DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGG.

LAB MANUAL

Semester : 7th

Sub Code : KEC751C

Subject : Optical System & Networking Lab

 INDEX

Sl. # Experiment / Program Page #

1. To setting up fiber optic analog link. 1
2. Study and measurement of losses in optical fiber 5
3. Study and measurement of Numerical aperture of optical fiber. 8
4. Study and perform time division multiplexing (digital). 10
5. Study of framing in time division multiplexing. 12
6. Study of Manchester coding and decoding. 16
7. Study of voice coding and codec chip. 18
8. Study and measure characteristics of fiber optic LED’s and photo 20
detector.
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Experiment No- (1)

(Setting up fiber optic analog link.)

OBJECT:
To study a 650 nm fiber optic analog link in this experiment, you will study the relationship b/w
the input signal and received signal.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

1. FO Cable
2. FOC Trainer kit
3. Connecting wire
4. CRO

THEORY:
Fiber optic links can be used for transmission of digital as well as analog signals. Basically a
fiber optic link contains three main elements, a transmitter, an optical fiber and a receiver. The
transmitter module takes the input signal in electrical form and then transforms it into optical energy
containing the same information. The optical fiber is the medium which takes the energy to the
receiver. At the receiver light is converted back into electrical form with the same pattern as originally
fed to the transmitter, as shown in Fig.1.1.

Fig1.1 SETTING UP FIBER OPTIC ANALOG LINK

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TRANSMITTER:
The Transmitter unit converts input electrical signal to optical signals for transmission through
and optical fiber cable. The electrical signal is converted to optical output, by driving the FO LED
linearly using negative feedback operation amplifier circuits. Circuit diagram for fiber optic
transmitter is shown below.

THE FIBER OPTIC LINK:

This section provides path between the light source for the optical fiber and the light detector
at the far end by the fiber optic links.

THE RECEIVER: The receiver unit accepts the input optical power from the transmitter through
Fiber Optic cable. Optical signal is converted into electrical signal by using Photo diode as shown
below.

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PROCEDURE:

Step1 Connect the power supply to the board.

Step2 Make the following connections.
a. Connect the function generator to desire wave (20Hz , 200 Hz , 2KHz and etc) output to the
transmitter input.
b. Connect the fiber optic cable between the transmitter’s output and receiver’s input.
c. Connect receiver’s output to CRO.
Step3 Trace the input wave form and out wave form from CRO.
Step4 Note that both wave form are same.

Trainer Kit Connection shown Fig1.2

Fig1.2 Fiber Optic Analog Link

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RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS:

Input Voltage (V) Out Voltage(V) Time (ms)

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Experiment No- (2)

(Study and measurement of losses in optical fiber)

OBJECT:
The objective of this experiment is to measure the propagation loss and the bending loss in the
optical fiber.

THEORY:
Attenuation loss (or path propagation loss) is the reduction in power density (attenuation) of an
electromagnetic wave as it propagates through space. Attenuation loss is a major component in the
analysis and design of the link budget of a telecommunication system.
Attenuation occurring as a result of either a bend in an optical fiber that exceeds the minimum
bend radius or an abrupt discontinuity in the core/cladding interface is called bending loss. The
incident light rays strike the boundary between the core and the cladding at an angle less than the
critical angle and enter the cladding, where they are lost

PROCEDURE:
I. To find propagation loss:
Step-1 Connect the power supply to the board.
Step-2 Make the following connections
a) Function generators 1 KHz sine wave output to input transmitter circuit via lead.
b) Connect 0.5m optic fiber between transmitter’s output and receiver’s input.
c) Connect receiver output to CRO.
Step-3 Switch ON the power supply.
Step-4 Set the oscilloscope channel 1 to 0.5V /div and adjust 4-6 div amplitude by using x1 probe
with the help of variable pot in function generator block.
Step-5 Observe the output signal from CRO .Measure the amplitude note this value and name it V1.
Step-6 Now replaces the previous FO cable with 1m cable without disturbing any previous setting.
Step-7 Measure the amplitude at the receiver side again at output receiver .Note this value and name it
V2.
Step-8 Calculate propagation (attenuation) loss with the help of following formula

V1/V2 = exp(-α(L1+L2))

Where α is loss in nepers/m

1 neper = 8.686dB
L1 = length of shorter cable (0.5m)
L2 = length of longer cable (1m)

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Trainer kit Connection is show in Fig2.1

Fig2.1 Connection for propagation loss

II. To find bending loss

1. Repeat all steps from Step 1-6 of the above procedure using 1m cable.
2. Wind FO cable on the Mandrel and observe the corresponding AC amplifier output on CRO.

It will be gradually reducing showing loss due to bends.

Mandrel is shown in Fig 2.2 and Trainer kit Connection is show in Fig2.3

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OBSERVATIONS:

No. of Bend Output Signal voltage in Volts

Without bending
1st Bend

2nd Bend

3rd Bend

Fig2.3 Connection for bending loss

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

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EXPERIMENT NO-3

(Study and measurement of numerical aperture of optical fiber)

OBJECT:
To measurement of the Numerical Aperture (NA) of the fiber.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

1. Trainer with power supply cord

2. Optical Fiber cable.
3. Numerical Aperture measurement Jig/Paper & Scale.

THEORY
The numerical aperture refers to maximum angle at which the incident on fiber end is totally
internally reflected and is transmitted along the fiber. The cone formed by rotation of this angle along
the axis of the fiber is the cone of acceptance of fiber. if light ray should strike the fiber end within this
cone of acceptance it will be transmitted properly else it is refracted out of fiber.

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PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the Power supply cord to mains supply and to the trainer ST2502.
2. Connect the frequency generator's 1 KHz sine wave output to input of emitter 1 circuit. Adjust its
amplitude at 5Vpp.
3. Connect one end of fiber cable to the output socket of emitter 1 circuit and the other end to the
numerical aperture measurement jig. Hold the white screen facing the fiber such that its cut face is
perpendicular to the axis of the fiber.
4. Hold fiber vertically at a suitable distance to make the red spot .
5. Record the distance of screen from the fiber end L and note the diameter W of the spot.
Compute the numerical aperture from the formula given below-

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

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EXPERIMENT NO-4

(Study and perform time division multiplexing )

(digital)

OBJECT: -
Study of TDM Pulse Amplitude Modulation /Demodulation with Transmitter Clock and
Channel Identification Information linked directly to the Receiver.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

1. TDM Pulse Amplitude Modulation /Demodulation kit. 20MHZ

2. CRO
3. CRO Probes
4. Patch Cords.

THEORY-

Function Generator basically provides four Amplitude variable(0-5V-PP) Synchronized sine

waves, each 250HZ,500HZ,1KHZ and 2KHZ and an amplitude variable DC level(0-5V).The 6.4
MHZ crystal oscillator generates a 6.4MHZ clock. The active filter at the output suppresses the ripple
and also takes care of the impedance matching. 64 KHZ clock is used as Sampling Clock and 16KHZ
is used for channel Identification. The Transmitter Section consists of a four Analog input Channels
with 4 pole Integrated Circuit Analog Switch, that provides Sampling and Time Division multiplexing
of each channel, using Amplitude Modulation Signals. The Receiver Section consists of a 4 pole
Analog Switch, That demultiplexes the 4 Channels and the reconstruction unit. The receiver timing
logic is very similar to the transmitter timing logic. The demultiplexer based on the control signals
CO, CL,C2,C3 assigns the information to the corresponding channels. The success of the
demultiplexer operation is fully dependent on how exactly RXCH0, RXCH1, RXCH2, RXCH3
signals match with the TXCH0, TXCH1,TXCH2, TXCH3 signals. The signals reconstruction unit is a
4th order Active Low Pass Filter provided for each receiver channel. They filter out the sampling
frequency and their harmonics from the demultiplexed signal and recover the base band by an
integrate action. The cut-off frequency of the 4th Order Low pass Filter is 3.4KHZ.

PROCEDURE-

1. Connect power supply in proper polarity to the kit.

2. Connect the 250HZ, 500HZ, 1KHZ and 2KHZ sine wave signals to the multiplexer input
channel CH0, CH1, CH2, CH3, by means of the patch cords provided.

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3. Connect the multiplexer output TXD of the transmitter section to the demultiplexer input RXD
of the receiver section.
4. Connect the sampling clock TX CLK and channel Identification Clock TX CHO of the
transmitter section to the corresponding RX CLK and RX CHO of the receiver section
respectively.
5. Set the amplitude of the input sine wave as desire.
6. Take observations as mentioned below.

Trainer kit for TDM shown in Fig 1.3.

Fig1.3 TDM kit

RESULT AND DISCUSSION:

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Experiment No- (5)

(Study of framing in time division multiplexing.)

OBJECT:
Study of framing in time division multiplexing
APPARATUS REQUIRED:

1. TDM Pulse Amplitude Modulation /Demodulation kit. 20MHZ

2. CRO
3. CRO Probes
4. Patch Cords.

THEORY-

Time division multiplexing is the process of combining the samples from different information
signals, in time domain so that they can be transmitted over the common channel. The fact utilized in
TDM technique is that there are large intervals between the message samples. The samples from the
other sources can be placed within these time intervals. Thus every sample is separated from other in
time domain. The time division multiplexing system can be simulated by two rotating switches, one at
transmitter and the other at receiver. (See fig 5.1) The two wipers rotate and establish electrical
contact with one channel at a time.

Fig 5.1

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Time division multiplexing is a technique of transmitting more than one information on the same
channel. As can be noticed from the fig 5.2. below the samples consists of short pulses followed by
another pulse after a long time interval. This no-activity time intervals can be used to include samples
from the other channels as well. This means that several information signals can be transmitted over a
single channel by sending samples from different information sources at different moments in time.
This technique is known as time division multiplexing or TDM. TDM is widely used in digital
communication systems to increase the efficiency of the transmitting medium. TDM can be achieved
by electronically switching the samples such that they inter leave sequentially at a correct instant in
time without mutual interference. The basic 4 channel TDM is shown in fig 5.3.

The switches S1 & S2 are rotating in the shown direction in a synchronized manner, where S1
is sampling channel to the transmission media. The timing of the two switches is very important to
ensure that the samples of one channel are received only by the corresponding channel at the receiver.
This synchronization between S1 & S2 must be established by some means for reliable
communication. One such method is to send synchronization code (information) along itself to the
transmitter all the time. In practice, the switches S1 & S2 are simulated electronically.

Fig5.2

The sequence of operation is synchronized to the transmitter clock TX. Clock (TP3). The time
occupied by each clock pulse is called a Bit. The sequence of operation is repeated after every 15 bits.
The complete cycle of 15 bits is called timing frame. The start of the timing frame is denoted by the
TX.TO signal (TP4) which goes high during the bit time 0. The various bits reserved for the data
appearing in the middle of each transmitter clock cycle is shown in figure the figure 12 shows the
complete timing frame.

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Fig5.3

PROCEDURE-

1. Connect power supply in proper polarity to the kit.

2. Connect the 250HZ, 500HZ, 1KHZ and 2KHZ sine wave signals to the multiplexer input
channel CH0, CH1, CH2, CH3, by means of the patch cords provided.
3. Connect the multiplexer output TXD of the transmitter section to the demultiplexer input RXD
of the receiver section.
4. Connect the sampling clock TX CLK and channel Identification Clock TX CHO of the
transmitter section to the corresponding RX CLK and RX CHO of the receiver section
respectively.
5. Set the amplitude of the input sine wave as desire.
6. Take observations as mentioned below.

Trainer kit for TDM shown in Fig 5.4.

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Fig5.4 TDM kit

RESULT AND DISCUSSION:

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Experiment No- (6)

(Study of Manchester coding and decoding)

OBJECT:
Study of Manchester coding and decoding.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

5. Manchester trainer kit

6. Fiber cable
7. CRO.
8. CRO Probes
9. Patch Cords.

THEORY-
The encoding rules for Manchester code are as follows. A data ‘0’ is encoded as a low level
during first half of the bit time and a high level during the second half. A data ‘1’ is encoded as a high
level during first half of the bit time and a low level during the second half as shown in Fig 3.1. Thus
string of ‘1’s or ‘0’s as well as any mixture of them will not pass any synchronization problem in
receiver.
The Manchester code always contains at least one transition per bit time irrespective of the
data being transmitted. Hence the maximum frequency of the Manchester is equal to the data clock
rate when a stream of a consecutive data’1’& ‘0’ is transmitted.

Fig3.1 Manchester code

PROCEDURE:

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1. Make connection as shown Fig 3.1for Manchester Coding &Decoding.

2. Switch on the trainer.
3. Observe the BIT CLK OUT at of CLOCK GENERATOR SECTION.
4. Observe the DATA OUT at DATA GENERATOR SECTION.
5. Observe the required Manchester Encoded output of MANCHESTER ENCODER SECTION.
Observe &Compare the wave form.
6. Observe the Decoded Manchester Data at DATA OUT of MANCHESTER DECODING
SECTION.
7. Observe & Compare DATA OUT at both Test Points

Fig3.1 Connection of Manchester Coding &Decoding.

RESULT AND DISCUSSION:

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Experiment No- (7)

(Study of voice coding and codec chip.)

OBJECT:

Study of PCM Generation and Demodulation of speech signal.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

1. PCM Generation & Demodulation using CODEC chip.

2. 2mm Patch Chord
3. Oscilloscope with connecting cable

PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the power supply main cord the trainer but DO NOT TRUN ON the power supply
until connection are made for this experiment
2. Make following connection as shown in connection diagram 7.1
3. From Clock source, Connect 2.048 MHz Clock output to system clock of sample rate
generator.
4. Switch ‘ON’ The power supply of the trainer and oscilloscope.
5. Observe the signal available on DATA Clock and Clock enable on oscilloscope with respect
to ground terminal provide on board.
6. Connect the microphone to trainer as shown in fig7.1 to provide voice signal for modulation.
7. Observe the signal of TDD on oscilloscope with respect to ground, which shown the
modulated voice signal.
8. Connect the signal TDD of ADC to RDD of DAC for demodulation of signal presented at
input terminal.
9. Observe the demodulated signal by connecting RXO terminal of DAC to headphone as shown
in fig.7.1.
10. Change the System Clock of sample Rate generator to 1.024MHz, 4.096MHz and 8.192 MHz
observe the effect of respective change in PCM coding and Decoding.

OBERVATION:

1. Signal available on output (RXO), After PCM coding followed by decoding is same as analog
signal given at input of Codec.
2. PCM coding is method of converting analog signal to digital signal that’s why the output of
ADC TDD in this codec is digital levels showing the instantaneous changes of analog signal.
3. DATA CLOCK and CLOCK ENABLE vary with change in system clock.

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RESULT AND DISCUSSION:

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Experiment No- (8)

(CHARACTERISTICS OF LED)

OBJECT:

1. To study the relationship between the LED forward current and the LED optical power output.
2. To determine the linearity of the device at 660nm and 850nm.
3. To determine conversion efficiency of the two LED’s

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

4. Analog Fiber optic trainers (Tx and Rx)

5. Fiber optic links of 1m and 5m length.
6. Cathode Ray Oscilloscope
7. Digital multi-meter.

THEORY:

LED’s and laser diodes the commonly used sources in optical communication systems,
whether the system transmits digital or analog signals. In the case of analog transmission, direct
intensity modulation of the optical source is possible, provided the optical output from the source can
be varied linearly as a function of the modulating electrical signal amplitude. LEDs have a linear
optical output with relation to the forward current over a certain region of operation. It may be
mentioned that in many low-cost and small band-width applications LEDs at 660nm and 850nm are
popular. While direct intensity modulation is simple to realize, higher performance is achieved by FM
modulation is simple to realize, higher performance is achieved by FM modulating the base band
signal prior to intensity modulation.

FO pin has a 66% higher sensitivity at 850nm as compared to 660nm for the same input optical
power .This corresponds to a sensitivity higher by 2.2 dB. Note that to calibrate the power meter at
850nm, deduct 2.2dB from the measured reading. In computing losses in cables and fibers this gets
eliminated while solving the equations.

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE:

1. Connect circuit as shown in diagram. Connect one end of cable 1 (1m) to the FO LED
1 (660nm) port and other end to the FO pin port(power supply).
2. Switch ON the power supply.
3. Adjust the potentiometer P0, So that the power meter reads -15.0 dBm.
4. Connect the digital Multi-meter at V01 terminal provided at F0 LED 1 and measure
voltage V01

If1 = V01/R1 in mA

Where If1 = 660nm LED forward current.

R1=Internal Resistance (100 Ohms)

5. Adjust the Potentiometer PO to the extreme anti-clock wise position to reduce If1 to
0.
6. Slowly turn the potentiometer P0 clockwise to increase If1. The power meter should
read -30.0 dB approximately. From here vary the pot P0 in suitable steps and note

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the V01 and note the power meter readings, P0 record up to the extreme clockwise
position and note down the values in table.
7. Switch OFF the power supply.
8. Repeat the complete experiment for FO LED2 and tabulate the readings in table .for
V02& P0.
If2 = V02/R2 in mA.

(Apply the condition of 2.2dB discussed in Experiment for the 850nm LED)

Where If2=850nm LED forward current.

R2=Internal resistance (100 Ohms).

OBSERVATION TABLE:

(A) For 660nm:

L W Ө
S.NO NA
(mm) (mm) (degrees)

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(B) For 850nm:

S.NO VO2 If2=V02/10 0 P0

(mV) (dBm)

PRECAUTIONS:

1. Avoid loose connections.

2. Avoid Parallax errors.

RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS:

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