A TECHNICAL REPORT

ON

STUDENT INDUSTRIOAL WORK EXPERIENCE SCHEME (SIWES)

UNDERTAKEN AT

PERL CONSTRUCTION LIMITED

LOCATION

COMPILED BY

TOLUHI ISAAC OLUWAGBEMIGA

WITH MATRIC NO: (U/22/AR/O489)

REPORT SUBMITTED TO

DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE

COLLEGE OF ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN AND MANAGEMENT

ODUDUWA UNIVERSITY, IPETUMODU, OSUN STATE.

IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS

FOR THE AWARD OF BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (B.SC)

DEGREE IN ARCHITECTURE.

AUGUST 2024 – OCTOBER 2024

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 DEDICATION

This siwes report is dedicated to GOD, for the grace and strength to commence and complete this
period of attachment with ease, Also to my parents Mr. And Mrs. A. S. Akinwale for their
relentless support financially and emotionally towards my educational journey, Also to my
siblings and fellow colleagues for their immerse support and encouragement so far.

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

All gratitude to GOD my creator and heavenly father for the gift of life and the opportunity to
experience this phase of my life, granting me all the strength, wisdom and knowledge I needed
through out this industrial program attachment.

I also express further thanks and gratitude to my family, Mr. and Mrs Akinwale and my siblings
for their support and kindness at this time.

Special thanks to the management and staff of PERL construction limited for he warm welcome
and training throughout my stay on site, special thanks also to the CEO PERL construction (Mr
Nehmtallah) for his support, exposure and assistance and for helping me understand the
practicals to building construction.

Many thanks also to the department of architecture LAUTECH for this opportunity, This SIWES
experience has helped me gained so much knowledge to the practical aspect of architecture and
building construction. God bless you all.

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CERTIFICATION

This is to certify that I, Akinwale Esther Toluwani with matriculation number 2021006090 from
the department of architecture LAUTECH has completed her student industrial work experience
scheme ( SIWES) for 2023/2024 at PERL construction and Interface projects limited and has
prepared this report in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of bachelor of
technology (B. Tech) in architecture.

__________________________ _________________________

SUPERVISOR DATE AND SIGNATURE

____________________________ ___________________________

H. O. D DATE AND SIGNATURE

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 CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY

Students industrial work experience scheme (SIWES) is a skill training program designed
to prepare and expose students of higher institution of hearing to the industrial set-up they
are likely to meet after graduation. The need for the establishment of this scheme duke the
growing concern among industrialist and employers that graduates of higher institution
lacked adequate practical background required for employment in industries.

The scheme is funded by the by the federal government of Nigeria and jointly coordinated by
the national universities commission (NUC) and the Industrial Training Fund (ITF).

1.2 BRIEF HISTORY OF SIWES

The Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) Programme was established by
the ITF in 1973 to solve the problems of inadequate practical skills by the graduates of
Nigerian tertiary institutions, the students’ industrial work experience scheme (SIWES)
has become a necessary pre-condition for the award of Diploma and Degree certificates in
specific disciplines in most institutions of higher learning in the country. The duration of
the programme varies from four months to a year for Colleges of Education and
Polytechnics while University undergraduates undertake the programme for six months.

Students’ Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) is a training programme designed

by the Industrial Training Fund (ITF) to enhance one’s smooth transition from the
university to the outside world. Our exposition has bridge the gap between the university
academic work and its real practical application whereby there is a great opportunity of
producing or incorporating the theoretical skills, knowledge and experience acquired to the
real work areas of specialization.

Before the introduction of ITF, graduates of Nigerian universities were noted for the
theoretical excellence. This was widely indicated by the ability of some industries to
employ these fresh graduates without some sort of training. The Federal Government
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 sensing that this may be the beginning of the death if employable graduates established the
Industrial Training Fund (ITF) in 1971. Since its establishment, it has worked consistently
and painstakingly within the context of its enabling law i.e. Decree 47 of 1971.

1.3 VISION STATEMENT

The vision of the SIWES is to be the leading skills training organization and Human
Capital Development organization in Nigeria and one of the best in the World.

1.4 MISSION STATEMENT

To equip students with the necessary practical knowledge and technical skills for self-
employment and effective involvement in Nigeria’s industrial growth.

1.5 AIM OF SIWES

1. The Students Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) is a skills training

programme designed to expose and prepare students of universities and other tertiary
institutions for the Industrial Work situation they are likely to meet after graduation.
2. To expose students to work method and techniques in handling equipment and
machinery that may not be available in their institutions. Make the transition from
school to the world of work easier and enhance students contact for later job
placement.

1.6 OBJECTIVES OF SIWES

1. To prepare students for work situations they are likely to meet after graduation.
2. To provide an avenue for students in Nigerian universities to acquire industrial skills and
experience in their course of study.
3. To enlist and strengthens employers involvement in the entire educational process of
preparing university graduates for employment in industries.
4. To provide students with an opportunity to apply their theoretical knowledge in real work
situations, thereby closing the gap between university work and actual practice.
5. To expose students to work methods and techniques in handling equipment and
machinery that may not be available in the universities. vi. To make the transitions from
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 the university to the world of work easier and thus enhance students contact for later job
placement. vii. Teaches the student on how to interact effectively with other workers and
supervisors under various conditions in the organization.

1.7 IMPORTANCE OF SIWES TO ARCHITECTURE

One of the aims and objectives of the Students Industrial Work Experience Scheme
(SIWES) is to expose and prepare students of universities and other tertiary
institutions for the industrial work situation they are likely to meet after graduation
and also to provide students with an opportunity to apply their theoretical knowledge
in real work situations, thereby closing the gap between university work and actual
practice and thus is the case with my course of study.

One of the importance’s of SIWES to my course of study is that it provides me with

the theoretical knowledge of what I have been taught since my 100L days and hence
a great step in achieving what I have started.

1.8 REVIEW OF PROJECT.

The current project being worked on is the ultra- modern shopping Centre being built
by cityscape properties limited in partnership with Abuja chamber of commerce and
industry (ACCI), PERL construction limited is one of the major contractors handling
this project with about 60% of the entire project going on at the site. Construction is
still ongoing as the project is jet to be completed.

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 CHAPER TWO

2.0 COMPANY PROFILE

2.1 BRIEF HISTORY OF THE ESTABLISHMENT

Interface Projects Limited is an indigenous architectural firm founded as a Limited

Liability Company under the Companies & Allied Matters Act 1990 of the Federal
Republic of Nigeria. The company was established by a team of experienced
professionals committed to providing exceptional services in design, property
management, and construction. A wholly Nigerian-owned company, Interface Projects
Limited is dedicated to ensuring long-term client satisfaction by delivering design and
construction projects that fully align with client needs.

Specializing in designs, property management, and construction—ranging from new

builds to refurbishments and renovations—Interface Projects leverages the latest
technology in all its projects. With a dedicated team of builders, we consistently meet
client needs and aesthetic desires across Nigeria, with projects completed in over 10
states. We have successfully handled extensive renovations as well as new construction
projects in both the public and private sectors. Our wealth of design experience and deep
understanding of our clients' complex needs enable us to deliver projects of the highest
quality.

At Interface Projects Limited, we excel at meeting deadlines, simplifying complex

processes, and consistently delivering outstanding designs and construction projects. We
work alongside our clients to create spaces that meet their functional needs and aesthetic
preferences, all within their budget.

2.2 PHILOSOPHY OF THE COMPANY

At Interface Projects Limited, we adopt a team approach to project design and

development. This collaborative method fosters an easy exchange of ideas among team
members, ensuring that every aspect of a project is carefully considered.

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 Integrity
Integrity is the cornerstone of our business. We place immense value on our commitment
to clients and stakeholders, ensuring that all our interactions and services are carried out
ethically and transparently.

Professionalism
Our team is composed of highly skilled professionals with a deep understanding of the
business demands of running an ethical and effective organization. We take pride in
delivering projects with the utmost professionalism.

Competence
Success in engineering and construction demands high levels of professional competence.
We believe in equipping our team with the right skills and knowledge to perform their
roles effectively, ensuring that every project is executed to the highest standards.

2.3 MISSION STATEMENT

Our mission is to consistently deliver innovative designs and construction projects,

providing architectural services that meet our clients' functional, fiscal, and aesthetic
objectives.

2.4 VISSION STATEMENT

As architects, builders, designers, thinkers, and problem-solvers, our vision is to create

physical environments that fulfill the unique needs and expectations of our clients.
Through quality designs, cutting-edge technology, and a motivated team, we strive to
deliver exceptional spaces that exceed client expectations.

2.5 SERVICES RENDERED BY THE COMAPNY

In today’s competitive market, the demand for exceptional service and convenience is at
an all-time high. At Interface Projects Limited, we offer a wide range of services
designed to meet the needs of public and private organizations, developers, and estate
builders. Our services extend across Nigeria and the West African sub-region.

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 Our Services Include:

 Building Construction
We specialize in the construction of buildings, handling everything from the foundation
stage to project completion.
 Design & 3D Modelling
We offer cutting-edge design services using the latest software such as AutoCAD,
ArchiCAD, 3D Studio Max, SketchUp, and other advanced tools to bring our clients'
visions to life.
 Building Renovations
We have expertise in renovating old, dilapidated structures and converting buildings from
one use (e.g., residential) to another (e.g., commercial), ensuring they meet modern
standards.
 Property/Project Management
We provide expert property management services, including the opportunity for clients to
own quality homes designed and built by our experienced team.

2.6 KEY SERVICE DETAILED

1. Building Design
At Interface Projects Limited, we view technology as a key enabler of innovation in
design. Our experienced team uses the latest design software to create complex,
functional, and aesthetically pleasing designs. We continually push the boundaries of
design technology to provide new and efficient solutions.
2. Construction
We manage full-scale construction projects from the ground up. With skilled labor and
access to state-of-the-art machinery, we deliver high-quality buildings.
3. Renovation
We specialize in renovating outdated structures and adapting them to modern standards.
We also provide services to convert buildings from one purpose to another, ensuring they
are functional, efficient, and aesthetically pleasing.

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 4. Property Management
We assist in managing properties for clients, ensuring their investments are well-
maintained. We also offer the public the chance to own expertly designed and constructed
homes.
5. 3D Modelling
Our design process includes the creation of 3D models that give clients a realistic
preview of their projects before construction begins, helping them visualize the final
outcome.
6. Project Management
We use a proactive approach to managing every project, recognizing potential issues
before they arise. This includes risk analysis and management to ensure smooth
execution of all projects. Our skilled management team ensures the timely and cost-
effective completion of projects with minimized disruptions.

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 CHAPTER THREE

3.0 EQUIPEMENTS, MACHINES AND MATERIALS

3.1 INDUSTRIAL EXPERIENCE.

This is an account of my industrial experience at the construction site with PERL

construction limited. My industrial training officially commenced on 13 th June 2024,
upon resumption I was assigned to ARC. Lawrence Maikasuwa as my supervisor on
site. I was lectured on the necessary requirements to the proper functioning of the
construction works on site. Also introduced to the various mandatory safety
precautions needed for all workers available on site. These include; the safety boots,
helmet, reflective jacket, nose mask, and hand gloves.

A brief test of my knowledge was done by asking me to redesign the staircase for one
the blocks, the purpose of the redesigning was due to the difference in terrains of the
soil.

With my initial knowledge in ARC 320 and ARC 421 (AUTOCAD), I was able to
redesign the staircase with the adequate thread and riser required on AUTOCAD
software.

3.2 INTRODUCTION TO MATERIALS, MACHINES AND EQUIPMENTS ON SITE.

On my first day on site, after I was being introduced to site, what the project was
based on, the site safety instructions and I was giving brief explanation on the work
the artisans would doing on site that day by the site engineer. I was then being shown
round the site to get familiar with the equipment, machines and materials on site,
their uses and maintenance. Among these are;

3.2.1 EQUIPMENT.

For the enhancement of the construction process, several materials and equipment
were used on Site which are listed below with uses.

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 1. Dumpy Level (Theodolite): A surveying instrument used for measuring angles in both
horizontal and vertical planes. The dumpy level is mainly used for leveling and
measuring the differences in height between points.

FIG 1. DUMPY LEVEL

2. Laser Level: An instrument that projects a laser beam to help achieve precise horizontal
or vertical alignment, ensuring accurate leveling over long distances.

FIG 2: LASER LEVEL

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 3. Water Level Instrument: A tool used to transfer or check the level between two points
using water in a tube. It is often used in plumbing or construction to establish level
points.

4. Mallet: A hammer-like tool with a soft head (often made of wood or rubber) used for
driving tools, shaping materials, or striking without damaging the surface.

FIG 3: MALLET

5. Pencil Cutter: A tool used for sharpening pencils, particularly for marking on
construction materials or paper.

6. Spirit Level: A tool used to measure the horizontal or vertical alignment of surfaces. It
has a small bubble inside a liquid-filled tube, indicating level when centered.

FIG 4: SPIRIT LEVEL

7. Shovel: A tool with a broad blade used for digging, lifting, and moving materials such as
soil, sand, or gravel.

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 FIG 5: SHOVEL

8. Digger: A machine or tool used for digging holes or trenches. It can refer to both manual
tools like a spade and mechanical equipment like an excavator.

FIG 6: DIGGER

9. Hand Trowel: A small hand tool with a flat blade used in gardening or masonry for
digging, leveling, or spreading material like mortar.

FIG 7: HAND TROWEL

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 10. Measuring Tape: A flexible ruler used to measure length or distance. It is commonly
used in construction, engineering, and various trades.

FIG 8: MEASURING TAPE

11. Chisel: A tool with a sharp edge, used for carving or cutting wood, stone, or metal,
typically struck with a mallet.

FIG 9: CHISEL

12. Blue Line: This can refer to a reference line used in construction or design, often marked
with a blue chalk line for alignment purposes.

13. Wheelbarrow: A small, single- or double-wheeled cart used for transporting materials
like dirt, concrete, or tools across a construction site.

FIG 10: WHEEL BARROW

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3.2.2 MACHINES.

1. Concrete mixer machine: A concrete mixer is a machine used to combine various

ingredients to make concrete. These ingredients typically include cement, water, sand,
and aggregate (gravel or stone). The mixer ensures that the mixture is uniform, which
is essential for achieving the desired strength and durability in concrete structures.
Concrete mixers can be stationary or mobile and are commonly used on construction
sites to mix small to large batches of concrete.

FIG 11: CONCRETE MIXER

2. Poker vibrator: A poker vibrator is a tool used in concrete work to remove air
bubbles and ensure the concrete is properly compacted. It consists of a vibrating shaft
that is submerged into the poured concrete. The vibrations cause the mixture to settle,
eliminating air pockets and improving the density and strength of the concrete. This
process, known as "vibration compaction," ensures that the concrete is evenly
distributed and free of voids, leading to a stronger and more durable structure.

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 FIG:12 POKER MACHINE
3. Caterpillar: A caterpillar (often referred to as a "bulldozer" or "track-type tractor") is
a heavy construction machine that is used for earthmoving tasks, such as grading,
excavating, and hauling materials. The term "Caterpillar" is commonly used to refer
to machines from the well-known brand Caterpillar Inc., but it can also refer to any
tracked vehicle in construction. Caterpillars are equipped with continuous tracks
(rather than wheels), which provide better traction and allow the machine to move
over rough or soft terrain with greater ease

FIG13: CATERPILLAR

4. Pumping machine: A pumping machine, often referred to as a concrete pump, is

used to transfer liquid concrete to different locations on a construction site. It allows
concrete to be pumped to areas that are difficult to reach by other means (e.g., high-
rise buildings, deep foundations). Concrete pumps can be either stationary or
mounted on trucks, and they use hydraulic pressure to push the concrete through

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 pipes or hoses. The machine ensures that concrete is placed quickly and accurately
without the need for manual labor.

FIG 14: PUMPING MACHINE

3.3 MATERIALS

1. Aggregates

Types of Aggregates

There are different types of aggregates used depending on their specific area of
application. They include;

Fine aggregates
Coarse aggregates
Fine Aggregate: Fine aggregate generally consists of natural sand or crushed
stone with most particles passing through a 3/8-inch sieve. They are the materials
that passes through No. 40 sieve. For increased workability, the purpose of the
fine aggregate is to fill the voids within the coarse aggregates and improve the
workability of concrete. Examples of fine aggregate used on site for the
construction was natural sand and quarry/stone dust.

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 FIG 15: FINE AGGREGATE
Coarse Aggregate: Coarse aggregates refer to irregular and granular materials
such as sand, gravel or crushed stone, are used for making concrete. They are also
materials that will pass the 3-inches screen and will be on the sieve No. 40. It may
be either gravel or granite. But we mainly made use of granite for the production
of concrete and asphalt. There are different sizes of coarse aggregate in the
stockpile, they include 1-inch, 2-inch, 3/8 inch, 1/2 inch, and 3/16 inch.
Examples of coarse aggregate include gravel, crushed stone, broken bricks.

FIG 16: GRAVEL

2. Cement:

Cement is a fine powder made from a mixture of limestone, clay, shells, and silica. It
is a key ingredient in concrete and mortar, where it acts as a binder that holds the
other materials together. When mixed with water, cement forms a paste that hardens
and gains strength over time. It's commonly used in construction for foundations,
walls, floors, and other structural elements.

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 FIG 17: CEMENT

3. Blocks:

Blocks, typically referring to concrete blocks (also known as cinder blocks or breeze
blocks), are solid or hollow rectangular units made from cement, aggregate (such as
sand or gravel), and water. They are used in the construction of walls, foundations,
and other structural elements. Concrete blocks are valued for their strength,
durability, and fire resistance, and they come in different sizes and types (e.g.,
hollow, solid, or interlocking blocks

FIG 18: BLOCKS

4. Bamboo

Bamboo is a versatile, fast-growing grass used as a construction material in various

parts of the world. It is lightweight, yet strong, and has a high strength-to-weight
ratio. Bamboo is used in scaffolding, flooring, roofing, and as reinforcement in
concrete. Due to its sustainability and natural growth, bamboo is also considered an
environmentally friendly construction material

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 FIG 19: BAMBOO

5. Steel reinforcement bars

Steel reinforcement bars, or rebars, are long, cylindrical steel rods used in reinforced
concrete construction to provide tensile strength and support. Concrete, while strong
in compression, is weak in tension. Rebars help to prevent cracks and failure by
withstanding tensile forces. They come in various sizes and grades, and their surfaces
are often ribbed for better bonding with concrete

FIG 20: STEEL BARS

6. Binding wires

Binding wires are thin, flexible wires used to tie and secure steel reinforcement bars
together during construction. These wires ensure that the rebars are properly placed and

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 aligned before the concrete is poured. They are typically made of mild steel or galvanized
steel and can be twisted by hand or with a tying tool to form knots.

FIG 21: BINDING WIRES

7. Water:

Water is an essential component in the production of concrete and mortar. It is used

to hydrate cement and activate the chemical reaction that causes it to harden. The
water-to-cement ratio plays a crucial role in determining the strength and durability
of concrete. Clean, potable water is typically used to ensure that no impurities
interfere with the setting or strength of the concrete

8. Hardwood timber:

Hardwood timber refers to wood from deciduous trees, such as oak, mahogany, and
teak. It is known for its density, strength, and durability, making it ideal for high-
stress construction applications. Hardwood is commonly used for structural elements
like beams, columns, and flooring, as well as for finishing work, such as cabinetry
and furniture.

FIG 22: HARDWOOD

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 9. Nails.

Nails are small metal fasteners used in construction to join or attach materials
together. They are typically made of steel, copper, or other metals and come in
various lengths, thicknesses, and head types (e.g., flat, round, or clout). Nails are
commonly used in wood framing, roofing, flooring, and other structural applications.

FIG 23: NAILS

10. Gypsum board:

Gypsum board (also known as drywall or plasterboard) is a building material used for
walls and ceilings. It consists of a layer of gypsum (a soft mineral) sandwiched
between two layers of paper. Gypsum board is lightweight, easy to install, and
provides good sound insulation. It is often used in interior construction for creating
partitions, ceilings, and other surfaces.

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 11. Marine boards:

Marine boards, also known as marine plywood, are specially treated plywood panels
designed for use in wet or marine environments. These boards are made from high-
quality wood veneers and are bonded with waterproof adhesives, making them
resistant to moisture, rot, and mildew. They are commonly used in the construction of
boats, docks, and other structures exposed to water.

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 CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 KNOWLEDGE ACQUIRED

4.1 SITE KNOWLEDGE ACQUIRED

4.1.1 PROCEDURE FOR MAKING OF KICKERS

Firstly the exact location of the columns is determined by retaking the measurements on
the already existing columns on the ground floor and transferring it to the upper floor or
by using the construction drawing. A plumb bob is then used to transfer grid lines unto
the slab where this grid lines are further determined using nails and lines. With the grid
lines in place the outlines of each columns are marked on the surface using chalk or
permanent marker replacement. The formwork for the column is then erected, after this it
is ensured that the all the column formwork are properly aligned and tightly secured to
avoid leakage or miss alignment during concreting. With this in place the pouring of the
concrete can be neatly done.

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4.1.2 MARKING OF SLIPPERS FOR BEAM AND SLAB FORMWORK

Equipment Required:

1. Theodolite total station.

2. Ranging staff.

3. Marker.

4. Water level.

4.1.3 PROCEDURE FOR SETTING OF LEVELS FOR SLIPPERS FOR BEAM

AND SLAB FORMWORK

In marking of slippers, setting of levels for the slippers is an initial important steps to
take, it involve the use of spirit level, laser level or theodolite total station. These
levels taken aligns with the bottom of the beam and slab formwork ensuring that the
correct height is maintained throughout. On the site, the height of the slippers used is
determined by the height of the beam to be used and the floor to beam bottom level
(which is the floor to ceiling height minus beam depth).
A bench mark for the level of the slippers is measured and determined as 1500mm as
a range and transferred to the rest of the columns using a theodolite total station and a
ranging staff to ensure accuracy. This can also be done using a water level but does
not guarantee accuracy. The slippers location is then determined and marked before
the formwork of the beam starts.
Fixing of the slippers (usually a wooden batten as used on site) horizontally across
the columns (vertical supports) at the marked positions. These slippers are secured
with nails, clamps or binding wires to ensure they do not shift during concreting. The
alignment of the slippers placed on all the columns (vertical support) are properly
checked to ensure they are on same level and the level match the required height.
After marking and fixing the slippers, the formwork for the beam and slab formwork
panel is placed on top of the slippers.
Formwork For Beam And Slab Construction.

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 Materials used for the beam and slab formwork: timber, plywood, marine board,
bamboo, braces.
In line with the construction of the formwork the braces for the slippers are placed
which consist of the runner and the carrier. The runner (which is a 2 x 2 hardwood
timber) is placed beside the column to provide a formwork for the beam with a width
of 230mm. the carrier which is the bamboo carrying the runner from the DPC
providing support which is 60mm apart, then there comes the braces that holds
together the two runners which is 40mm apart.

4.1.4 CONCRETE SLAB

Equipment And Materials Used

1. Cement
2. Sand (Fine Aggregate)
3. Gravel (Coarse Aggregate)
4. Water
5. Reinforcement steel; this includes steel rebar, wire mesh, fiber reinforcement.

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 6. Plywood or metal sheets nails for formwork.
7. Concrete mixer
8. Wheelbarrow
9. Vibrating equipment
10. Measuring tool.

In the construction of a concrete slab certain things needs to be don first which is the
formwork for the slab and beam and the reinforcement work respectfully, the
reinforcement work is done based on the design of the structural engineer.

Concrete Batching

Batching of concrete is the process in which the element or ingredients required for
producing the concrete mix such as cement, sand, aggregate and water are measured
in quantity for correct mixing according to the mix ratio. This was done using a
mixer

The concrete mix ratio which was used on site for a concrete batch, was (concrete
mix ratio 1:3:6, i.e. One bag of Cement, three head-pans of fine aggregate(sand) and
six head pans of coarse aggregate(granite)). During the process of the concrete
mixing I was assigned to supervise the mix ratio to ensure the use of accurate mix
ratios.

After mixing the concrete it is poured into a lift bucket also known as crane and
transferred to the reinforcement slab where it is to be used. From the crane it is
transferred to the wheelbarrow that further transfers the concrete mix to the required
position, with more consecutive movements the concrete mix is spread over the entire
formwork for the slab. To ensure a smooth finishing the surface is levelled and a
trowel is used to ensure its smoothness. A porker vibrator is used to ensure proper
compaction and strength, it helps eliminate air pockets and voids within the mix,
ensuring a dense and durable slab. The concrete slab is then left to set for 24 days
before the removal of the formwork.

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4.1.5 FLOOR FINISHING

Laying Of Granite Tiles At The Shops.

Instruments and materials used for floor tiling

1. Spirit level
2. Mallet
3. Trowel
4. Shovel
5. Granite tiles (300 x 600mm)
6. Sand (fine aggregate).
7. Cement

Procedure for laying of granite tiles

1. Taking of levels for floor finishing: the taking of levels for floor finish is the first
step to take in floor finish as it ensures the floor is even and properly sloped, the level

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 taken can also be used for ceiling finishing. Tools and equipment used for taking of
levels include:

 Laser level instrument: for accurate leveling.

 Measuring tape: this is used to cross-check dimensions.
 Blue line: used to make a mark level across the surface.
 Markers: for marking levels.
 The levels is taken by locating an existing benchmark and transferring it into each
of the shops using the necessary instrumens. Within the shop space the level is
identified at different points and linked together using the blue line for easy
identification. This same level of range 1.45 is tanfered to the rest of the shops
and used as guidelines for the tilers.

2. Next is the clearing and screeding of the floor, water is sprinkled on the ground to
give it a moist texture in order to receive the dry mixture of sand and cement. A dry
mixture of sand and cement is used to form the screeding (a vey smooth surface in
which the tiles were laid upon. After this process then procedes the laying of the tiles,
with a mixture of cement and water, the watery cement /water mixture is poured and
the tiles are carefully laid using a spirit level to ensure accuracy and proper
alignment. The laying of tiles process is advisable to start from the approach to the
back pr from the left to the right. The dressing of the floor finish is done with the
skirting providing neat edges between the wall and the floor, A spaces left inbetween
the tiles after being laid is filled with a dry misture of sand and cement.

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4.1.6 WALL FINISHING (TOILET WALL TILING)

Equipment and materials used for wall finishing.

1. Trowel
2. Mallet
3. Shovel
4. Spacers
5. Pencil cutter
6. Ceramic tiles
7. White cement
8. Gum.

PROCESSES INVOLVED IN WALL FINISHING.

The wall tiling process is done by first soaking the ceramic tiles in water for some
minuts in order to increase its adhesive abilities. A mixture of gum and cement with
water is made and used as an adhesive to join the tiles to the walls. Fixing the tiles,
the spacers are used to prevent the tiles from joining together. And maintain equal

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 spaces between the tile joints. this process is done respectively until the entire area is
properly fixed. In wall finishing it is best to start with the wall facing the approach
first before moving to the sides.

Grougting of the wall tiles after 24hours to allow the adhesive to dry, this is the use
of white cement to fill up the spaces between the tiles as separated by the
spacers.tthis is done to further enhance the aesthetic appearance of the space and give
it a neat finishing. T he final prcess is the cleaning of the wall using a piece of soft
cloth and a little water.

4.1.7 DRAINAGE CONSTRUCTION

A proper drainage system was provided on he site for controlling the flow of water,
preventing flooding and maintain the structural integrity of buildings and landscapes.

Equipment And Materials Used In Drainage Construction

1. Excavators: for digging of trenches.

2. Theodolite total station: for taking of levels before excavation begins.
3. Ranging staff: used in line with the theodolite to take levels.
4. Cement
5. Stone dust
6. Gravel
7. Sand (fine aggregate).
8. Concrete mixer.
9. Steel boards for formwork.
10. Line

PROCEDURE FOR DRAINAGE CONSTRUCTION

1. Taking of levels for the drainage using the theodolite, taking of levels is an
essential ppart of the drainage construction process. this helps indicate the
topography of the ground and helps determine the depth of the trenches and its
width.

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 2. Excavation of the trenches to a depth of 1200mm and a width and a width of
1500mm.
3. After the excavation process the blinding is done by spreading stone base (stone
dust and cement) with a thickness if 50mm. the binding serves as a cover that
prevents the direct contact of the reinforcement steel to the soil.
4. After the blinding, the interlocked reinforcement steel bars known as basket is
carefully arranged in the trenches on the stone base and aligned properly using
binding wires to avoid errors.
5. A strong concrete mixture (wet concrete) of ratio 1: 2: 4 is poured and spread
over the basket with a thickness if 150mm. the depth is measures with the
existing pegs placed in the soil. as the concreting is done It is levelled and aligned
to give a smooth surface. This is left for about 24 hours to set after which the
formwork for the walls of the drainage is put in place.
6. Formwork for the drainage construction is done using steel boards, timber and
binding wires, the steel boards are joined together with the timber wood to
provide a perfect structure with even dimensions on both sides.
7. The above is done extensively by using a cross arrangement of timber from the
top of the steel board on the left to the bottom of the steel board on the right and
vice versa to keep it firm. This process is done throughout the entire process of
the drainage.
8. The wet concrete mixture of ratio 1:2:4 is mixed with the concrete mixer and
carefully poured into the formwork and vibrated with a vibrator to remove void
spaces. It is then left for at least 24 hours before it can be removed and left to
further set properly.

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4.1.8 FOUNDATION FOOTING
RAFT AND PAD FOUNDATION

Raft Foundation Construction Process

A raft foundation is a type of foundation used for buildings with heavy loads, where the
soil has poor bearing capacity. It involves constructing a large concrete slab that supports
the entire building. This type of foundation is used when the bearing capacity of the soil
is low, or when the building load is too high to be supported by individual pad or strip
foundations.

1. Site Preparation:

 Excavation: The site is excavated to the required depth, often about 1 to 2 meters
depending on the design and soil conditions. The area is cleared of any vegetation,
debris, or obstructions.
 Soil Testing: Before beginning construction, soil tests are performed to assess the
bearing capacity of the ground. The results help in determining the thickness and
reinforcement required for the raft.

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 2. Leveling and Compaction:

 Leveling: After excavation, the ground is leveled to ensure a flat surface.

 Compaction: The subsoil is compacted to reduce settling over time. This step is
critical for ensuring the foundation's stability.

3. Laying the Sub-base:

 A sub-base layer (typically made of gravel or crushed stone) is laid to improve the
soil stability and drainage. It also prevents direct contact between the concrete and the
soil, reducing the risk of moisture infiltration.

4. Formwork Construction:

 Formwork is built around the perimeter of the raft foundation. It is typically made of
timber or metal and ensures that the concrete is contained while it sets.

5. Reinforcement Installation:

 Steel Reinforcement Bars (Rebars): Steel reinforcement is placed in the formwork

according to the design specifications. The reinforcement is usually in two layers: one
at the bottom of the slab and one at the top. This is done to provide the necessary
strength to resist tension, shear, and bending.
 Reinforcement Mesh: In addition to rebar, welded wire mesh may also be placed in
the formwork to ensure uniform distribution of loads across the raft.

6. Pouring of Concrete:

 Mixing Concrete: The concrete mix is prepared, typically with a ratio of 1:2:4
(cement, sand, gravel) or as per the design.
 Pouring: Concrete is poured into the formwork, filling it evenly. This is done in
stages to prevent the mix from setting unevenly. A concrete pump or crane may be
used to transport the concrete to the site.

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  Vibrating the Concrete: After pouring, the concrete is vibrated using a poker
vibrator to eliminate air pockets and ensure proper compaction.

7. Curing:

 After the concrete is poured, it needs to cure to gain strength. The curing process
typically lasts for about 7-28 days, during which time the concrete should be kept
moist to prevent cracking and ensure maximum strength.

8. Formwork Removal:

 Once the concrete has sufficiently cured and gained strength, the formwork is
carefully removed. The raft foundation is now ready to support the superstructure of
the building.

Pad Foundation Construction Process

A pad foundation (or isolated footing) is a type of foundation used to support individual
columns or load-bearing points. It's suitable for buildings with a relatively lighter load or
when the building's columns are spaced far apart. The pad foundation can be square,
rectangular, or circular, depending on the design requirements.

1. Site Preparation:

 Excavation: Excavation for pad foundations is done at the locations of the columns.
The depth depends on the type of soil and the load-bearing capacity required. The
excavation is usually shallow but may vary.
 Soil Testing: Soil tests determine the appropriate depth and type of footing needed
for each pad.

2. Compaction and Leveling:

 The excavation area is leveled, and the soil is compacted to prevent uneven settling
under the load. This is done to ensure a stable base for the foundation.

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 3. Sub-base Layer:

 A sub-base layer of gravel or crushed stone is laid at the bottom of the excavation.
This provides better drainage and reduces direct contact between concrete and soil.

4. Formwork Construction:

 Formwork is placed around the perimeter of the pad foundation. This formwork is
often made of timber, metal, or plastic and holds the concrete in place during pouring.

5. Reinforcement Installation:

 Reinforcement Bars (Rebars): Steel reinforcement is placed in the formwork

according to the design. The reinforcement is placed both vertically and horizontally
to resist bending, tension, and shear forces.
 Reinforcement Mesh: A welded wire mesh may be added for additional
reinforcement.

6. Pouring of Concrete:

 Mixing Concrete: Concrete is mixed according to the required mix ratio (e.g., 1:2:4
or based on the design).
 Pouring: The concrete is poured into the formwork around the column bases. The
mix is poured in layers and compacted using a poker vibrator.
 Leveling: The surface of the concrete is leveled to match the required height.

7. Curing:

 After pouring, the concrete is allowed to cure. Curing typically lasts for 7 days but
may extend up to 28 days for maximum strength. The foundation is kept moist during
this period.

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 8. Formwork Removal:

 Once the concrete has cured sufficiently, the formwork is removed, and the pad
foundation is ready to carry the weight of the structure’s column(s).

Comparison Between Raft and Pad Foundations:

 Raft Foundation: Suitable for larger structures with heavy loads or poor soil
conditions, supports the entire building through a large slab.
 Pad Foundation: Ideal for lighter structures, supports individual columns or points,
often used when the columns are spaced apart and soil conditions are better.

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 4.1.9 REINFORCEMENT BARS

Reinforcement bars (rebar) are used in concrete construction to provide tensile strength,
preventing cracking and improving the overall durability of concrete structures. Below are
the different sizes of reinforcement bars and their common uses:

1. 6 mm (1/4 inch) Reinforcement Bar:

 Usage: This size is typically used in lightweight construction like small slabs,
pavements, and for reinforcing floor tiles or roof slabs in non-load-bearing areas.
 Image Description: A thin rebar, almost like a small wire, used for light structural
purposes.

2. 8 mm (5/16 inch) Reinforcement Bar:

 Usage: Often used for reinforcing concrete floors, small foundations, or lightweight
walls.
 Image Description: A slightly thicker bar than the 6mm rebar, suitable for medium-
strength reinforcement.

3. 10 mm (3/8 inch) Reinforcement Bar:

 Usage: Used for medium-sized foundations, slabs, driveways, and for medium-load
structures.
 Image Description: This bar is used for everyday construction projects, providing
good reinforcement for small-to-medium scale works.

4. 12 mm (1/2 inch) Reinforcement Bar:

 Usage: Commonly used in residential building foundations, slabs, and beams for
moderate load-bearing.
 Image Description: A thick bar, ideal for most residential construction and medium-
size buildings.

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 5. 16 mm (5/8 inch) Reinforcement Bar:

 Usage: Used for heavy foundation work, beams, and columns in multi-story
buildings.
 Image Description: A solid and strong rebar used for structures where the load-
bearing requirement is higher.

6. 20 mm (3/4 inch) Reinforcement Bar:

 Usage: Typically used for large-scale construction like high-rise buildings and
bridges, where high strength is required.
 Image Description: A robust and thick bar, able to withstand high tensile forces.

7. 25 mm (1 inch) Reinforcement Bar:

 Usage: Mostly used for high-strength applications, such as large foundations, bridges,
and dams.
 Image Description: A very thick bar used for structures requiring extremely strong
reinforcement.

8. 32 mm (1 1/4 inch) Reinforcement Bar:

 Usage: Used for extremely heavy-duty foundations, high-rise buildings, and massive
infrastructure like dams and high-load-bearing piers.
 Image Description: A very thick and heavy bar, often used for the most demanding
construction projects.

9. 40 mm (1 1/2 inch) Reinforcement Bar:

 Usage: Common in major infrastructural projects, dams, and bridges where extreme
load resistance is necessary.
 Image Description: The thickest rebar, providing exceptional strength for critical
structural applications.

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