10
FIRST PHASE OF THE INDIAN NATIONAL MOVEMENT
1885 - 1907
Objectives and Methods of The Early Nationalists
Objectives :
1. The moderates wanted to achieve self-government and they strove for
autonomy
within the empire, i.e. they wanted colonial form of self-government.
Methods :
1. They believed in constitutional and peaceful methods to achieve their
aims.
2. They carried their agitation through:
a. Petitions to high Government officials.
b. Resolutions.
C. Meetings in towns, cities and the country side.
d. Distribution of leaf lets and pamphlets.
e. Preparing memorandum for the Government Committees.
f. Sending Delegations of leading politicians to England.
Reason why they are known as the Early Nationalists:
a. They had unlimited faith in the British sense of justice.
b. Their demands were of a moderate character.
c. Their methods of struggle were also quite moderate.
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IMPORTANT MODERATES
Dadabhai Naoroji's
popularly known as Grand Old man of India
India's unofficial ambassador in England.
Contributions Dadabhai Naoroji
In 1866 he founded the east India Association in London. Its object was to inform
the British of the true affairs in India.
It was due to the efforts of Dadabhai and Bradlaugh that the British House of
Commons passed a resolution recommending that the ICS examination be held
simultaneously both the England and in lndia.
He was one of the founders of the Indian National Congress. Thrice he presided ovCr
the Sessions of the Congress.
He edited rast Goftar and Dharma Marg Darshak
His Classic Work - Poverty and Unbritish Rule in India, cxplained Drain
Theory' /How India's weaith was being taken away toEngland in these forms.
a) Salaries pajd to the membersof Indian Council
b) Dispatch of savings to England by Britisih personncl posted in India.
c) Pension to British officers.
d) Profits of British trading company.
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1. Surendrath Banerjee
Contribution of Surendrath Banerjee
1. He edited the Bengalee' which criticized the Ilbert bill and Vernacular Press Act.
2. Afirm believer in India's Right to Self - Government. His best known book is A
Nation in Making'
3. He founded the Indian Association in 1876 to agitate for the introduction of
political reforms in India.
4. He fearlessly criticized the Arms act and the Vernacular Press Act.
5. Hetook the lead in convening the Indian National Conference in 1883. It was the
first organization of an all India Character.
6. Twice he presided over the session of the congress in 1895 and 1902.
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2. Gopal Krishna Gokhale
Contribution of Gopal Krishna Gokhale
a) He presided over the Varnasi Session ofthe Congress in 1905.
b) In 1905, he established the Servants of india Society to train men to devote
their lives to the cause of the country.
c) In 1902 he had become the membcr of the imperial legislative council.
d) He pleaded for reduction in salt ducy and the abolition of excise duty on cotton
goods.
e) He moved resolutions in the imperial Legislative Council for relief to Indian
bonded labour in natal.
) He edited "Sudharak ,a quarterly journal of the Poona Sarvajanik Sabha.
Economic ldeas: a) He pleaded for the reduction of land revenue.
b) He was in favour of State protection of infant Indian Industries.
c) He called for the enploynent of nembers of educated middle class
1. He is Known as Political Guru of Gandhi' as Gokhale because violence
had no place in his scheme of things.
Helped Gandhi in his fight against racial discrimination in South Africa.
The credit of persuading Gandhi to returnto India and join Indian public
life goes toGokhale
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SECOND PHASE OF THE INDIAN NATIONAL MOVEMENT
1905-1916
Objectives and methods of struggle of the Assertive Nationalists
.Objectives :
1. They aimed at Poorna Swaraj (Complete independence) as it existed in UK.
They wanted to chase the British out of India.
Methods:
1. They believed in unconstitutional methods and they were aggressive in nature.
2. They caused agitations through:
i. Revivalism
ii. Swadeshi
ii. Boycott
iv. National Education
V. Passive Resistance
Vi. Personal sacrifice
vii. Mass involvement.
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IMPORTANT ASSERTIVE NATIONALISTS
BAL GANGADHAR TILAK.
Contribution of Tilak to National Movemnt
it
1. Tilak's political belief- Swaraj is my birth right and Iwill have
2. He wrote weeklies the Mahratta and Kesari.
3. He started the' festival celebration of Ganapati in Maharashtra
4. He organized Akharas' and Lathi Club' to make
the youths brave to defy the
British Raj.
5. He revived the Shivaji festival
the Vedas.
6. He wrote the Gita Rashya, the Orion and the Arctic home in
contribution nade
7. Mrs. Besant and Tilak founded the Home Rule movement. His
him a heroof the masses. He was called Lokmanya' (respecicd by the people)
The Fore runner of Gandhi -
Gandhi laid great stress on prohibition, Swadeshi and boyuott. AIl these had becn
preached and practiced by Tilak much before Gandhi did so. Gandhi's idca! of
complete independence was similar to Tilak's idea of Swaraj
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BIPIN CHANDRA PAL
Contribution of Bipin Chandra pal to freedom struggle
1. He stood for stronger methods of agitation.
2. He wanted education to be organized on nationalistic lines.
3. New India was edited by him
4. Shri Aurobindo refered to Bipin Chandra as the mightiest prophets of nationalism.
5. He publications include *The Spirit of Indian National" and "The New Economic
Menace of India".
His ideas on economic matters:
Toeradicate India's poverty. He proposed the following remedies
1. To develop industries in the country.
2. To tax the rich more heavily than the poor, so that money can be spent on
education and health.
3. 48 hrs of work in a weck and an increase in the wages.
4. Practice of Swadeshi and boycott.
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LALA LAJPAT RAI
Contribution of Lala Lajpat Rai
magazine. "Young India" to spread the
1. In USA, he started a monthly
message of the right of India to attain swaraj.
of India.
2 People called him, Sher-i-Punjab i.e. lion
Samaj Movement. He was greatly
3. He was closely associated with the Arya Lahore
instrumental in the expansionof D.A.V. College at Debt to India.
India, 2. England's
4 His publication include: 1. The call to young
3. The political future of India.
1905 Lajpat Rai along with Gokhale went to England to persuade the British
5 In Bengal.
Partition of
leaders not to give effect to the Scheme of the
presided over the historic Kolkata Session of the Congress in 1920. It was
6. He
Non-cooperation was adopted by he
at this Session that a resolution on
Congress.
elections to the Legislative Councils in
7. He joined the Swaraj Party to contest
1923.
the Simon Comnission in Lahore,
8 While leading a demonstration against
and later he died.
1928, he was assaulted by the British
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PARTITIONOF BENGAL -1905
Chief Architects of Partition of Bengal - LordCurzon.
LordCurzon's Argument in Favour of The Partition.
The partition was a mere adjustment of administrative boundaries and this
province was too vast to be administered efficiently by a single provincial
government.
REAL MØTIVES OF THE BRITISH
The Nationalist thought that this was done in order to -
a. Divide the Hindu-Muslim unity.
b. To stop the rising tide of Nationalisn.
c. To curb Bengali influence by not placing Bengalis under two administrations
but by reducing them to a minority in Bengal.
d. Tocurb the popularity of the Congress.
e. To demonstrate the strength of the British Raj.
Formation of Muslim League -1906
Nawab Salimullah proposcd to form a central organisation to look exclusively after
the interests of the Muslim community.
(Met at Dhaka-1906)
Proposal accepted All India Muslim League was founded on December 30, 1906.
Dhaka session presided by Nawab Salimullah.
Muslim League's constitution was framed in 1907 at Karachi.
The first session after the adoption of theconstitution was held in December 1908 at
Amritsar under the chainanship of Syed Ali Imam.
Aims and objectives of Muslim League
1. To promote among Indian the feelings of loyalty towards the British
Government.
2. To protect the political and other rights of the Muslims.
3. To place the Muslims needs and aspirations before the govcrnment in a ild
and moderate language.
4. To prevent the rise of any feeling of hostilities between Muslinis and other
communities
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SIGNIFICANCE OF THE LUCKNOW PACT -1916
1.Hindu-Muslim Unity: The Lucknow Pact symbolized Hindu-Muslim uniy. Both
the communities agreed to compromise in some areas for the common good.
2. Unity Within the Congress: The Lucknow Session and the signing of the
Lucknow Pact brought about unity between the Assertive Nationalists and the Early
Nationalists.
3. Necessity to Pacify Indians: As the First World War continued, the British
Government felt it necessary to pacify the Indians by the Declaration of August 20,
1917 which promised a policy for gradual development of self-government
institutions in India.
