EAPP

Grade 11 | First Quarter | S.Y 2024-2025

Structures of Academic Texts ❖ A three-part essay is one of the ways of writing

an essay. This structure is composed of three
❖ One of the essential features of academic
basic parts: introduction, body, and conclusion.
writing is text structure. In academic writing, if
you know how to identify the structure of the Parts of the Essay
text, you can better understand and follow the
Introduction
flow of ideas.
❖ The first kind of structure used in academic ❖ The introduction starts off the essay with ideas
texts is the paragraph. that will be discussed in the body. The thesis
❖ Knowing the structure of an essay can help a statement is usually found at the end of the
reader comprehend the text. introduction, and it can act as a transitional
sentence for the body.
Paragraph
Body
- is a collection of sentences that deals with one
topic or idea. A new paragraph usually signals ❖ Main section of the essay, usually divided into
the start of a new concept in a text. subsections. The body is the most substantial
part of the entire essay.
Parts of a Paragraph
Conclusion
❖ Topic sentence - present the main idea of the
paragraph's theme. ❖ Restates the thesis statement and wraps the
❖ Supporting sentence - develop the main idea in entire essay. It should shed more light on how
the topic sentence. the evidence and data presented in the body
❖ Concluding sentence - closes out the main idea support the thesis.
by summing up the entire concept and ensuring
Structuring IMRaD
that the paragraph ends with a complete idea.
❖ IMRaD stands for Introduction, Methods,
In some cases, a transitional sentence is used to close
Results, and Discussion, with a Conclusion. This
out the paragraph and pave the way for the
kind of structure is usually used for academic
introduction of the next concept in the succeeding
texts, mostly research papers. IMRaD aims to
paragraph.
discuss the research topic at hand, with the
Strategies to Achieve Cohesion & Coherence intention of explaining the topic and its
intended purpose.
❖ Repetition of words
❖ Transitional Devices Introduction
❖ Substitution
❖ The introduction usually contains the context of
❖ Pronouns
the study and addresses what the study will
❖ Synonymy
entail.
❖ Conjunctions
❖ An introduction aims to raise readers’ interests
Structuring the Three Part Essay on the topic and gives insight into the field of
study, while a background provides more
extensive knowledge about the topic.
Methods argument that supports or leads to the thesis
statement.
❖ Part of this particular structure describes how
the research was conducted. In short, it explains Consultation and self-evaluation are important in order
how the aim and research questions were to develop a stronger thesis statement.
fulfilled and answered. In this part, focus on the
Outlining Academic Texts
significant parts and facts of the methods used
to collect data and forgo the small details. ❖ Creating an outline is one of the last steps of
Mention the study design used in the research the prewriting stage. It helps writers categorize
and connect it to the way the data was the main points of the topic, organize the
collected. paragraphs to make sense, and ensure that the
paragraphs are fully developed. An outline acts
Results
like a blueprint or a map, and it ultimately helps
❖ Section objectively presents the results and the writer to not get stuck while he or she is
how they were collected in the methods part of writing an essay.
the research. If multiple research questions
Topic Outline
were presented, their corresponding results
should be reported in the same order. It is ❖ When writing a topic outline, only phrases or
recommended to use graphs and charts to main ideas are needed. outline. A topic outline
present data for a better understanding. The also utilizes wording that is parallel to one
kind of data presented in figures should be another. This means that the same format is
significant to the study’s topic statement and used for headings and subheadings
show readers what needs to be observed.
Sentence Outline
Discussion
❖ Unlike the topic outline, which utilizes phrases,
❖ The discussion section is where the writer the sentence outline makes use of sentences.
presents the analysis of the results. That means all headings and subheadings must
be in sentence form. There is a lesser need to
Conclusion
have parallelism between headings and
❖ End the text with a conclusion, which fulfills the subheadings but the same concept of divisions
aim of the entire study. The conclusion helps per heading should still be followed; it cannot
connect all the sections of the research be divided into one part only.
coherently and helps find its primary focus.
IMRaD Outline
The Thesis Statement
❖ IMRaD outlines can utilize either a sentence or
❖ Is a single sentence usually found in the topic outline, and it should contain all the
introductory paragraph of a paper that states essential parts of the research. The introduction
the main idea and position of the writer. should have the specific research problems to
❖ The thesis statement should clearly state the be discussed, and the methodology should
author’s stand. The introductory paragraph contain the following: research design,
should then introduce the basic premise or participants, research environment,
instrumentation, and data analysis. The results
 should have the specific data for each problem 2. Carefully read the FIRST or TWO sentences
addressed in the research. Lastly, the discussion of each paragraph and the concluding
should contain main ideas, analyses, and sentence or sentences.
conclusions of the results. 3. Keep your EYES MOVING. Avoid looking for
UNFAMILIAR WORDS
Summarizing
4. Carefully read the CONCLUDING
❖ Summarizing a text is distilling its essential PARAGRAPH
concepts in a paragraph or two. 5. Do a more focused reading of the text. Look
❖ Summarizing a text means constructing a for details. (SCANNING)
coherent compressed paragraph about a certain
When to Summarize?
topic or concept.
1. When only the main ideas of the writer are
Major Techniques in Summarizing
to identified
Previewing 2. When only an overview of the whole work
is required
❖ is a strategy that readers use to recall prior
3. When simplification is required
knowledge and set a purpose for reading.
4. When only the highlights of the work have
Purpose: to orient yourself to what you need from the to be mentioned
text you are about to dive into. 5. When you want to distance yourself from
the original text
Skimming
How to Summarize?
❖ is a reading technique meant to look for main
or general ideas in a text, without going into 1. Read the text over and over.
detailed reading. 2. Identify the main idea of the text. Make
this your first sentence.
Scanning
3. Feel the readers. Explain the points that are
❖ is similar to skimming, except you should have a deemed important.
more focused purpose – to find specific facts. 4. Ensure a smooth flow of ideas. (transitional
devices)
Guides to Previewing
5. Limit your summary to a few sentences.
1. Do not skip the TITLE. Omit specific examples unless they are
2. Consider the SUBJECT MATTER. integral part of the author’s argument
3. Check the AUTHOR. 6. Avoid opinions.
4. See WHERE it was originally published. 7. Be careful not to plagiarize.
5. See WHEN it was originally published. (time and
What to include in a Summary
place)
6. Read the CHAPTER TITLES or HEADINGS 1. Title and author in the first sentence
7. Relate WHY your teacher assigned the text WHY 2. Author’s thesis in the first few sentences of
you would want to read the text. the summary
3. Subsections in case of longer texts
Guides to Skimming and Scanning
Somebody Wanted But So Then
1. Carefully read the FIRST PARAGRAPH.
Somebody: Who is the story about

Wanted: What does the main character want?

But: Identify a problem that the main character

encountered

So: How does the main character solve the problem?

Then: Tell how the story ends

SAAC Method

State: Name of the article, book, or story

Assign: Name of the author

Action: what the author is doing (tells, explains)

Complete: complete the sentence or summary with

keywords and IMPORTANT details