
infinitive agrees with the object in gender and number.

Vocabulary

yimtiha:n m examination phe:l gatshun to fail

nambar nin’ to obtain marks kam less
pazi should nambar m marks
sakh hard, strong d li:l f matter
phikir f worry du:r m far away
mehnath f hard work mi:l m mile
mehnat kar n’ to work hard kamzo:r weak
takli:ph m pain, trouble hisa:b m maths
yatshun to want t :ri:kh f history
pa:n m self jagra:phi: f geogrphy
sava:1 m question hendi: m Hindi
dil m heart parva:y m worry
dil d’un to show interest tagun to know
lagun should d :khl m admission
šara:rath f mischief parva:y barun to worry
sam jda:r wise pu:r complete
v n’ now gatshi should
kã:h any (one) muškil m difficult
phe:l m fail pat later on
pach ta:vun to repent kala:s m class
karun tagun to be able to do a:sa:n easy
104 SPOKEN KASHMIRI

Lesson 18
A. toh’ k :t’a: zi: h’ chiv? What’s your height?
B. b chus pã:tsh phu t I am five feet and six inches
še inc. toh’ k :t’a: chiv? (tall). How about you?
A. b chus tuh ndi kh t z inc I am shorter than you by
tsho . toh’ chiv m’a:ni kh t two inches. You are fatter
ve h’ ti. t hi ko:tah chu than me. How much do you
vazan? weigh?
B. b chus satath kilo. toh’ :siv I am seventy kilos. You will
pã:ts h : h kilo. be sixty-five kilos.
A. na, b chus tsuh : h kilo. No, I am sixty-four kilos.
mohanji: cha: t hi Is Mohanji elder to you or
zi h’ kin k :ts’? younger?
B. tim chi me akh v ri: k :ts’, He is younger to me by
magar tim chi me zi h’ one year, but looks older
ba:sa:n. to me.
A. toh’ chiv t m’s ndi kh t You are slimmer than
z :vil’. t m’s nz beni ši:l t him. His sisters Shiela and
rama: cha hišay šakli. Rama look alike.
B. mohan ti chu timn y h’uh. Mohan is also like them.
rama: cha sa:r v y kh t Rama is youngest of all.
l k . s cha ca:la:kh ti She is very clever too.
s’a ha:. s cha hame:š She always obtains highest
pan nis kala:sas manz sa:riv y marks in her class.
kh t z’a:d nambar h :sil
kara:n.
A. tuhund su: h chu m’a:ni su: Your suit is more expensive
kh t drog. tuh nz g r ti cha than mine.Your watch also
m’a:ni gari kh t droj. is more expensive than mine

B. me cha tuh nz tsa:dar pasand. I like your blanket. It is

yi cha saphe:d ši:n hiš. as white as snow.
 105

Drills

I. Repetition drill

1. b chus tuh ndi kh t bod.

toh’ chiv m’a:ni kh t l k ’.
b chus tuh ndi kh t z’u: h.
toh’ chiv m’a:ni kh t tsho ’.
b chus tuh ndi kh t z :v’ul.
2. ra:m chu mohnas h’uh i:ma:nda:r.
ši:l chan rama:yi hiš ca:la:kh.
ra:j chu aslamas h’uh mehnti:
sa:r cha pha:tas hiš z :vij.
ša:m chu r hi:mas h’uh ak lmand.
3. yi tsa:dar cha saphe:d ši:n hiš.
h tsa:dar cha kr h n’ k ka:l hiš.
yi ts : h chu v zul na:r h’uv.
h tse:r cha ni:j ka:ts hiš.
su chu 1’odur k g h’uh.
yi sangtar chu modur kand h’uh.
4. ra:m chu mohn ni kh t ga: ul.
ši:l cha kã:tni kh t pr n’.
ra:j chu aslamni kh t da:na:.
sa:r cha pha:t ni kh t khu:bsu:rath.
ša:m chu r hi:mni kh t z’a:d be:vku:ph.
sarl cha ra:da:yi h ndi kh t ga: j.
5. toh’ chiv sa:riv y kh t ja:n.
ra:m chu sa:riv y h ndi kh t ga: ul.
mohn chu sa:riv y h ndi kh t hušiya:r.
ši:l cha sa:riv y kh t ja:n geva:n.
ra:da: cha sa:riv y kh t z’a:d ja:n natsa:n.
mohn chu sa:r v y kh t mehnath kara:n.
106 SPOKEN KASHMIRI

II. Sustitution drill

1. b chus tuh ndi kh t z’u: h. 2. toh’ chiv m’a:ni kh t …

z :v’ul ca:la:kh
v’o h da:na:
g ri:b ga: l’

3. ra:m chu ša:mni kh t … 4. ši:l cha kã:tni kh t …

da:na: pr n’
š ri:ph ga: j
ca:la:kh khu:bsu:rath
mehnti: mi:r

V. Respons drill

toh’ chiva: m’a:ni kh t zi: h’? (tsho ’)

na, b chus tuh ndi kh t tsho .
toh’ chiva: ša:mni kh t z :vil’? (v’o h)
ša:m cha: mohn ni kh t bod? (l ku )
ši:l cha: kã:tni kh t te:z? (š ri:ph)
toh’ chiva: sa:riv y kh t tsho ‘? (z’u: h)
toh’ chiva: sa:riv y kh t mi:r? (g ri:b)

B. Exercises

I. Fill in the blanks using suitable words.

1. b chus . . . kh t z’u: h. b chusn tuh ndi . . . tsho .

2. ts chukh m’a:ni . . . . v’o h, ts . . . . m’a:ni . . . .
3. toh’ chiv . . . . kh t mi:r, toh’ . . . .m’a:ni kh t . . . .
4. ra:m . . . . mohn ni . . . . z’u: h, su chun t m’s ndi . . . .
5. mohn . . . . ra:m ni . . . . bod, su . . . . tas ndi . . . .
6. ši:l . . . kã:tni . . . . zi: h, s . . . . tsho .
7. kã:t . . .ši:lni . . . pr n’, s .... khu:bsu:rath.
8. mohn . . . . sa:riv y . . . . ga: ul, . . . . chun be:vku:ph.
 107

lI. Answer the following questions:

1. toh’ k :t’a: zi: h’ chiv?

2. toh’ k ts ba:r n’ chiv?
3. toh’ chiva: sa:riv y kh t zi h’?
4. toh’ chiva: pan nis l k is b :y s ndi kh t zi: h’ kin tsho ’?
5. tuh ndis daphtaras manz kam chi sa:riv y kh t ve h’?
6. tuh ndis garas manz kam chi sa:riv y kh t z :vil’?
7. tuh ndis daphtars manz kam chi sa:riv y kh t š ri:ph?
8. toh’ chiva: garas manz sa:riv y kh t zi h’ kin k :s’?

III. Use the following words/phrases in sentences:

1. m’a:ni kh t 2. z’u h kin k :s 3. z’u: h kin tsho

4. sa:riv y kh t 5. h’uvuy. 6. hišay 7. h :sil karun
8. saphe:d ši:n 9. kr hun k ka:l 10 n’u:l ka:ts.

Notes

Comparatives

Sentences with comparative degree constructions are formed by

adding -i suffix to the genitive or possessive forms of the subject
noun or pronoun with whom the comparison is made, which is
followed by the comparative morpheme kh t . When the suffix
is added the forms undergo some morphophonemic changes.
Examples are given below.

m’o:n + i = m’a:ni kh t (toh’ chiv m’a:ni kh t zi: h’.)

co:n + i = ca:ni kh t (b chus ca:ni kh t z :v’ul.)
mohnun + i= mohn ni kh t
(toh’ chiv mohn ni kh t ca:la:kh.)
ra:mun + i = ra:m ni kh t (su chu ra:m ni kh t bod)
l dk sund + i = l dk s ndi kh t
(toh’ chiv yemis l dk s ndi kh t zi: h’)
ko:ri hund + i = ko:ri h ndi kh t
108 SPOKEN KASHMIRI

(s cha yemis ko:ri h ndi kh t zi: h.)

Superlatives

Sentences with superlative degree of comparison constructions

are formed by adding the suffix -v y to s :riy ‘all’ or by adding
genitive marker hund to sa:rin y which is followed by kh t .

sa:ri: + v y = sa:riv y kh t
sa:rin y hund + i = sa:rin y h ndi kh t
toh’ chiv sa:riv y kh t š ri:ph.
toh’ chiv sa:rin y h ndi kh t š ri:ph.

Interrogoitve pro-adjective ku:t ‘how much’

Following are the forms of the interrogative pronoun ku:t ‘how

much’ agreeing with the subject in gender and number:

Masculine Feminine
Sg. Pl. Sg. Pl.
ku:t/ko:ta:h k :t’/k :t’a:h k :ts k :ts /k :tsa:h

ts ku:t/ko:ta:h z’u: h chukh?

toh’ k :t’/k :t’a:h zi: h’ chiv?
ts k :ts zi: h chakh?
toh’ k :ts /k :tsa:h ze:chi chav ?

The masculine plural forms are used for honorific singulars as

well.

Vocubulary

z’u: h m.s. tall sa:riv y kwhat of all

phu m foot/feet ca:la:kh m clever
inc m inch s :ri: all
kh t in comparison hame:š always
modur m sweet vazan m weight
kand m a sweetener satath seventy
 109

sangtar m orange kilo m kilogram

h :sil karun to obtain pã:ts h : h sixty-five
su: h m suit tsuh : h sixty-four
drog m.s expensive z’u h m.s elder
tsa:dar f. blanket k :s m.s. younger
pasand a:sun to like v’o h m.s fat
v ri: m year k g m suffron
ba:sun to appear z :v’ul m.s slim
h’uv m.s like 1’odur m.s yellow
ni:j f.s blue be:vku:ph m idiot
ni:j ka:tas unripe (y)i:ma:nda:r honest
kruhun m. black kl lka:l jet black
hušiya:r alert ak lmand wise
v zul m. red šar mda:r shy
na:r m fire v zul na:r deep red
pron m fair complexioned
110 SPOKEN KASHMIRI

Lesson 19

so:n ša:har chu l ku . kul Our city is small. Total

a:b :di: cha lagbag akh lach population is about one
tsatji: sa:s. yeti chu akh re:lve: lakh forty thousand.
s e:šan. yeti chi tre b ’ There is a railway station.
sark :ri: ka:le:j.z l dkan There are three big collages
h nd’ t akh ko:r’an hund. Two for boys and one for
yimav ala:v chi z g :r girls. Besides these, there
sark :ri: ka:le:j ti, yeti chi are two private colleges.
va:riya:h soku:l There are a number of schools.
yeti chi va:riya:h sark :ri: There are many government
daphtar ti. yiman manz chi offices over here. They include
da:kh kha:n , ta:rgar, eli:pho:n post offices, telegraph office
m hkam , haspata:l, bank, hospitals, banks, police
puli:s m hkam , t hsi:l department, tehsil, court etc.
ada:lath š :mil.
yath šahras manz chi k h There are some small
l k ’ m k ’ ka:rkha:n ti. factories in this city. Some
yeti chi k h dastaka:ri ti handicrafts are also made here.
bana:n. yetici vu:ni b niya:n , The woollen sweaters, shawls
ša:l t kaml cha maš hu:r. and blankets of this place are
famous.
yath ša:hras manz chi ro:za:n People belonging to different
mukhtaliph mazhaban h nd’ religions live in this city. They
lu:kh. yiman manz chi hend’, include Hindus, Muslims, Sikhs
musalma:n, sikh, t yis :y and Christians. There are
š :mil. yeti chi mandar, temples, mosques, temples,
masjid , t girja:gar. lu:kh chi gurdwaras and churches here.
pa:n v :n’ amn t mil tsa:r The people live (here) with
sa:n ro:za:n. yi ša:har chu peace and amity. This city is
khu:bsu:rath t sa:ph. yeti chi beautifiul and clean. There are
z ja:n ba:g. yo:r chi va:riya:h two good gardens. Many
saya:h ti yiva:n. so:n gar chu visitors too visit this city. Our
ba:zras n zdi:kh. so:n gar chu house is near the market. Our
 111

na z’a:d bod t na z’a:d house is neither too big nor too

l ku . s’ chi kul še b :ts small. We are total six
yath garas manz ro:za:n. members living in this house.
s’ chi mohnas athi ba:zr We make Mohan bring
sabzi: t ba:k y ci:z an na:va:n. vegetables and other things
s :nis garas n zdi:kh chi z from the market. There are two
duka:n. akh chu s ts sund t shops near our house. One is of
b’a:kh chu dob’ sund. s’ chi a tailor and the other of a
s tsas athi palav suv na:va:n. washerman. We get our clothes
dobis athi chi palav stitched by the tailor. We get
chal na:va:n. yeti cha ba:k y our clothes washed by the
suhu:liy ts ti maysar. washerman. There are all other
facilities available over here.

Drills

I. Repetition drill

1. b chus/chas t hi athi k :m kar na:va:n.

b chus/chas timan athi ci h’ le:kh na:va:n.
toh’ chiv me athi sa:ma:n an na:va:n.
toh’ chiv timan athi palav suv na:va:n.
tim chi me athi šech so:z na:va:n.
tim chi t hi athi bat ran na:va:n.

2. me an na:v no:v t hi athi sa:ma:n .

asi an na:v no:v su saykal.
tse le:kh na:v no:vuth t mis athi mazmu:n.
t hi so:z n :viv t mis athi p :s .
t m’ d’a:v na:v na:vi me sa:rey kita:b .
timav do:r na:v no:v su s’a ha: te:z.

3. b an na:v t mis athi d d.

s’ an na:vav t mis athi ka:kaz.
ts kar na:vakh kamr sa:ph.
toh’ kar n :viv t mis athi s :r y k :m.
su kh’a:v na:vi t hi bat .
112 SPOKEN KASHMIRI

tim ca:v na:van t hi tre:š.

I. Substitution drill

1. b chus t hi athi k :m kar na:va:n. (k :m kar n’)

(sa:ma:n anun)
(ca:y bana:v n’)
(palav chal n’)
(ci h’ par n’)

2. toh’ :siv me athi b niya:n vo:n na:va:n. (vo:n n’ )

(k n n’ )
(m l’ hen’)
(an n’)
(chal n’)

VI. Transformation drill

b chus palav chala:n. b chus palav chal na:va:n.

s’ chi ci hi le:kha:n. s’ chi ci hi le:kh na:va:m.
su chu maka:n bana:va:n. su chu maka:n bana:v na:va:n.
toh’ chiv sabzi: ana:n. toh’ chiv sabzi: an na:va:n.
su chu k mi:z suva:n. su chu k mi:z suv na:va:n.
s cha bat rana:n. s cha bat ran na:va:n.
tim chi saph :yi: kara:n. tim chi sapha:yi kar na:va:n.

Exercises

I. Fill in the blanks using suitable words:

1. sa:ni šahr c . . . . cha . . . . lach t . . . . sa:s.

2. yeti chi variya:h sark :r’ . . . .
3. yeti chi k h l k ’ . . . .
4. yeti chi . . . . mazhaban h nd’ lu:kh . . . .
5. lu:kh chi amn t . . . . sa:n . . . .
6. ba:zar chu na z’a:d bod t ....
7. s’ chi dobis athi palav . . . . t s tsas athi palav . . . .
 113

8. toh’ chiv me . . . . ci h’ . . .
9. b chus t hi . . . . šech . . . .
10. me . . . . t mis athi saph :yi.

II. Answer the following questions:

1. toh’ chiva: ga:m ro:za:n kin šahr ?

2. tuh ndi ga:m c/ šahr c a:b :di: k :tsa: chi?
3. toh’ k ts b :ts chiv kul garas manz?
4. toh’ k mis athi chiv gar c k :m kar na:va:n?
5. toh’ k mis athi chiv palav suv na:va:n?
6. tuh ndis ša:hras manz kam kam sarka:r’ daphtar chi?
7. tuh ndis ša:hras/ga:mas manz kam kam ka:rkha:n chi?
8. toh’ kati p’a h chiv sa:ma:n an na:va:n?

III. Use the following words/phrases in sentences:

1. l ku m ku 2. lagbag 3. dastka:ri 4. mukhtaliph

maz hab. 5. mil tsa:r 6. chal na:nvun 8. kar na:vun
9. ca:v na:vun 10. kh’a:v na:vun.

Notes

Causal constructions

The causative suffixes – na:v and - na:v na:v are added to ‘the
verb stem for forming the first and second causative forms
respectively.

Verb 1st causal 2nd causal

an ‘bring’ an na:v an na:v na:v

le:kh ‘write’ le:kh na:v le:kh na:v na:v
kh’a:v ‘feed’ kh’a:v na:v kh’a:v na:v na:v
ca:v ‘give to drink’ ca:v na:v ca:v na:v na:v
114 SPOKEN KASHMIRI

In case the postposition athi ‘through’ is used the causative

agent is put in dative case, e.g.,

s’ chi s tsas athi palav suv na:va:n.

In case the postposition -z riyi ‘through’ is used, the
causative agent is put in ablative case, e.g.,

s’ chi mohn ni z riyi sa:ma:n an na:va:n.

Vocabulary

šahar m city banun to be available

a:b :di: f population lach m lakh
vu:ni: woollen sa:s m thousand
kamal f blanket re:lve: m railway
maš hu:r m famous s e:šan m station
mukhtaliph different sark :ri: of government
maz hab m religion musalma:n m Muslim
h’ond m Hindu sikh m Sikh
saya:h m visitor(s) yis :y m Christian
š :mil included mandar m temple
suhu:liyath f facility b :ts members of family
masjid f mosque maysar m available
gurdva:r m gurdwara girj m church
pa:n v :n’ mutual am n m peace
miltsa:r m togetherness
 115

Lesson 20

A. yus l dk bema:r o:s, su kot Where is the boy who was:

gav? sick?
B. su gav haspata:l dava: an n He has gone to hospital for
kh :tr . bringing medicine.
A. y s ku:r tsi:r’ a:yi, s kati Where is the girl who came
cha? late?
B. s g yi gar va:pas. She returned home.
A. yim šur’ šo:r :s’ kara:n, tim Where are the children who
kati chi? were making noise?
B. tim chi kala:sas manz. They are in the class.
A. yim ko:ri yeti para:n cha, Do all the girls, who study
tim cha: sa:rey ho:s alas here, reside in the hostel?
manz ro:za:n?
B. na, sa:rey chan ho:s alas No, all of them do not stay
manz ro:za:n. k h cha gari in the hostel. Some of them
p’a h yiva:n. come from their homes.
A. toh’ kot kot g tshiv? Where will you go?
B. yot yot toh’ g tshiv, b ti Wherever you go, I will
gatsh tot tot. also go over there.
A. mohnun saykal cha: tuh ndis Is Mohan’s bicycle near
saykalas niš? your bicycle?
B. yet’an m’o:n saykal chu, Mohan’s bicycle is not at
tat’an chun mohnun. that place where mine is.
A. me:n’ palav kath alma:ri manz In which almirah are my
chi? clothes?
B. yath alma:ri manz me:n’ palav Your clothes are not in the
chi, tath alma:ri manz chin same almirah in which my
tuh nd’. clothes are.
A. toh’ kap :r’ g tshiv cakras? In which direction will you
go for a walk?
B. yap :r’ toh’ cakras g tshiv, b I will not go for a walk in
gatsh n tap :r’. the direction you’ll go .
116 SPOKEN KASHMIRI

A. yem’sund yi duka:n chu, Where is the house of the

t m’sund gar kati chu? person who owns this shop?
B. me chun pata: ki yi k m’sund I don’t know whose shop
duka:n chu. b kar mo:lu:m. this is. I will find it out.
A. toh’ kar yiyiv duba:r yo:r? When will you come here
again?
B. yuthuy toh’ šech su:ziv, b The moment you will send
yim tithuy. (me) a message, I will
come at the same moment.

Drills

I. Repetition drill

1. yus suli a:v, su gav gar .

2. y s tsi:r’ a:yi, s cha yetiy.
3. yim ko:ri para:n cha, tim gatshan pa:s.
4. yemis duka:nda:ras me p :s dit’, t mis ditiv t hi ti.
5. yem’sund yi maka:n chu, t m’sund chu hu duka:n ti.
6. yap :r’ toh’ gatshiv, b ti gatsh tap :r’.
7. yet’ath tuhund me:z chu, tat’ath chun m’o:n.

III. Transformation drill

la. mohn chu m’o:n do:s. lb. mohn chu dili ro:za:n.
1. mohn , yus dili chu ro:za:n, chu m’o:n do:s.
2a. m’o:n do:s yiyi az. 2b. m’o:n do:s chu da:k ar.
3a. yim šur’ chi šo:r kara:n. 3b. yim šur’ chi kala:sas manz
4a. salm g yi haspata:l. 4b. salm :s bema:r.
5a. yi alm :r’cha me:n’. 5b. yath alma:ri manz chi palav.
6a. yi maka:n chu m’o:n. 6b. yi maka:n chu bod.

III. Response drill

1. y s ku:r bema:r cha, s kati cha? (gari) s cha gari.

2. y s ku:r natsa:n cha, s kati cha? (ba:gas manz)
3. yus šur šara:rti: chu, su kati chu? (kala:sas manz)
 117

4. yus l dk dili p’a h a:mut chu, su kati chu? (ba:gas manz)

5. yim l dk phe:l gatshan, tim k’a: karan? (yimtiha:n din)
5. yim šur’ šo:r :s’ kara:n tim kati chi?
6. yim ko:ri geva:n cha, tim kati cha? (para:n)
7. yim zana:n van na:van, tim kati cha? (ca:y bana:va:n)

Exercises

I. Fill in the blanks using sutiable words:

1. y s ku:r gar g yi ….. chan …..

2. yim l dk k :m chi kara:n ….. kati …..?
3. yim yath ….manz ro:za:n chi ….. cha s :riy …..
4. yot yot toh’ g tshiv ….. gats ….. ti..
5. yap :r’ yap :r’ b go:s ….. a:yiv toh’ ti.
6. yem’sund yi me:z chu ….. chu yi sondu:kh ti.
7. …. toh’ šech su:ziv, tithuy yim b .
8. yath maka:nas manz b chus ro:za:n …. n zdi:kh chun
kã:h …
9. yet’an tuhund gar chu … chun …
10. yeti toh’... ro:za:n ... chu m’o:n do:s ti…

IV. Complete the following sentences using co-relative

pronouns:

1. yithuy toh’ to:r g tshiv ....

2. yet’an toh’ bihith chiv .....
3. yap :r’ toh’ g tshiv .....
4. yath kulis me:v chi .....
5. yem’sund yi kalam chu ....

III. Use the following correlative pronoun forms in sentences :

1. yus ….. su 2. y s ….. s 3. yim ….. tim

4.yim ….. tim 5. yus yus ….. su su 6. yas yas ….. s
s 7. yim yim ….. tim tim 8. yim yim ….. tim tim .
118 SPOKEN KASHMIRI

Notes

Relative clause constructions.

Relative clause constructions are formed by the use of relative

and correlative pronouns : yus . . . su, yim . . . tim, y s . . . s ,
yim . . . tim , yath . . . . tath etc. as examplified above. The
relative forms are used in the first clause and the correlative in
the second.

Vocabulary

va:pas gatshunto return yeti here

kap :r’ which direction s :ri: all
ho:s al m hostel yap :r’ this direction
niš near yet’an where at
tap :r’ the same tat’an there at
direction pa:s gatshun to pass
mo:lu:m karun to enquire duba:r next time, again
šara:rti: mischievous yithuy the moment
tithuy at that moment suli early
 119

APPENDIX

Classified Vocabulary in Kashmiri

Nouns

4.1 Parts of body

ch f. ‘eye’ n r f. ‘arm’
:s m. ‘mouth’ nam m. ‘nail’
ath m. ‘hand’ nas f. ‘nose’
õg j f. ‘finger’ ne h m. ‘thumb’
kal m. ‘head’ d‘ak m. ‘forehead’
kan m. ‘ear’ pa:n m. ‘body’
kamar m. ‘waist’ ph’ok m. ‘shoulder’
ko h m. ‘knee’ buth m. ‘face’
kh r m. ‘foot’ bum f. ‘eyebrow’
gal f. ‘cheek’ mas m. ‘hair’
gardan f. ‘neck’ manz ath m. ‘palm’
gõ:tsh f. ‘moustache’ m m m. ‘breast’
zang f. ‘leg’ yad f. ‘belly’
z’av f. ‘tongue’ vach m. ‘chest’
tu:n m. ‘navel’ vu h m. ‘lips’
d :r f. ‘beard’ ša:n f. ‘back’
dand m. ‘teeth’ hots m. ‘wrist’
dema:g m. ‘brain’ ho m. ‘throat’
dil m. ‘heart’ h gan’ f. ‘chin’

1.2. Clothes and Ornaments

ãgo:c m. ‘towel’ patlu:n m. ‘pants’

k mi:z f. ‘shirt’ p ša:k m. ‘dress’
kapur m. ‘cloth’ pheran m. ‘a dress’
kambal f. ‘blanket’ b niya:n f. ‘sweater’
kor m. ‘metal bracelet’ makhmal m. ‘velvet’
ko: h m. ‘coat’ ma:l f. ‘garland’
kurt m. ‘loose shirt’ malmal m. ‘muslin’
g hn m. ‘ornaments’ mo:z m. ‘socks’
120 SPOKEN KASHMIRI

gunus m. ‘bracelet’ ye:r m. ‘wool’

gulo:band m. ‘muffler’ ri:šim m. ‘silk’
p :ja:m m. ‘trousers’ ruma:l m. ‘hanky’
tavliya: f. ‘towel’ v :j f. ‘ring’
dasta:r m. ‘turban’ šilva:r m. ‘trousors’
du:t’ f. ‘saree’ ša:l m. ‘shawl’
nor m. ‘sleeve’ sa:ph m. ‘turban’
tsa:dar f. ‘blanket’ phira:k m ‘frock’

1.3. Jewels, Metals and Minerals

gandukh m. ‘sulphur’ l y f. ‘bronze’

c :d’ f. ‘silver’ ši:š m. ‘glass’
tra:m m. ‘copper’ šašt r m. ‘iron’
ti:n m. ‘tin’ sartal f. ‘brass’
m kht m. ‘pearls’ s n m. ‘gold’
la:l m. ‘ruby’ hi:r m. ‘diamond’

1.4. Animals, birds and insects

ka h m. ‘sheep’ tul r f. ‘butterfly’

ka:v m. ‘crow’ to:t m. ‘parrot’
kã: ur n. ‘sparrow’ dã:d ‘bull’
k’om m. ‘insect’ poz m. ‘monkey’
k kur m. ‘roost, cock’ bro:r m. ‘cat’
ko:tur n. ‘pigeon’ m ch f. ‘fly’
kukil f. ‘cuckoo’ m :š f. ‘buffalo’
khar m. ‘donkey’ mo:r m. ‘peacock’
khargo:š m. ‘rabbit’ ra:t m gul m. ‘owl’
g :h f. ‘eagle’ rey f. ‘ant’
ga:v ‘cow’ ru:s’k f. ‘deer’
gur ‘horse’ v :h m. ‘camel’
gagur ‘mouse’ sh m. ‘lion’
g :d f. ‘fish’ so:r m. ‘pig’
ts r f. ‘sparrow’ ha:put m. ‘bear’
tsar m. ‘bed-bug’ hã:gul m. ‘stag’
tsha:vul m. ‘goat’ hos m. ‘elephant’
 121

g b f ‘sheep’ h :r f. ‘maina’

1.5. Flowers

gula:b m. ‘rose’ pampo:š m. ‘lotus’

guliaphta:b m. ‘sun-flower’ po:š m. ‘flower’
came:li: f. ‘jasmine’ yamb rzal f. ‘narcissus.’
ja:ph r’po:š m. ‘marigold’

1.6. Vegetables

adrakh f. ‘ginger’ ruhun m. ‘garlic’

o:luv m. ‘potato’ pud n m. ‘mint’
k :šir al f. ‘bottle gourd’ phua gu:bi: m. ‘cauliflower
kare:l m. ‘bitter gourd’ band gu:bi: m ‘cabbage
ga:z r f. ‘carrot’ bindi: f. ‘ladyfinger’
gãd m. ‘onion’ ma ar m. ‘peas’
g gj f. ‘turnip’ marts vã:gun m. ‘chilli’
cukandar m. ‘beet root’ muj f. ‘radish’
ama: ar m. ‘tomato’ ra:zma:h m. ‘beans’
da:nival f. ‘coriander’ ruv vã:gun m. ‘tomato’
nadur m. lotus root vã:gun m. ‘brinjal’
pa:lakh f. ‘spinach’ šakarkand m. ‘sweetpotato’
pra:n m ‘green garlic’ ha:kh m. ‘sweeds’
l :r m ‘cucumber’

1.7. Fruits

:r m. ‘plum’ tul m. ‘mulbery’

amb f. ‘mango’ d :n m. ‘pomegranate’
o:luvbukha:r m. ‘black plum’ dach m. ‘grapes’
amru:d m. ‘guava’ na:rji:l m. ‘coconut’
ka:ju: m. ‘cashewnut’ n’om m. ‘lemon’
kišmiš m. ‘raisin’ papi:t m. ‘papaya’
ke:l m. ‘banana’ pist m. ‘pistachionut’
kh z r m. ‘date’ ba:da:m m. ‘almond’
kharbuz m. ‘melon’ m g phol m. ‘ground nut’
122 SPOKEN KASHMIRI

khu:pr m. ‘coconut’ munk m. ‘raisin (big)’

ja:nun m. ‘jambo’ yenji:r f. ‘big’
tse:r f. ‘appricot’ l :r m. ‘cucumber,
ts : h m. ‘apple’ sangtar m. ‘orange’
ang m. ‘pear’ sup :r’ f. ‘betal nut’
du:n m. ‘walnut’ hend vend m. ‘watermelon’

1.8. Eatables and Spices

:l f. ‘cardamom’ d d m. ‘milk’
ã:ca:r m. ‘pickles’ neni f ‘meat’
o: m. ‘flour’ na: f ‘meat’
k n kh m. ‘wheat’ nu:n m. ‘salt’
kaba:b m. ‘minced meat’ pa:n m. ‘betal leaf’
kulici m. ‘a breadcake’ bat m. ‘cooked rice’
k rm m. ‘a mutton dish’ m dre:r m. ‘sugar’
k g m. ‘saffron’ ma:z m. ‘mutton’
khir m. ‘a sweet dish’ masa:l m. ‘spices’
g’av m. ‘purified butter mar ts m. ‘pepper’
can m. ‘gram’ ma:ch m. ‘honey’
ca:y f. ‘tea’ mi h :y f. ‘sweets’
tsa:man f. ‘cheese’ yakh n’ f ‘a meat dish’
tso f. ‘a thin bread’ r ng m. ‘cloves’
tsa:man f. ‘cheese’ 1ed r f. ‘turmeric’
za:mut d d m. ‘curd’ 1 s’ f ‘a beverage
hu:l m. ‘egg’ of milk/curds’
dabal tso f. ‘bread’ š :h m. ‘ginger’
ti:l m. ‘oil’ sabzi: f. ‘vegetable’
tembar hendi: f. ‘tamirind’ s’un m. ‘mutton’
tomul m. ‘rice’ h ga:d f. ‘dry fish’
th n’ f. ‘butter’ hedar m. ‘mushrooms
da:l f. ‘pulses’ da:lci:n f ‘cinnamin’

1.9. Household articles

:n m. ‘mirror’ ci h’ f. ‘letter’
:nakh m. ‘spectacles’ co:k m. ‘kitchen’
 123

akhba:r m. ‘newspaper’ ch t r’ f. ‘umbrella’

alm :r’ f. ‘almirah’ chat m ‘roof’
k :li:n m. ‘carpet’ he:1 m. ‘bag’
kamr m. ‘room’ dab f. ‘balcony’ ‘
kap m. ‘cup’ dab m. ‘box’
kalam m. ‘pen’ t :v f. ‘iron pan’
kanguv m. ‘comb’ ta:r f. ‘wire’
ka:pi: f. ‘copy’ tasvi:r f ‘picture’
ka:kaz m. ‘paper’ ta:s m. ‘playing cards’
kita:b f. ‘book’ tham m. ‘pillar’
kuluph m. ‘lock’ tha:l m. ‘plate’
k’ul m. ‘nail’ d :r f. ‘window’
kursi: f. ‘chair’ darva:z m. ‘door’
k z f. ‘key’ duk :r f. ‘scissors’
kho:s m. ‘a cup’ dava:h m. ‘medicine’
g r f. ‘watch’ de:va:r m. ‘wall’
gab m. ‘woollen carpet’duka:n m. ‘shop’
gar m. ‘home’ namd m. ‘a carpet’
gila:s m. ‘tumbler’ na:r m. ‘fire’
ca:rpa:y f. ‘cot’ no m. ‘earthern
cas m. ‘chess’ pitcher’
p :s m. ‘money’ mi:l f. ‘ink’
paš m. ‘roof’ raz :y f. ‘quilt’
pankh m. ‘fan’ l r f. ‘house’
p’a:l m. ‘cup’ le:ph f. ‘quilt’
ba un m. ‘button’ lu:r f. ‘stick’
ba:l f. ‘ball’ lipha:ph m. ‘envelope’
ba:g m. ‘garden’ vaguv m. ‘mat’
ba:zar m. ‘market’ vath f. ‘way, path’
ba:nl m. ‘vessel’ ši:š m. ‘glass’
bijli: f. ‘electricity’ šra:puc m. ‘knife’
me:z m. ‘table’ sat r nd f. ‘cotton carpet’
bistar m. ‘bedding’ sandu:kh m. ‘box’
bohgun m. ‘a vessel’ sadak f. ‘road’
brã:d m. ‘varandah’ sa:ma:n m. ‘goods’
m :da:n m. ‘an open field’ s tsan f. ‘needle’
maka:n m. ‘house’ he:r f. ‘staircase’
124 SPOKEN KASHMIRI

1.10. Nature, time and seasons

aphta:b m. ‘sun’ po:n’ m. ‘water’

asma:n m. ‘sky’ paha:d m. ‘mountain’
a:b m. ‘water’ ba:l m. ‘mountain’
a:bša:r m. ‘waterfall’ ret ko:l m. ‘summer’
obur m. ‘clouds’ reth m. ‘month’
kul m. ‘tree’ ra:th f. ‘night’
k :l’keth ‘day after ra:m ra:m
tomorrow’ b dr n’ du:n’ f. ‘rainbow’
k l f. ‘stream’ ru:d m. ‘rain’
kh phtan m. ‘dusk’ v ri: m. ‘year’
ga:š m. ‘light’ v hra:th f. ‘rainy
season’
ga:s m. ‘grass’ van m. ‘forest’
jangul m. ‘forest’ vand m. ‘winter’
tse:r m. ‘late’ vuz mal f. ‘lightning’
z mi:n m. ‘land’ vunar f. ‘mist’
zu:n f. ‘moon’ šabnam m. ‘dew’
zu:n ga:š m. ‘moon-light’ šab m ‘night’
digar m. ‘afternoon’ ša:m m. ‘evening’
ta:rukh m. ‘star’ ši:n m. ‘snow’
ta:ph m. ‘sunshine’ sahar m. ‘dawn’
t :r f. ‘cold’ sabza:r m. ‘greenery’
d riya:v m. ‘river’ samandar m. ‘ocean’
dh m. ‘smoke’ sõ:th m. ‘spring’
d h m. ‘day’ siriyi m. ‘sun’
dup h :r m. ‘noon’ subuh m. ‘morning’
nab m. ‘sky’ sul f. ‘early’
harud m. ‘autumn’ hapht m. ‘week’
hava:h m. ‘air’ s zal f. ‘rainbow’

1.11. Occupations

aphsar m. ‘officer’ duka:nda:r m. ‘shopkeeper’

ak ar ‘actor’ dob m. ‘washerman
 125

(y)inji:nar ‘engineer’ n :yid m. ‘barber’

kal :rk ‘clerk’ no:kar ‘servant’
kamišnar ‘commissioner’ phe:rivo:l m. ‘hawker’
kã:dur m. ‘bakeryman’ ba:gva:n m. ‘gardener’
k :r’gar m ‘artisan’ ba:p :r’ ‘businessman’
kuli: m. ‘coolie,porter’ m :likh m. ‘master’
kha:r m. ‘blacksmith’ m :li: m. ‘gardener’
gra:kh m. ‘customer’ mozu:r ‘labourer’
g di:sa:z m ‘watch maker’ mul :zim ‘employee’
ga:di vo:l m ‘vehicle driver’ v :zi:r ‘minister’
gru:s m. ‘farmer’ v zi:ri az m ‘prime minister‘
capr :s’ m. ‘peon’ va:tul m. ‘cobbler’
cu:k’dar m. ‘watchman’ va:z ‘cook’
cha:n m. ‘carpenter’ v sta:d ‘teacher’
da:k ar ‘doctor’ s ts ‘tailor’
da:k vo:l m. ‘postman’ s nur m. ‘goldsmith’
til vo:n’ m. ‘oilman’ h ki:m ‘Unani doctor’
tha:n da:r m. ‘police officer’ hal vo:y m. ‘sweets seller’

1.12. Relationships

ku:r ‘daughter, girl’ b yka:kan’ ‘brother’s wife’

k lay ‘wife’ bad na:n’ ‘great grand mother’
khã:da:r ‘husband’
khã:da:ren’ ‘wife’ bad bud’bab‘great grandfather’
kha:vand ‘husband’ benth r ‘sister’s son’
z :mi: ‘husband’s beni ‘sister’
sister’s husband’
zana:n ‘wife’, be:m ‘sister’s
za:m ‘husband’s sister’ husband’
za:m tur ‘son-in-law’ bo:y ‘brother’
zur ‘grandson’/ mo:l ‘father’
‘granddaughter’ m :j ‘mother’
tr y ‘wife’ ma:s ‘mother’s sister’
do:s ‘friend’ ma:suv ‘mother’s sister’s
dušman ‘enemy’ husband’
druy ‘husband’s brother’
126 SPOKEN KASHMIRI

necuv ‘son’ ma:stur bo:y ‘mother’s sister’s son’

na:n’ ‘grandmother’ ma:st r beni ‘mother’s sister’s
n š ‘daughter-in-law’ daughter’
pit r beni. ‘father’s ma:m ‘mother’s brother’
brother’s daughter’
pitur bo:y ‘father’s ru:n ‘husband’
brother’s son’ l dk ‘boy, son’
pet r ‘paternal uncle’ ves ‘girl’s girl friend’
vo:r1 beni ‘step sister’
pecan’ ‘paternal aunt’ vo:r m :j ‘step mother’
p ph ‘father’s sister’ vo:r mo:l ‘step father’
p phuv ‘father’s sister’s vo:r bo:y ‘step brother’
daughter’ v:or necuv ‘step son’
p pht r beni ‘father’s sister’s daughter’
p phtur bo:y ‘father’s sister’s son’
potsh ‘guest’ vo:r ku:r ‘step daughter’
bartha: ‘husband’ šur ‘child’
ba:p th r ‘brother’s son’ sa:l ‘wife’s sister’
haš ‘mother-in-law’ h har ‘wife’s brother’

1.13 Days of the week

ts nd rva:r f. ‘Monday’ šok rva:r f. ‘Friday’

bomva:r f. ‘Tuesday’ juma:h m. ‘Friday’
b dva:r f. ‘Wednesday’ ba va:r f. ‘Saturday’
brasva:r f. ‘Thursday’ a:th va:r f. ‘Sunday’

1.14. Months of the year

vayakh m. April-May katakh m. Oct-Nov.

ze: h m. May-June rn njiho:r m. Nov-Dec.
ha:r m. June-July p h m. Dec.-Jan.
šra:vun m. July-August ma:g m. Jan-Feb.
b :d r m. August-Sept. pha:gun m. Feb-March
:šid m. Sept-Oct. tsith r m. Mar.-April
 127

1.15 Miscellaneous

aphsu:s m. ‘regret’ java:b m. ‘answer, reply’

ada:lath f. ‘court’ tsa:s f. ‘cough’
a:ra:m m. ‘rest,comfort’ zaba:n f. ‘language’
k :math m. ‘price’ zil m. ‘district’
kira:yi f. ‘rent, fare’ tala:kh m. ‘divorce’
khabar f. ‘news’ t hsi:l m. ‘tehsil’
khoši: f. ‘happiness’ t :ti:l m. ‘holiday’
kha:h m. ‘field’ t :ri:ph. m. ‘praise’
gam m. ‘sorrow’ takdi:r m. ‘luck’
galti: f. ‘mistake’ takli:ph m. ‘pain’
ga:m m. ‘village’ taph m. ‘fever’
tama:š m. ‘show’ muškil f. ‘difficulty’
dar m m. ‘religion’ mus :phir m. ‘traveller’
d kh m. ‘grief’ mi:l m. ‘mile’
do:kh m. ‘fraud’ yazath m. ‘respect’
duniya:h m. ‘world’ ya:d m. ‘memory’
nema:z f. ‘prayer of yintiza:r m. ‘wait’
Muslims’ šukriya: ‘thanks’
neth r m. ‘marriage’ yela:j m. ‘treatment’
pu:za: f. ‘worship’ vakh t m. ‘time’
b chi f. ‘appetite’ varta:v m. ‘behaviour’
maksad m. ‘aim’ šahar m. ‘city’
maz m. ‘pleasure’ šika:yath f. ‘complaints’
maza:kh m. ‘joke’ šo:kh m. ‘fondness’
madath m. ‘help’ šra:n m. ‘bath’
mandar m. ‘temple’ sava:l m. ‘question’
masjid f. ‘mosque’ saph :yi: f. ‘cleanliness’
mohbath m. ‘love’ haspata:l m. ‘hospital’

2. Pronouns

s’ ‘we’ panun ‘one’s own’

k’a: ‘what b ‘I’
k h ‘some, a few’ m’o:n ‘my, mine’
kus ‘who’ yi ‘this, it, he, she’
kus ta:m ‘somebody’ yus ‘who/that’
128 SPOKEN KASHMIRI

co:n ‘your’ so:n ‘our’

ts ‘you’ su ‘he,that’(out of sight)
t m’sund ‘his, her’ s ‘she,that’(out of sight)
tim ‘he, they’ hu ‘he,that’(within sight)
timan hund ‘his/her, their’ hum ‘he (hon), they’
tihund ‘his/her,their’ hum f. ‘they’
tuhund ‘your’

3. Adjectives

ji:b m. ‘strange’ bad ‘bad’

mi:r ‘rich’ badšakal ‘ugly’
:kh ri: ‘last’ band ‘closed’
a:sa:n ‘easy’ be:vku:ph ‘fool’
odur ‘wet’ bod m. ‘big’
od m. ‘half’ ’o h m. ‘bitter’
kam ‘less’ hand ‘cold’
kamzo:r ‘weak’ hi:kh ‘correct’
kun m. ‘single’ d‘ol ‘loose’
kul ‘whole’ ta:z ‘fresh’
k :mti: ‘expensive’ te:z ‘sharp, fast’,
koc m. ‘unripe, raw’ turun ‘cold’
kruhun m. ‘black’ thod ‘high’
kh :li: ‘empty’ dochun ‘right’
khara:b ‘bad’ drog ‘expensive
kha:s ‘special’ namki:n ‘salty’
khul ‘open, loose’ nar m ‘soft’
kho:vur ‘left’ nov ‘new’
g ri:b ‘poor’ n’u:l m.s ‘blue’
gand ‘dirty’ patl ‘thin’
gar m ‘hot, warm’ pop m.s ‘ripe’
galath ‘wrong’ pu:r ‘complete’
gob ‘heavy’ pro:n m.s ‘old’
gon ‘dense, thick’ ca:la:kh ‘clever’
go:l ‘round’ ja:n ‘good’
gul :b’ ‘pink’ tsok ‘sour’
z :v’ul ‘slim, thin’ v zul ‘red’
 129

zakhmi: ‘wounded’ s hi: ‘correct’

z’a:d ‘much, more’ sakh t ‘hard’
z’u: h ‘tall’, long’ saphe:d ‘white’
rut ‘good’ sab z ‘green’
la:jv r’ ‘purple’ sast ‘cheap’
1’odur ‘yellow’ sa:d ‘simple’
l ku ‘small’ s’od m. ‘straight’
modur ‘sweet’ s ndar ‘beautiful’
mo ‘fat’ hokh m. ‘dry’
mul :yim ‘soft’ hol m. ‘bent, crooked’
va:riya:h ‘many’ halk ‘light’
vul ‘opposite’ hava:da:r ‘airy’

4. Numerals

4.1 Cardinals

1. akh 2. z 3. tre 4. tso:r

5. pã:tsh 6. še 7. sath 8. : h
9. nav 10. d h 11. ka:h 12. ba:h
13. truva:h 14. ts da:h 15. panda:h 16. šura:h
17. sada:h 18. arda:h 19. kun vuh 20. vuh
21, ak vuh 21. z to:vuh 23. tro:vuh 24. tso:vuh
25. p ts h 26. šat vuh 27. sato:vuh 28. a ho:vuh
29. kun tr h 30. tr h 31. aktr h 32. d yitr h
33. teyitr h 34. ts yitr h 35. pã:tstr h 36. šeyitr h
37. sat tr h 38. ar tr h 39. kun t :ji: 40. tsatji:
41. ak t :ji: 42. d yit :ji: 43. teyit :ji 44. ts yit :ji:
45. pã:tst :ji: 46. šeyit :ji: 47. sat t :ji: 48. ar t :ji:
49. kunvanzah 50. pantsa:h 51. akvanza:h 52. duvanza:h
53. truvanza:h 54. tsuvanza:h 55. pã:tsvanza: 56. švanza:h
57. satvanza:h 58. arvanza:h 59. kunh : h 60. še: h
61. ak h : h 62. duh : h 63. truh : h 64. tsuh : h
65. pã:ts h : h 66. šuh : h 67. sat h : h 68. arh : h
69. kun satath 70. satath 71. ak satath 72. dusatath
73. trusatath 74. tsusatath 75. pã:ts satath 76. šusatath
130 SPOKEN KASHMIRI

77. sat satath 78. ar satath 79. kun ši:th 80. ši:th
81. ak ši:th 82. d yiš :th 83. treyiši:th 84. ts yiši:th
85. pã:ts ši:th 86. šeyiši:th 87. sat ši:th 88. ar ši:th
89. kun namath 90. namath 91. ak namath 92. dunamath
93. trunamath 94. tsunamatli 95.pã:tsnamath 96. šunamath
97. sat namath. 98. ar namath 99. namnamath 100. hath
101 akh hath t akh 100,000 lach
1000 sa:s 1,000,000 dah lach
1001 akh sa:s t akh 10,000,000 karo:r
10,000 d h sa:s

4.2. Ordinals

ki:m ‘first’ k him ‘eleventh’

doyim ‘second’ b him ‘twelfth’
treyim ‘third’ truv :him ‘thirteenth’
tsu:rim ‘fourth’ ts d :him ‘fourteenth’
p :tsim ‘fifth’ pand :him ‘fifteenth’
šeyim ‘sixth’ šur :him ‘sixteenth’
s tim ‘seventh’ sad :him ‘seventeeth’
: him ‘eighth’ ar d :him ‘eighteenth’
n vim ‘ninth’ kun vu:him ‘nineteenth’
d him ‘tenth’ vuhim ‘twentieth’

4.3. Fractions

pa:v ‘quarter’ (¼)

od ‘half’ (½)
s :d ‘one and a quarer’ (1¼)
s :d z ‘two and a quarter (2 ¼)
du:n ‘three quarters (¾)
du:n z ‘one and three quarters’ (1¾)
d d ‘one and half’ (1 ½)
da:yi ‘two and half’ (2 ½)
sa:d tre ‘three and half’ (3 ½)
sa:d tso:r ‘four add half’ (4 ½)
 131

5. Verbs

asun ‘to laugh’ tsalun ‘to run away’

a:sun ‘to be’ tsa:pun ‘to chew’
anun ‘to bring’ tsu:r kar n’ ‘to steal’
a:lav karun ‘to call’ tshã:dun ‘to look for’
a:vra:vun ‘to cover’ tshnuun ‘to wear’
k :pun ‘to shiver’ za:nun ‘to know’
kadun ‘to take out’ za:lun ‘to burn’
kama:vun ‘to earn’ ze:nun ‘to win’
karun ‘to do’ to:lun ‘to weigh’
k nun ‘to sell’ tulun ‘to lift’
khasun ‘to climb tra:vun ‘to leave’
kho:lun ‘to open’ daba:vun ‘to press down’
kh’on ‘to eat’ dazun ‘to burn’
g zrun ‘to count’ d’un ‘to give’
g’avun ‘to sing’ do:run ‘to run’
ga:brun ‘to be afraid’ ne:run ‘to get out’
guza:run ‘to spend (time)’ h hrun ‘to stay’
grakun i. ‘to boil’ d :shun ‘to see’
grak na:vun t. ‘to boil pakun ‘to walk’
con ‘to drink’ parun ‘to read/study’
chalun ‘to wash’ p’on ‘to fall’
cha:pun ‘to print’ pišun ‘to grind’
chupun i. ‘to hide’ tsa un ‘to cut’
prazlun i. ‘to shine’ yun ‘to come’
prazna:vun ‘to recognise’ ranun ‘to cook’
pr tshun ‘to ask’ ra un ‘to catch/hold’
pha un ‘to sink/drown’ ra:van ‘to loose’
phe:run ‘to turn, travel’ ro:zun ‘to reside’
phu un i. ‘to be broken’ ladun ‘to quarrel’
phu ra:vun t. ‘to break’ lamun ‘to pull’
b :gra:vun ‘to distribute’ labun ‘to get/acquire’
barun ‘to fill’ la:yun ‘to beat’
baca:vun ‘to save’ vanun ‘to say’
bada:vun ‘to increase’ valun ‘to wrap’
bana:vun ‘to make/build’ vasun ‘to get down’
132 SPOKEN KASHMIRI

basun ‘to inhabit’ v thun ‘to stand up’

bihun ‘to sit’ vuchun ‘to see’
budun ‘to become old’ vuphun ‘to fly’
bo:zun ‘to listen’ še:run ‘to serve/set right’
ma:h karun ‘to kiss’ samjun ‘to understand’
m šra:vun ‘to forget so:zun ‘to send’
mašun i. ‘to forget’ sõ:cun ‘to think’
marun ‘to die’ suvun ‘to stitch’
ma:run ‘to kill’ ha:run ‘to loose’
mangun ‘lo ask for’ hechun ‘to learn’
ma:nun ‘to admit’ h’on ‘to buy’
yatshun ‘to desire’ yi:run ‘to flow’

6. Adverbs

:kh r ‘after all’ bilkul ‘quite’

aksar ‘often,generally’ b n ‘down’
aca:nakh ‘suddenly’ brõh ‘before’
az ‘to day’ brõh kani ‘in front of
azkal ‘now-a-days’ manz ‘among’
k :l’k’ath ‘day after manz ‘sometimes’
tomorrow’
kar ‘when’ yeti ‘here’
kati ‘where’ yeli ‘when’
kith k n’ ‘how’ yith k n’ ‘in this way’
g d ‘in the beginning’ yu:t ‘as much as’
jal d ‘quickly’ ra:th ‘yesterday’
tsh p k rith ‘silently’ va:riya:h ‘plenty’
tik’a:zi ‘because’ va:r va:r ‘slowly’
teli ‘then’ vun’ ‘just now’
du:r ‘away.’ v n’ ‘now’
n zdi:kh ‘near’ ša:yad ‘perhaps’
be:šakh ‘of course’ s’a ha: ‘much, enough’
nebar ‘outside’ siriph ‘only’
zaru:r ‘certainly’ hame:š ‘always’
paga:h ‘tomorrow’ heri ‘above’
pat ‘after’ h’or ‘upward’
pat kani ‘behind’ hoti ‘there’
 133

7. Cojunctions

agar ‘if’ beyi ‘and’

amikin’ ‘hence, so’ magar ‘but’
ki ‘that’ ya: ‘or’
b l’ki ‘but, on the ya..ya:.. ‘either.. or’
contrary’ kin ‘or’

8. Postpositions

ndr ‘from within niši ‘from’

andar ‘in, inside’ p’a h ‘on’
tal ‘under p’a h ‘from’
tal p’a h from bottom’ manz ‘in, inside’
niš ‘near’ manz ‘from within’
134 SPOKEN KASHMIRI

References
Bhat, Roop Krishen 1986. A Descriptie Study of Kashmiri. New
Delhi: Amar Prakashan.
Bhat, Roop Krishen 2007. A Course in Kashmiri Language.
Delhi: IILS.
Grierson, George A. 1911. Standard manual of the Kashmiri
language. 2 Vols. Oxford; Reptd. Rohtak: Light and Life
Publishers, 1973.
Hook, Peter Edwin and Omkar N Koul (forthcoming). Kashmiri:
A Study in Comparative Indo-Aryan. Tokyo: IAAS.
Kachru, Braj B. 1969. A Reference Grammar of Kashmiri.
Urbana: University of Illinois.
Kachru, Braj B. 1973. An Introduction to Spoken Kashmiri.
Urbana: University of Illinois.
Koul, Omkar N. 1977. Linguistic Studies in Kashmiri. New
Delhi: Bahri publications.
Koul, Omkar N. 1985. An Intensive Course in Kashmiri.
Mysore: CIIL.
Koul, Omkar N 1994. An Intermediate Course in Kashmiri
Mysore: CIIL.
Koul, Omkar N 2000. Kashmiri Language and Linguistics: An
Annotated Bibliography.Mysore: CIIL
Koul, Omkar N. 2003. Kashmiri. In Cardona, George and
Dhanesh Jain (eds.) The Indo-Aryan Languages. London:
Routledge.
Koul, Omkar N. and Ruth L. Schmidt 1983. Kashmiri:
A Sociolinguistic Survey. Patiala: IILS
Koul, Omkar N. and Peter Edwin Hook (Eds.) 1984. Aspects of
Kashmiri Linguistics. New Delhi: Bahri Publications.
Koul, Omkar N. and Kashi Wali (Eds.) 2003. Topics in Kashmiri
Linguistics. Delhi: Creative.
Koul, Omkar N. and Kashi Wali 2006. Modern Kashmiri
Grammar. Springfield, VA: Dunwood Press. Rptd. Delhi:
IILS, 2009.
Wali, Kashi and Omkar N Koul 1997. Kashmiri: A Cognitive-
Descriptive Grammar. London, New York: Routledge.
 135

About the Book

Spoken Kashmiri: A Language Course is essentially a self-

instructional couse for learning Kashmiri as a second/foreign
language. It contains 20 lessons introducing basic structures and
related patterns in a graded format followed by classified
vocabulary. Each lesson contains a text in the form of
conversation/narration followed by drills, exercises, grammatical
notes and vocabulay.

About the Author

Prof Omkar N Koul has held various positions in Government of

India: Principal, Northern Regional Language Centre (CIIL),
Patiala (1971-1987), Professor, LBS National Academy of
Administration (1987-1994), Professor-cum-Deputy Director,
Central Institute of Indian Languages, Mysore (1994-1999) and
its Director (1999-2000).
He has worked extensively on Kashmiri language and
linguisitcs. His other publications related to Kashmiri include
Linguistic Studies in Kashmiri (!977), Aspects of Kashmiri
Linguistics (co-editor 1984), An Intensive Course in Kashmiri
(1985), A Dictionary of Kashmiri Proverbs (1992, 2005), An
Intermediate Course in Kashmiri (1995), Kashmiri: A Cognitive-
Descriptive Grammar (co-author, 1997), Kashmiri Language,
Linguistics and Culture: An Annotated Bibliography (2000),
Topics in Kashmiri Linguistics (co-editor 2002), Studies in
Kashmiri Linguistics (2005), Modern Kashmiri Grammar (co-
author 2006, 2009), Kashmiri Newspaper Reader (2008), and
Kashmiri: A Study in Comparative Indo-Aryan (co-author
forthcoming).