Calculus 1

Miko Anderson P. Yjares

 Table of Contents

Module 8: Differentiation of Trigonometric Functions 54

Introduction 54
Learning Objectives 55
Lesson 1. Differentiation of Trigonometric Functions 55
Assessment Task 58
Summary 58
References 59

Module 9: Differentiation of Inverse Trigonometric Functions 60

Introduction 60
Learning Objectives 61
Lesson 1. Differentiation of Inverse Trigonometric Functions 61
Assessment Task 63
Summary 64
Reference 64

Module 10: Derivatives from Parametric Equations 65

Introduction 65
Learning Objectives 65
Lesson 1. Derivatives in Parametric Form 66
Assessment Task 68
Summary 69
Reference 69

List of Figures

Figure 8.1. Graph of y=sin x and its Derivative 54

 MODULE 8
DIFFERENTIATION OF TRIGONOMETRIC
FUNCTIONS

Introduction

Before starting this section, you might need to review the trigonometric functions. In
particular, it is important to remember that when we talk about the function f defined for all real
numbers x by 𝑓(𝑥) = sin 𝑥 it is understood that sin x means the sine of the angle whose radian
measure is x. A similar convention holds for the other trigonometric functions cos, tan, csc,
sec, and cot (Stewart, 2016).

If we sketch the graph of the function 𝑓(𝑥) = sin 𝑥 and use the interpretation of f’(x) as
the slope of the tangent to the sine curve in order to sketch the graph of f’, then it looks as if
the graph of f 9 may be the same as the cosine curve (see Figure 8.1) (Stewart, 2016).

Figure 8.1 GRAPH OF y=sin x AND ITS DERIVATIVE (Stewart, 2016).

54
 Learning Outcomes

At the end of this module, students should be able to:

1. Derive a trigonometric function.

2. Practice the differentiation of trigonometric functions.

Lesson 1. Differentiation of Trigonometric Functions

Recall on Trigonometric Functions

For an acute angle 𝜃 the six trigonometric functions are defined as ratios of lengths of
sides of a right triangle as follows, (Stewart, 2016):

𝑜𝑝𝑝. ℎ𝑦𝑝.
sin 𝜃 = csc 𝜃 =
ℎ𝑦𝑝. 𝑜𝑝𝑝.

𝑎𝑑𝑗. ℎ𝑦𝑝.
cos 𝜃 = sec 𝜃 =
ℎ𝑦𝑝. 𝑎𝑑𝑗.
𝑜𝑝𝑝. 𝑎𝑑𝑗.
tan 𝜃 = cot 𝜃 =
𝑎𝑑𝑗. 𝑜𝑝𝑝.

The following formulas are used for differentiating trigonometric functions. The symbol
u denotes an arbitrary differentiable of x (Feliciano & Uy, 1983).

𝑑 𝑑𝑢
D 12: (sin 𝑢) = cos 𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑𝑢
D 13: (cos 𝑢) = − sin 𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑𝑢
D 14: (tan 𝑢) = sec 2 𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

55
 𝑑 𝑑𝑢
D 15: (cot 𝑢) = − csc 2 𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑𝑢
D 16: (sec 𝑢) = sec 𝑢 tan 𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑𝑢
D 17: (csc 𝑢) = − csc 𝑢 cot 𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Example 1
𝑑𝑦
Find 𝑑𝑥 if 𝑦 = sin 4𝑥

Solution:

We note that 𝑦 = sin 4𝑥 takes the form 𝑦 = sin 𝑢 with 𝑢 = 4𝑥. Hence

𝑑𝑦 𝑑
= cos 4𝑥 (4𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= cos(4𝑥 ) (4)
= 4 cos 4𝑥

Example 2
𝑑𝑦
Find 𝑑𝑥 if 𝑦 = sin3 4𝑥

Solution:

If we write 𝑦 = sin3 4𝑥 as 𝑦 = sin(4𝑥)3 , then it takes the form 𝑦 = 𝑢𝑛 with 𝑢 = sin 4𝑥 and 𝑛 =
𝑑 𝑑𝑢
3. This suggests the use of the power rule of differentiation which is (𝑢𝑛 ) = 𝑛 𝑢𝑛−1 .
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Thus

𝑑𝑦 𝑑
= 3 sin2 4𝑥 (sin 4𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑
= 3 sin2 4𝑥 cos 4𝑥 (4𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
= 3 sin2 4𝑥 cos 4𝑥 (4)
= 12 𝑖𝑠𝑛2 4𝑥 cos 4𝑥

56
 As we get more familiar with the formulas and their uses, we may perform some steps
mentally and thus shorten our solution. For instance, in Example 2, we may omit some steps
given above. Thus, in practice, the problem is worked out simply this way:

𝑦 = sin3 4𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= 3 sin2 4𝑥 cos 4𝑥 (4𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
= 12 𝑖𝑠𝑛2 4𝑥 cos 4𝑥

Example 3
𝑑𝑦
Find 𝑑𝑥 idf 𝑦 = tan4 5𝑥

Solution:

𝑦 = tan4 5𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= 4 tan3 5𝑥 sec 2 5𝑥 (5)
𝑑𝑥
= 20 tan3 4𝑥 sec 2 5𝑥

57
 Assessment Task 8

𝑑𝑦
Find showing the complete solution and simplify the answer.
𝑑𝑥
1 1
1. 𝑦 = 𝑥 + sin 2𝑥
2 4
1
2. 𝑦 = sin 4𝑥 + cos 8𝑥
2
2
3 3 1
3. 𝑦 = 𝑥 + sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 + cos 3 𝑥 sin 𝑥
8 8 4
4. 𝑦 = sin(𝑥 + 4) cos(𝑥 − 4)
5. 𝑦 = 3 tan 2𝑥 + tan3 2𝑥
6. 𝑦 = sec 3 2𝑥 − 3 sec 2𝑥
3 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
7. 𝑦 = − cot 5 + cot 3 − 3 cot − 𝑥
5 3 3 3

Summary

Derivative of Trigonometric Functions, (Feliciano & Uy, 1983):

𝑑 𝑑𝑢
(sin 𝑢) = cos 𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑𝑢
(cos 𝑢) = − sin 𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑𝑢
(tan 𝑢) = sec 2 𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑𝑢
(cot 𝑢) = − csc 2 𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑𝑢
(sec 𝑢) = sec 𝑢 tan 𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑𝑢
(csc 𝑢) = − csc 𝑢 cot 𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

58
 References

Feliciano, Florentino T. & Uy, Fausto B. (1983). Differential & Integral Calculus, Merriam &
Webster Bookstore, Inc., Manila, Philippines.

Stewart, James. (2016). Calculus: Early Transcendentals. Cengage Learning, 20 Channel

Center Street, Boston, MA 02210 USA. 8th Ed.

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 MODULE 9
DIFFERENTIATION OF INVERSE
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

Introduction

𝜋 𝜋
We recall trigonometry that 𝑦 = arcsin 𝑥 if 𝑥 = sin 𝑦 and − 2 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 2. Note that without
𝜋 𝜋
restricting the values of y in the interval [− , ] the equation 𝑦 = arcsin 𝑥 does not define a
2 2

function (Feliciano & Uy, 1983).

The reason for this is that for any value of x in the interval [−1, 1], there are infinitely
many values of y which will satisfy the equation 𝑦 = arcsin 𝑥. However, with this restriction,
we see that for each value of x in [−1, 1], there is a unique value of y. for instance (Feliciano
& Uy, 1983),

1 𝜋
𝑦 = arcsin ( ) =
2 6
𝜋
𝑦 = arcsin(−1) = −
2

The notation sin−1 𝑥 is often used for Arcsin x but in this text we shall use the “Arc”
notation. The definition of the remaining inverse trigonometric functions are as follows
(Feliciano & Uy, 1983):

𝑦 = arccos 𝑥 if 𝑥 = cos 𝑦 and 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 𝜋

𝜋 𝜋
𝑦 = arctan 𝑥 if 𝑥 = tan 𝑦 and − 2 < 𝑦 < 2

𝑦 = arccot 𝑥 if 𝑥 = cot 𝑦 and 0 < 𝑦 < 𝜋

𝜋
𝑦 = arcsec 𝑥 if 𝑥 = sec 𝑦 and 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ − 2 for 𝑥 ≤ −1

𝜋
0≤𝑦< 2
for 𝑥 ≥ 1

𝜋
𝑦 = arccsc 𝑥 if 𝑥 = csc 𝑦 and −𝜋 < 𝑦 ≤ − 2 for 𝑥 ≤ −1

60
 𝜋
0<𝑦≤ 2
for 𝑥 ≥ 1

Learning Outcomes

At the end of this module, students should be able to:

1. Familiarize with formulas for differentiating inverse trigonometric functions.

2. Derive an inverse trigonometric function.

Lesson 1. Differentiation of Inverse Trigonometric Functions

The following formulas are used for differentiating inverse trigonometric functions. The
symbol u denotes an arbitrary differentiable function of x (Feliciano & Uy, 1983).

𝑑 1 𝑑𝑢
D 18: (arcsin 𝑢) =
𝑑𝑥 √1−𝑢2 𝑑𝑥

𝑑 −1 𝑑𝑢
D 19: (arccos 𝑢) =
𝑑𝑥 √1−𝑢2 𝑑𝑥

𝑑 1 𝑑𝑢
D 20: (arctan 𝑢) =
𝑑𝑥 1+𝑢2 𝑑𝑥

𝑑 −1 𝑑𝑢
D 21: (arccot 𝑢) =
𝑑𝑥 1+𝑢2 𝑑𝑥

𝑑 1 𝑑𝑢
D 22: (arcsec 𝑢) =
𝑑𝑥 𝑢√𝑢2 −1 𝑑𝑥

𝑑 −1 𝑑𝑢
D 23: (arccsc 𝑢) =
𝑑𝑥 𝑢√𝑢2 −1 𝑑𝑥

61
Example 1

𝑑𝑦
Find if 𝑦 = arcsin 3𝑥
𝑑𝑥

Solution:

Since 𝑦 = arcsin 3𝑥 takes the form 𝑦 = arcsin 𝑢 where 𝑢 = 3𝑥, then we use D 18. Thus,

𝑑 1 𝑑𝑢
(arcsin 𝑢) =
𝑑𝑥 √1 − 𝑢2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑
(arcsin 3𝑥 ) = (3𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 √1 − (3𝑥 )2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1
(arcsin 3𝑥 ) = (3)
𝑑𝑥 √1 − (3𝑥 )2
𝑑𝑦 3
(arcsin 3𝑥 ) =
𝑑𝑥 √1 − 9𝑥 2

Example 2

𝑥 𝑑𝑦
If 𝑦 = arctan 4, find 𝑑𝑥 .

Solution:

By D 20, we have

𝑑 1 𝑑𝑢
(arctan 𝑢) =
𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝑢2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑥 1 𝑑 𝑥
(arctan ) = ( )
𝑑𝑥 4 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 4
1+( )
4
𝑥
Differentating 4,

𝑑 𝑥 𝑑 𝑢 𝑣 𝑑𝑢 − 𝑢 𝑑𝑣
( )= ( )=
𝑑𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥 𝑣 𝑣2
62
 𝑑 𝑑
4 (𝑥 ) − 𝑥 (0)
= 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
(4)2
4(1) − 𝑥(0)
=
16
4 1
= 𝑜𝑟
16 4
Then,

1 1
= ( )
𝑥2 4
1+
16
4
=
16 + 𝑥 2

Assessment Task 9

𝑑𝑦
Find showing the complete solution and simplify the answer.
𝑑𝑥

1. 𝑦 = arcsin √1 − 𝑥 2
4
2. 𝑦 = arctan
𝑥

3. 𝑦 = arcsec √4𝑥 + 1
1 4 sin 𝑥
4. 𝑦 = arctan
4 3+5 cos 𝑥
1
5. 𝑦 = 𝑥√1 − 4𝑥 2 + arcsin 2𝑥
2
2+𝑥
6. 𝑦 = arccot 𝑥 + arctan
1−2𝑥

7. 𝑦 = 𝑥 arcsin2 𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 2√1 − 𝑥 2 arcsin 𝑥

63
 Summary

According to Feliciano & Uy (1983), the following are the differentiation of inverse
trigonometric functions.

𝑑 1 𝑑𝑢
(arcsin 𝑢) =
𝑑𝑥 √1−𝑢2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 −1 𝑑𝑢
(arccos 𝑢) =
𝑑𝑥 √1−𝑢2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 1 𝑑𝑢
(arctan 𝑢) =
𝑑𝑥 1+𝑢2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 −1 𝑑𝑢
(arccot 𝑢) =
𝑑𝑥 1+𝑢2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 1 𝑑𝑢
(arcsec 𝑢) =
𝑑𝑥 𝑢√𝑢2 −1 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 −1 𝑑𝑢
(arccsc 𝑢) =
𝑑𝑥 𝑢√𝑢2 −1 𝑑𝑥

Reference

Feliciano, Florentino T. & Uy, Fausto B., (1983). Differential & Integral Calculus, Merriam &
Webster Bookstore, Inc., Manila, Philippines.

64
 MODULE 10
DERIVATIVES FROM PARAMETRIC
EQUATIONS

Introduction

According to Feliciano & Uy (1983), in analytic geometry, we have learned that a

curve may also be described analytically by a pair of equations of the form

𝑥 = 𝑔(𝑡), 𝑦 = ℎ(𝑡)
These equations are called parametric equations of the curve and third variable t is called a
parameter. For example, the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2 may be represented by the parametric
equations

𝑥 = 𝑎 cos 𝑡, 𝑦 = 𝑎 sin 𝑡
Where the parameter t is the angle between the x-axis and the radius to the point (x, y).

Learning Outcomes

At the end of this module, students should be able to:

1. Familiarize with derivatives in parametric form.

2. Perform differentiation of equation that are in parametric form.

65
Lesson 1. Derivatives in Parametric Form

Let 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) be a function whose parametric representation is given in the form

𝑥 = 𝑔(𝑡), 𝑦 = ℎ(𝑡)

We recall that

𝑑𝑥
= 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑡
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑦 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑡
𝑑𝑡

Then evidently the rate of change of y with respect to x of a function defined by 𝑥 = 𝑔(𝑡), 𝑦 =
ℎ(𝑡) will be given by

𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑡
E 10.1 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑡

Next, we consider the problem of finding the second derivative of a function defined by the
parametric equations above. The second derivative was defined as

𝑑 2𝑦 𝑑 𝑑𝑦
= ( )
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
and by chain rule, we may write the equation above in the form

𝑑 2𝑦 𝑑 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑡
E 10.2 = ( ) ∙( )
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Example 1

𝑑𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦
If 𝑥 = 𝑡 3 − 1, 𝑦 = 𝑡 2 + 𝑡, find and
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2

66
Solution:

Since, 𝑥 = 𝑡 3 − 1, 𝑦 = 𝑡 2 + 𝑡
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
Then, = 3𝑡 2 , = 2𝑡 + 1
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦
By = 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥 ,
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑦 2𝑡 + 1
=
𝑑𝑡 3𝑡 2

𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑡
And by = ( ) ∙ ( ),
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑2𝑦 𝑑 2𝑡 + 1 𝑑𝑡
= ( )
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑡 3𝑡 2 𝑑𝑥
(3𝑡 2 )(2) − (2𝑡 + 1)(6𝑡) 1
= ∙
9𝑡 4 3𝑡 2
𝑑 2 𝑦 −2(𝑡 + 1)
=
𝑑𝑥 2 9𝑡 5

Example 2

𝑑𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦
If 𝑥 = 2 sin 𝜃 , 𝑦 = 1 − 4 cos 𝜃, find and
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2

Solution:

𝑥 = 2 sin 𝜃 , 𝑦 = 1 − 4 cos 𝜃
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
= 2 cos 𝜃 = 4 sin 𝜃
𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝜃
Then, = 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝜃

67
 4 sin 𝜃
=
2 cos 𝜃
𝑑𝑦
= 2 tan 𝜃
𝑑𝑥

and

𝑑 2𝑦 𝑑 𝑑𝜃
= ( 2 tan 𝜃 )
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝑥
1
= 2 sec 2 𝜃
2 cos 𝜃
𝑑2𝑦
2 = sec 3 𝜃
𝑑𝑥

Assessment Task 10

68
 𝑑𝑦 𝑑2𝑦
Find and , showing the complete solution, and simplify the following:
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2

1. 𝑥 = 𝑡 3 + 1
𝑦 = 𝑡2 + 1

2. 𝑥 = 𝑢3 + 1
𝑦 = 4𝑢2 − 4𝑢

3. 𝑥 = 1 + cos 𝑡
𝑦 = sin2 𝑡

4. 𝑥 = cos 𝑥 + 𝑥 sin 𝑥
𝑦 = sin 𝑥 − 𝑥 cos 𝑥

Summary

According to Feliciano & Uy (1983), the following could be used in getting the
derivatives in parametric form:

𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑡
E 10.1 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑡

𝑑 2𝑦 𝑑 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑡
E 10.2 = ( ) ∙( )
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Reference

Feliciano, Florentino T. & Uy, Fausto B., (1983). Differential & Integral Calculus, Merriam &
Webster Bookstore, Inc., Manila, Philippines.

69