I PUC 2024-25 (New syllabus) Computer Science Chapter 10 Tuples and Dictionary

Chapter 10 Tuples and Dictionary

INTRODUCTION TO TUPLES
 A tuple is an ordered sequence of elements of different data types, such as integer, float, string, list or even a tuple.
 Elements of a tuple are enclosed in parenthesis (round brackets) and are separated by commas.
 Like list and string, elements of a tuple can be accessed using index values, starting from 0.

Example 1:
>>> tuple1 = (1,2,3,4,5) #tuple1 is the tuple of integers
>>> tuple1
(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
Example 2:
>>> tuple2 =('Economics',87,'Accountancy',89.6) #tuple2 is the tuple of mixed data types
>>> tuple2
('Economics', 87, 'Accountancy', 89.6)
Example 3:
>>> tuple3 = (10,20,30,[40,50]) #tuple3 is the tuple with list as an element
>>> tuple3
(10, 20, 30, [40, 50])
Example 4:
>>> tuple4 = (1,2,3,4,5,(10,20)) #tuple4 is the tuple with tuple as an element
>>> tuple4
(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, (10, 20))
Note
 If there is only a single element in a tuple then the element should be followed by a comma.
 If we assign the value without comma it is treated as integer.
 It should be noted that a sequence without parenthesis is treated as tuple by default.

Example 1:
 Incorrect way of assigning single element to tuple.
 Tuple5 is assigned a single element
>>> tuple5 = (20)
>>> tuple5
20
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I PUC 2024-25 (New syllabus) Computer Science Chapter 10 Tuples and Dictionary

>>>type(tuple5) #tuple5 is not of type tuple

<class 'int'> #it is treated as integer

Example 2:
 Correct Way of assigning single element to tuple.
 tuple5 is assigned a single element

>>> tuple5 = (20,) #element followed by comma

>>> tuple5
(20,)
>>>type(tuple5) #tuple5 is of type tuple
<class 'tuple'>

Example 3: a sequence without parentheses is treated as tuple by default

>>> seq = 1,2,3 #comma separated elements

>>> type(seq) #treated as tuple
<class 'tuple'>

>>> print(seq) #seq is a tuple

(1, 2, 3)

Accessing Elements in a Tuple: Elements of a tuple can be accessed in the same way as a list or string using indexing and slicing.
Example 1:
>>> tuple1 = (2,4,6,8,10,12)
#initializes a tuple tuple1
#returns the first element of tuple1
>>> tuple1[0]
2
Example 2:
#returns fourth element of tuple1
>>> tuple1[3]
8

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I PUC 2024-25 (New syllabus) Computer Science Chapter 10 Tuples and Dictionary

Example 3: #returns error as index is out of range

>>> tuple1[15]
IndexError: tuple index out of range

Example 4: #an expression resulting in an integer index

>>> tuple1[1+4]
12

Example 5: #returns first element from right

>>> tuple1[-1]
12

Tuple is Immutable
 Tuple is an immutable data type.
 It means that the elements of a tuple cannot be changed after it has been created.
 An attempt to do this would lead to an error.
Example 1:
>>> tuple1 = (1,2,3,4,5)
>>> tuple1[4] = 10
TypeError: 'tuple' object does not support item assignment

But an element of a tuple may be of mutable type, if there is a list.

>>> tuple2 = (1,2,3,[8,9]) #4th element of the tuple2 is a list
>>> tuple2[3][1] = 10 #modify the list element of the tuple tuple2
>>> tuple2 #modification is reflected in tuple2
(1, 2, 3, [8, 10])

TUPLE OPERATIONS
1) Concatenation
2) Repetition
3) Membership
4) Slicing

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I PUC 2024-25 (New syllabus) Computer Science Chapter 10 Tuples and Dictionary

1) Concatenation
 Python allows to join tuples using concatenation operator plus, represented by symbol +.
 It is also possible create a new tuple which contains the result of this concatenation operation.

Example 1:
>>> tuple1 = (1,3,5,7,9)
>>> tuple2 = (2,4,6,8,10)
>>> tuple1 + tuple2
(1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10) #concatenates two tuples

Example 2:
>>> tuple3 = ('Red','Green','Blue')
>>> tuple4 = ('Cyan', 'Magenta', 'Yellow','Black')
>>> tuple5 = tuple3 + tuple4
>>> tuple5 #tuple5 stores elements of tuple3 and tuple4
('Red','Green','Blue','Cyan','Magenta','Yellow','Black')

Extending tuple
 Concatenation operator can also be used for extending an existing tuple.
 When tuple is extended, using concatenation a new tuple is created.

Example 1:
>>> tuple6 = (1,2,3,4,5)
>>> tuple6 = tuple6 + (6,) #single element is appended to tuple6
>>> tuple6
(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6)
Example 2: more than one elements are appended
>>> tuple6 = (1,2,3,4,5)
>>> tuple6 = tuple6 + (7,8,9)
>>> tuple6
(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9)

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I PUC 2024-25 (New syllabus) Computer Science Chapter 10 Tuples and Dictionary

2) Repetition
Repetition operation is represented by the symbol *.
It is used to repeat elements of a tuple.
The repetition operator requires the first operand to be a tuple and the second operand to be an integer only.
Example 1:
>>> tuple1 = ('Hello','World')
>>> tuple1 * 3
('Hello', 'World', 'Hello', 'World', 'Hello', 'World')

Example 2: tuple with single element

>>> tuple2 = ("Hello",)
>>> tuple2 * 4
('Hello', 'Hello', 'Hello', 'Hello')

3) Membership:
 The in operator checks if the element is present in the tuple and returns True, else it returns False.
 The not in operator returns True if the element is not present in the tuple, else it returns False.

Example 1:
>>> tuple1 = ('Red','Green','Blue')
>>> 'Green' in tuple1
True

Example 2:
>>> tuple1 = ('Red','Green','Blue')
>>> 'Green' not in tuple1
False

4) Slicing: In Python, to access some part of a tuple, a method called slicing is used.
Example 1:
>>> tuple1 = (10,20,30,40,50,60,70,80)
>>> tuple1[2:7] #elements from index 2 to index 6
(30, 40, 50, 60, 70)

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I PUC 2024-25 (New syllabus) Computer Science Chapter 10 Tuples and Dictionary

Example 2: all elements of tuple are printed

>>> tuple1 = (10,20,30,40,50,60,70,80)
>>> tuple1[0:len(tuple1)]
(10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80)

Example 3: slice starts from zero index

>>> tuple1 = (10,20,30,40,50,60,70,80)
>>> tuple1[:5]
(10, 20, 30, 40, 50)

Example 4: slice is till end of the tuple

>>> tuple1[2:]
(30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80)

Example 5: Using step size 2

>>> tuple1 = (10,20,30,40,50,60,70,80)
>>> tuple1[0:len(tuple1):2]
(10, 30, 50, 70)

Example 6: Negative indexing

>>> tuple1[-6:-4]
(30, 40)

Example 7: tuple is traversed in reverse order

>>> tuple1[::-1]
(80, 70, 60, 50, 40, 30, 20, 10)

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I PUC 2024-25 (New syllabus) Computer Science Chapter 10 Tuples and Dictionary

TUPLE METHODS AND BUILT-IN FUNCTIONS: Following is a list of some of the commonly used tuple methods and built-in functions.

1) len(): Returns the length or the number of elements of the tuple passed as the argument
Example 1:
>>> tuple1 = (10,20,30,40,50)
>>> len(tuple1)
5

2) tuple()
 Creates an empty tuple if no argument is passed
 Creates a tuple if a sequence is passed as argument

Example 1:
>>> tuple1 = tuple()
>>> tuple1
()

Example 2:
>>> tuple1 = tuple('aeiou') #string
>>> tuple1
('a', 'e', 'i', 'o', 'u')
Example 3:
>>> tuple2 = tuple([1,2,3]) #list
>>> tuple2
(1, 2, 3)
Example 4:
>>> tuple3 = tuple(range(5))
>>> tuple3
(0, 1, 2, 3, 4)

3) count (): Returns the number of times the given element appears in the tuple.

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I PUC 2024-25 (New syllabus) Computer Science Chapter 10 Tuples and Dictionary

Example 1:
>>> tuple1 = (10,20,30,10,40,10,50)
>>> tuple1.count(10)
3
Example 2:
>>> tuple1 = (10,20,30,10,40,10,50)
>>> tuple1.count(90)
0

4) index(): Returns the index of the first occurrence of the element in the given tuple.
Example 1:
>>> tuple1 = (10,20,30,40,50)
>>> tuple1.index(30)
2
Example 2:
>>> tuple1 = (10,20,30,40,50)
>>> tuple1.index(90)
ValueError: tuple.index(x): x not in tuple

5) sorted():
 Takes elements in the tuple and returns a new sorted list.
 sorted() does not make any change to the original tuple
Example:
>>> tuple1 = ("Rama","Heena","Raj","Mohsin","Aditya")
>>> sorted(tuple1)
['Aditya', 'Heena', 'Mohsin', 'Raj','Rama']

6) min(): Returns minimum or smallest element of the tuple

Example :
>>> tuple1 = (19,12,56,18,9,87,34)
>>> min(tuple1)
9

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I PUC 2024-25 (New syllabus) Computer Science Chapter 10 Tuples and Dictionary

7) max(): Returns maximum or largest element of the tuple

Example:
>>> tuple1 = (19,12,56,18,9,87,34)
>>> max(tuple1)
87

8) sum(): Returns sum of the elements of the Tuple

Example:
>>> tuple1 = (19,12,56,18,9,87,34)
>>> sum(tuple1)
235

TUPLE ASSIGNMENT
 It allows a tuple of variables on the left side of the assignment operator to be assigned respective values from a tuple on the right
side.
 The number of variables on the left should be same as the number of elements in the tuple.
 If there is an expression on the right side then the expression is evaluated first and result is assigned to the tuple.

Example 1: The first element 10 is assigned to num1 and the second element 20 is assigned to num2.
>>> (num1,num2) = (10,20)
>>> print(num1)
10
>>> print(num2)
20
Example 2:
>>> record = ( "Pooja",40,"CS")
>>> (name,rollNo,subject) = record
>>> name
'Pooja'
>>> rollNo
40
>>> subject
'CS'

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I PUC 2024-25 (New syllabus) Computer Science Chapter 10 Tuples and Dictionary

Example 3:
>>> (a,b,c,d) = (5,6,8)
ValueError: not enough values to unpack
(expected 4, got 3)

Example 4: 15 is assigned to num3 and 25 is assigned to num4

>>> (num3,num4) = (10+5,20+5)
>>> print(num3)
15
>>> print(num4)
25

NESTED TUPLES: A tuple inside another tuple is called a nested tuple.

Program: In the following program roll number, name and marks (in percentage) of students are saved in a tuple. To store details of many
such students, nested tuple is created.

Program:
st=((101,"Aman",98),(102,"Geet",95),(103,"Sahil",87),(104,"Pawan",79))
print("S_No"," Roll_No"," Name"," Marks")
for i in range(0,len(st)):
print((i+1),'\t',st[i][0],'\t',st[i][1],'\t',st[i][2])

Output:
S_No Roll_No Name Marks
1 101 Aman 98
2 102 Geet 95
3 103 Sahil 87
4 104 Pawan 79

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I PUC 2024-25 (New syllabus) Computer Science Chapter 10 Tuples and Dictionary

TUPLE HANDLING
Program 1: Write a program to swap two numbers without using a temporary variable.
Program:
num1 = int(input('Enter the first number: '))
num2 = int(input('Enter the second number: '))
print("\nNumbers before swapping:")
print("First Number:",num1)
print("Second Number:",num2)
(num1,num2) = (num2,num1)
print("\nNumbers after swapping:")
print("Second Number:",num2)

Output:
Enter the first number: 5
Enter the second number: 10

Numbers before swapping:

First Number: 5
Second Number: 10

Numbers after swapping:

First Number: 10
Second Number: 5

Program 2: Write a program to compute the area and circumference of a circle using a function.
Program:
def circle(r):
area = 3.14*r*r
circumference = 2*3.14*r
return (area,circumference)

radius = int(input('Enter radius of circle: '))

area,circumference = circle(radius)
print('Area of circle is:',area)

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I PUC 2024-25 (New syllabus) Computer Science Chapter 10 Tuples and Dictionary

print('Circumference of circle is:',circumference)

Output:
Enter radius of circle: 5
Area of circle is: 78.5
Circumference of circle is: 31.400000000000002

Program 3: Write a program to input n numbers from the user. Store these numbers in a tuple. Print the maximum and minimum number
from this tuple.
Program:
numbers = tuple() #create an empty tuple 'numbers'
n = int(input("How many numbers you want to enter?: "))
for i in range(0,n):
num = int(input())
numbers = numbers +(num,)

print('\nThe numbers in the tuple are:')

print(numbers)
print("\nThe maximum number is:")
print(max(numbers))
print("The minimum number is:")
print(min(numbers))

Output:
How many numbers do you want to enter?: 5
98
10
12
15

The numbers in the tuple are:

(9, 8, 10, 12, 15)

The maximum number is:

15

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I PUC 2024-25 (New syllabus) Computer Science Chapter 10 Tuples and Dictionary

The minimum number is:

8

INTRODUCTION TO DICTIONARIES
 The data type dictionary fall under mapping.
 It is a mapping between a set of keys and a set of values.
 The key-value pair is called an item.
 A key is separated from its value by a colon(:) and consecutive items are separated by commas.
 Items in dictionaries are unordered, so it may not be possible to get back the data in the same order in which it is entered initially in
the dictionary.

Creating a Dictionary
 To create a dictionary, the items entered are separated by commas and enclosed in curly braces.
 Each item is a key value pair, separated through colon (:).
 The keys in the dictionary must be unique and should be of any immutable data type, i.e., number, string or tuple.
 The values can be repeated and can be of any data type.

Example 1:
 dict1 is an empty Dictionary created
 curly braces are used for dictionary
>>> dict1 = { }
>>> dict1
{}

Example 2: dict2 is an empty dictionary created using built-in function.

>>> dict2 = dict()
>>> dict2
{}
Example 3: dict3 is the dictionary that maps names of the students to respective marks in percentage
>>> dict3 = {'Mohan':95,'Ram':89,'Suhel':92,'Sangeeta':85}
>>> dict3
{'Mohan': 95, 'Ram': 89, 'Suhel': 92,'Sangeeta': 85}

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I PUC 2024-25 (New syllabus) Computer Science Chapter 10 Tuples and Dictionary

Accessing Items in a Dictionary

 The items of a dictionary are accessed via the keys rather than via their relative positions or indices.
 Each key serves as the index and maps to a value.

Example: The following code shows how a dictionary returns the value corresponding to the given key:
>>> dict3 = {'Mohan':95,'Ram':89,'Suhel':92,'Sangeeta':85}
>>> dict3['Ram']
89
>>> dict3['Sangeeta']
85
Example 2: If the key does not exist , an error is generated.
>>> dict3 = {'Mohan':95,'Ram':89,'Suhel':92,'Sangeeta':85}
>>> dict3['Shyam']
KeyError: 'Shyam'

DICTIONARIES ARE MUTABLE: Dictionaries are mutable which implies that the contents of the dictionary can be changed after it has been
created.
Example 1: Adding a new item to the dictionary as shown in the following example:
>>> dict1 = {'Mohan':95,'Ram':89,'Suhel':92,'Sangeeta':85}
>>> dict1
{'Mohan': 95, 'Ram': 89, 'Suhel': 92,'Sangeeta': 85, 'Meena': 78}

Example 2: The existing dictionary can be modified by just overwriting the key-value pair.
>>> dict1 = {'Mohan':95,'Ram':89,'Suhel':92,'Sangeeta':85}
>>> dict1['Suhel'] = 93.5
>>> dict1
{'Mohan': 95, 'Ram': 89, 'Suhel': 93.5,'Sangeeta': 85}

DICTIONARY OPERATIONS
1) Membership
 The membership operator in checks if the key is present in the dictionary and returns True, else it returns False.
 The not in operator returns True if the key is not present in the dictionary, else it returns False.

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I PUC 2024-25 (New syllabus) Computer Science Chapter 10 Tuples and Dictionary

Example 1:
>>> dict1 = {'Mohan':95,'Ram':89,'Suhel':92,'Sangeeta':85}
>>> 'Suhel' in dict1
True
Example 2:
>>> dict1 = {'Mohan':95,'Ram':89,'Suhel':92,'Sangeeta':85}
>>> 'Suhel' not in dict1
False

TRAVERSING A DICTIONARY: for loop is used to access each item of the dictionary or traverse a dictionary.
Example: Consider a dictionary
>>> dict1 = {'Mohan':95,'Ram':89,'Suhel':92,'Sangeeta':85}

Method 1:
>>> for key in dict1:
print(key,':',dict1[key])

Output:
Mohan: 95
Ram: 89
Suhel: 92
Sangeeta: 85

Method 2
>>> for key,value in dict1.items():
print(key,':',value)
Output:
Mohan: 95
Ram: 89
Suhel: 92
Sangeeta: 85

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I PUC 2024-25 (New syllabus) Computer Science Chapter 10 Tuples and Dictionary

DICTIONARY METHODS AND BUILT-IN FUNCTIONS: Some of the commonly used dictionary methods and built-in functions are listed
below.

1) len(): Returns the length or number of key: value pairs of the dictionary passed as the argument.
Example 1:
>>> dict1 = {'Mohan':95,'Ram':89,'Suhel':92, 'Sangeeta':85}
>>> len(dict1)
4

2) dict(): Creates a dictionary from a sequence of key-value pairs

Example:
pair1 = [('Mohan',95),('Ram',89),('Suhel',92),('Sangeeta',85)]
>>> pair1
[('Mohan', 95), ('Ram', 89), ('Suhel',92), ('Sangeeta', 85)]
>>> dict1 = dict(pair1)
>>> dict1
{'Mohan': 95, 'Ram': 89, 'Suhel': 92,'Sangeeta': 85}

3) keys(): Returns a list of keys in the dictionary

>>> dict1 = {'Mohan':95, 'Ram':89,'Suhel':92, 'Sangeeta':85}
>>> dict1.keys()
dict_keys(['Mohan', 'Ram', 'Suhel','Sangeeta'])

4) values(): Returns a list of values in the dictionary

Example:
>>> dict1 = {'Mohan':95, 'Ram':89,'Suhel':92, 'Sangeeta':85}
>>> dict1.values()
dict_values([95, 89, 92, 85])

5) items(): Returns a list of tuples(key – value) pair

Example:
>>> dict1 = {'Mohan':95, 'Ram':89,'Suhel':92, 'Sangeeta':85}
>>> dict1.items()
dict_items([( 'Mohan', 95), ('Ram',89), ('Suhel', 92), ('Sangeeta', 85)])

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I PUC 2024-25 (New syllabus) Computer Science Chapter 10 Tuples and Dictionary

6) get():
 Returns the value corresponding to the key passed as the argument
 If the key is not present in the dictionary it will return None
Example:
>>> dict1 = {'Mohan':95, 'Ram':89,'Suhel':92, 'Sangeeta':85}
>>> dict1.get('Sangeeta')
85
>>> dict1.get('Sohan')
>>>

7) update(): appends the key-value pair of the dictionary passed as the argument to the key-value pair of the given dictionary
Example:
>>> dict1 = {'Mohan':95, 'Ram':89,'Suhel':92, 'Sangeeta':85}
>>> dict2 = {'Sohan':79,'Geeta':89}
>>> dict1.update(dict2)
>>> dict1
{'Mohan': 95, 'Ram': 89, 'Suhel': 92,'Sangeeta': 85, 'Sohan': 79, 'Geeta':89}
>>> dict2
{'Sohan': 79, 'Geeta': 89}

8) del():
 Deletes the item with the given key.
 To delete the dictionary from the memory we write: del Dict_name
Example:
>>> dict1 = {'Mohan':95,'Ram':89,'Suhel':92, 'Sangeeta':85}
>>> del dict1['Ram']
>>> dict1
{'Mohan':95,'Suhel':92, 'Sangeeta': 85}
>>> del dict1 ['Mohan']
>>> dict1
{'Suhel': 92, 'Sangeeta': 85}
>>> del dict1
>>> dict1

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NameError: name 'dict1' is not defined

9) clear() Deletes or clear all the items of the dictionary

Example:
>>> dict1 = {'Mohan':95,'Ram':89,'Suhel':92, 'Sangeeta':85}
>>> dict1.clear()
>>> dict1
{}

MANIPULATING DICTIONARIES: The following programs show the application of manipulation methods, functions on dictionaries.

Program: Create a dictionary ‘ODD’ of odd numbers between 1 and 10, where the key is the decimal number and the value is the
corresponding number in words. Perform the following operations on this dictionary:
(a) Display the keys
(b) Display the values
(c) Display the items
(d) Find the length of the dictionary
(e) Check if 7 is present or not
(f) Check if 2 is present or not
(g) Retrieve the value corresponding to the key 9
(h) Delete the item from the dictionary corresponding to the key 9
Program:
>>> ODD = {1:'One',3:'Three',5:'Five',7:'Seven',9:'Nine'}
>>> ODD
{1: 'One', 3: 'Three', 5: 'Five', 7: 'Seven', 9: 'Nine'}

(a) Display the keys

>>> ODD.keys()
dict_keys([1, 3, 5, 7, 9])

(b) Display the values

>>> ODD.values()
dict_values(['One', 'Three', 'Five', 'Seven', 'Nine'])

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I PUC 2024-25 (New syllabus) Computer Science Chapter 10 Tuples and Dictionary

(c) Display the items

>>> ODD.items()
dict_items([(1, 'One'), (3, 'Three'), (5, 'Five'), (7, 'Seven'),(9, 'Nine')])

(d) Find the length of the dictionary

>>> len(ODD)
5

(e) Check if 7 is present or not

>>> 7 in ODD
True

(f) Check if 2 is present or not

>>> 2 in ODD
False

(g) Retrieve the value corresponding to the key 9

>>> ODD.get(9)
'Nine'

(h) Delete the item from the dictionary corresponding to the key 9
>>> del ODD[9]
>>> ODD
{1: 'One', 3: 'Three', 5: 'Five', 7: 'Seven'}

Program: Write a program to enter names of employees and their salaries as input and store them in a dictionary.
Program:
num = int(input("Enter the number of employees whose data to be stored: "))
count = 1
employee = dict() #create an empty dictionary
while count <= num:
name = input("Enter the name of the Employee: ")
salary = int(input("Enter the salary: "))
employee[name] = salary

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I PUC 2024-25 (New syllabus) Computer Science Chapter 10 Tuples and Dictionary

count += 1
print("\n\nEMPLOYEE_NAME\tSALARY")
for k in employee:
print(k,'\t\t',employee[k])
Output:
Enter the number of employees to be stored: 5
Enter the name of the Employee: 'Tarun'
Enter the salary: 12000
Enter the name of the Employee: 'Amina'
Enter the salary: 34000
Enter the name of the Employee: 'Joseph'
Enter the salary: 24000
Enter the name of the Employee: 'Rahul'
Enter the salary: 30000
Enter the name of the Employee: 'Zoya'
Enter the salary: 25000
EMPLOYEE_NAME SALARY
'Tarun' 12000
'Amina' 34000
'Joseph' 24000
'Rahul' 30000
'Zoya' 25000

Program: Write a program to count the number of times a character appears in a given string.
Program:
st = input("Enter a string: ")
dic = {} #creates an empty dictionary
for ch in st:
if ch in dic: #if next character is already in the dictionary
dic[ch] += 1
else:
dic[ch] = 1 #if ch appears for the first time
for key in dic:
print(key,':',dic[key])

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I PUC 2024-25 (New syllabus) Computer Science Chapter 10 Tuples and Dictionary

Output:
Enter a string: HelloWorld
H:1
e:1
l:3
o:2
W:1
r:1
d:1

Program: Write a function to convert a number entered by the user into its corresponding number in words. For example, if the input is
876 then the output should be ‘Eight Seven Six’.
Program:
def convert(num):
numberNames = {0:'Zero',1:'One',2:'Two',3:'Three',4:'Four',\5:'Five',6:'Six',7:'Seven',8:'Eight',9:'Nine'}
result = ''
for ch in num:
key = int(ch) #converts character to integer
value = numberNames[key]
result = result + ' ' + value
return result
num = input("Enter any number: ") #number is stored as string
result = convert(num)
print("The number is:",num)
print("The numberName is:",result)

Output:
Enter any number: 6512
The number is: 6512
The numberName is: Six Five One Two

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