UNIT 6: TO INFINITIVES AND GERUNDS

Khóa học Toeic 450 +

Cô Vũ Thị Mai Phương
____________________________________

A. To Infinitives

1. To – Inf được sử dụng như một danh từ

Đóng vai trò như chủ ngữ, tân ngữ hoặc bổ ngữ

✓ To start a business takes a lot of time.

✓ We expect to expand our customer base if we increase our budget for

marketing.

✓ One of the aims of international studies is to gain a better knowledge of the

current world.

Chú ý:

Những động từ được dùng với to – inf như một tân ngữ.

agree to need to

manage to want to

promise to fail to

ask to hope to

refuse to wish to

tend to expect to

decide to plan to

Ví dụ

1. _______ hard is necessary to pass the exam.

A. Study B. To study

2. The purpose of the workshop is ___________ company policies.

A. to understand B. understood

2. To – Inf được sử dụng như một tính từ

Đóng vai trò như bổ ngữ của tân ngữ hoặc bổ nghĩa cho danh từ.

✓ We should prepare reports to submit to the accounting department.

✓ The new machine enabled the company to raise its production level.

✓ We advise all passengers to remain seated while landing.

Chú ý:

Những động từ được dùng với to – inf như bổ ngữ cho tân ngữ.

expect + O + to V (be expected to V)

request + O + to V (be requested to V)

invite + O + to V (be invited to V)

require + O + to V (be required to V)

allow +O + to V (be allowed to V)

ask + O + to V (be asked to V)

enable + O + to V

encourage + O + to V (be encouraged to V)

force + O + to V (be forced to V)

remind + O + to V (be reminded to V)

Ví dụ
1. Profits are expected ________ in the next quarter.

A. double B. to double

2. Museum visitors are not permitted ________ photographs inside the museum.
A. to take B. taking

3. To – Inf được sử dụng như một trạng từ

Dùng để diễn tả mục đích.

✓ Please complete this application form to obtain a parking permit.

✓ To cope with rising fuel costs, the city authorities decided to raise taxi and bus
fares.

4. Cấu trúc: “for + somebody + to infinitive”

✓ In order for the economy to be revitalized, the IT sector should play a key role
in the international market.

✓ To make it possible for everyone to attend the seminar, we will send invitation
letters to all.

Ví dụ

1. It is important for our reception staff _______ the registration list very carefully.

A. to check B. check

2. In order for the air purifying system ______ we hired another mechanic.

A. to be maintained B. maintain

5. Một số cấu trúc đi với to infinitive thường gặp

➢ be likely to: có khả năng …..

➢ be able to: có thể …..

➢ be designed to: được thiết kế để …..

➢ be expected to: được mong đợi ....

➢ be willing to: sẵn lòng làm gì …..

➢ be scheduled to: được sắp xếp để làm ….

➢ be intended to: dự định làm gì …..

➢ be asked /advised /required to: được yêu cầu/ khuyên bảo để …..

Ex:

✓ The workshop is scheduled to take place at the Marriott Hotel.

✓ This welfare program was designed to help those who are suffering from
disabilities.

✓ Do remind me because I'm likely to forget.

Ví dụ

1. You are strongly advised _______ medical insurance before traveling overseas.

A. to buy B. buy

2. The number of scholarships awarded each year is ______ to decrease.

A. likely B. much

B. GERUNDS

1. V – ing đóng vai trò như chủ ngữ, tân ngữ hoặc bổ ngữ.

➢ Getting such a large quantity of data is very time-consuming.

➢ They have considered launching a new product in the European market.

➢ The president tried to boost his employees' morale by giving them financial
incentives.
➢ Much of her job is answering calls from customers.

Chú ý:

✓ Những động từ được dùng với V – ing như tân ngữ.

admit + V - ing include + V - ing

quit + V - ing discontinue + V - ing

keep + V - ing avoid + V - ing

enjoy + V - ing recommend + V - ing

consider + V - ing mind + V - ing

suggest + V - ing finish + V - ing

postpone + V - ing deny + V - ing

Ví dụ

1. Every employee, regardless of age, should consider ________ for retirement.

A. to invest B. investing

2. _______ prices will result in the reduction of sales.

A. Increasing B. Increase

2. Sự khác biệt giữa Noun và Gerund

✓ Không giống với danh từ, Gerund cần danh từ đứng ngay sau để làm tân
ngữ trực tiếp.

➢ Improving energy efficiency is vital for all businesses.

➢ Improvement of energy efficiency is vital for all businesses.
✓ Danh từ được bổ nghĩa bởi mạo từ, tính từ, tính từ sở hữu, trong khi
Gerund lại được bổ nghĩa bởi trạng từ.

➢ The company has been focusing on rapidly expanding its share in the global
market.

➢ The company has been focusing on rapid expansion of its share in the global
market.

Ví dụ

1. The government wants to accelerate the ———— of the Internet commerce.

A. growth B. growing

2. The group is _______ a $150 million medical school building.

A. construction B. constructing

3. Một số cấu trúc to + Noun/ V – ing

✓ look forward to

✓ be/ get used

✓ to be dedicated / devoted / committed to

✓ object to

✓ react / respond to

✓ contribute to

✓ be subject to

✓ prior to

✓ be exposed to

✓ be similar to

Ex:
✓ Employees are looking forward to attending the company picnic.

✓ All imported goods and services are subject to domestic tax.

✓ We look forward to discussing the possibility of working together.

Ví dụ

1. Our staff members became accustomed to ______ with customers from foreign
countries.

A. communicate B. communicating

2. I look forward to _____ with you to discuss the ways my skills may best serve
City Engineers.

A. meet B. meeting

PRACTICE

1. As a manager, you are responsible for _____ these rules with your staff.
(A) discussing (B) discuss
(C) discussion (D) discussed

2. _______ by the company, candidates should be well prepared for possible

interview questions.
(A) To hire (B) Hiring
(C) To be hired (D) To have been hired

3. In order to ______ the proofreading work, the editing team will need at least two
more weeks.
(A) complete (B) completing
(C) completed (D) be completed

4. It is important ______ the computer's serial number when you call for technical
support.
(A) know (B) to know
(C) knowing (D) known

5. As one of the major contents providers, we look ______ to meeting your

demands for wireless Internet.
(A) up (B) for
(C) toward (D) forward

6. Upon ______ the receipt, I noticed that I was charged for the product that I did
not purchase.
(A) review (B) to review
(C) reviewing (D) reviewed

7. Ms. Young has been able ________ a statistically valid conclusion from her
survey analysis.
(A) draw (B) to draw
(C) drawing (D) of drawing

8. Major airlines are considering ______ the number of domestic flights to ease air
traffic congestion.
(A) reduce (B) to reduce
(C) reducing (D) reduced

9. The collaboration is intended to ______ a strong partnership between the two

rival companies in the marketing area.
(A) establishing (B) established
(C) establish (D) establishment
10. The Bureau of Licensing requires local restaurant owners _____ their licenses
annually.
(A) renew (B) to renew
(C) renewing (D) renewed

11. A navigation system is efficient in _____ roads that are not easy to find.
(A) location (B) locate
(C) located (D) locating
12. ______ the market to be expanded in the future, businesses must take risks and
find new opportunities.
(A) For (B) Besides
(C) If (D) Through

13. As a company dedicated to ______ good relationships with our customers, we

offer you a 20 percent discount on all telephone orders.
(A) maintain (B) maintaining
(C) maintained (D) maintenance
14. Every employee is invited _____ the training course on weekends provided by
the Tokyo office.
(A) attend (B) attending
(C) to attend (D) attendance

15. The committee began ______ tax frauds that two executives have been charged
(A) investigate (B) investigation
(C) investigative (D) investigating
16. Andrew Barker suggested an increase in monthly fees _____ the cost of lawn
treatment and landscaping
(A) to cover (B) covered
(C) covers (D) with covering

17. We will need ______ new staff members to help with setting up and
establishing operations.
(A) add (B) adding
(C) added (D) to add

Questions 18-20 refer to the following notice.

Parking Service Schedule

In order to ______ employees' requests for extended parking hours on weekends,

the parking-services department has announced a change in the parking schedules.
Under current guidelines, overnight parking has been prohibited in the A parking
zone.
18.

(A) accommodation

(B) accommodating

(C) accommodate

(D) be accommodated

However, many have requested that the parking lot remain open for those who
work at night. As of March 1, overnight parking will be permitted in this parking
area. ______, employees with A parking zone permits will have access to the B
parking zone 24 hours a day, seven days a week.

19.

(A) In addition

(B) Otherwise

(C) Therefore

(D) In short

Non-employees are prohibited from ______ their cars in the A parking zone.

20.

(A) park

(B) parking

(C) parked

(D) to park

However, they can use the B parking zone any time during the day if they pay $8
for parking.