oe 4 CF iG Nyei|5 fe PRASHANT KIRADPRASHANT KIRAD 3. A ray passing through the center of curvature of a concave mirror or directed toward the center of curvature of a convex mirror will be reflected back along its original path Concave Convex Mirror Mirror 4. Ray incident obliquely to the principal axis towards the pole of the concave mirror on a convex mirror is Reflected Obliquely. Concave Mirror IMAGEFORMATION BY CONVEX MIRROR: 1) Object at infinity Nature of the Position of the object Positionof the image sizeof the image ra Attocus,F,behind the Highly diminished and Virtual and age mirror pointed in size erect Between infinity andthe Between P and F eee Virtual and pole of the mirror bbehind the mieror im erectPRASHANTKIRAD « Principal axis: The principal axis of a spherical mirror is a straight line that extends through the mirror's pole and its center of curvature. This axis is perpendicular to the mirror's surface at its pole Principal Focus: Parallel rays meet at the principal focus (F) for a concave mirror and seem to diverge from the principal focus (F) for a convex mirror. The distance between the mirror's center and the principal focus is the focal length. Aperture: The reflecting surface's diameter ina spherical mirror is called the aperture. When the aperture is much smaller than the radius of curvature, we can use R = 2f as an approximation. Ray Diagrams Rules: (1A parallel ray will either pass through or ‘appear to converge at the principal focus for a concave mirror ahd-jappear to diverge from the principal focus for a convex mirror. 2. A ray directed at the principal focus of a concave mirror or passing through the principal focus of a convex mirror will come out parallel toPRASHANTKIRAD Spherical Mirrors: Mirrors, Whose reflecting surfaces are spherical in the part of a hollow sphere of glass. A Concave mirror is a curved mirror where the reflecting surface is on the inner side of the curved shape. Convex Mirror is a curved mirror where the reflective surface bulges out toward the light source. “yo. Conver mitoe Concave miror (1) Concave mirror - Whose Reflecting Surface is curved inwards is called a concave mirror. (2) Convex mirror -Whose Reflecting Surface is €lryed outwards is called a convex mirror. Terms used in Spherical mirrors: ‘convex + Pole: The center of a spherical mirror's reflecting surface coincides with the ror's surface itself. Typically, we denote the mirror's pole with the letter * Centre of curvature: A spherical mirror has a curved surface from a sphere. The center of that sphere is the center of curvature. In concave mirrors, it's in front, in convex mirrors, it's behind. + Radius of curvature: The sphere's radius, from which the reflecting surface of a spherical mirror is derived, is symbolized by the letter "R."PRASHANT KIRAD REFLECTION The phenomenon where light rays return to the same medium upon striking a surface is known as "reflection." Laws of Reflection:«— The First Law of Reflection: The incident ray, the reflected ray, and the normal to the surface at the point of incidence, all lie in the same plane. The Second Law of Reflection: The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection. In other words, the angle between the incident ray and the normal is equal to the angle between the reflected ray and the normal. *These laws of reflection are applicable to the reflection of light from any smooth surface, not jist mirrors.* Properties of Image Formed by a Plane Mirror: 1. An image formed by a plane mirror is virtual and erect. 2. The Image is laterally inverted 3. The image formed is as far behind the mirror as the object is in front of it 4. The Size of the image is Equal to that of the Object (m=1)PRASHANTKIRAD REFRACTION A Change in the path of a light ray as it passes “from one medium to another me is called the Refraction of light. Rarer \ rg el Light rays undergo réfraction Light rays refract by bending by bending toward the normal away from the normal when when they transition from a they transition from a denser rarer medium to a denser one. medium to a rarer one. LAWS OF REFRACTION: © The incident ray, the reflected ray, and the normal to the surface of separation of two media at the same point of incidence, all lie in the same plane. © Snell's law: The ratio of sine of angle of incidence to the sine of angle of refraction for a light of a given color is constant for a given pair of media. - refractive indexMIRROR FORMULA: @ The distance of the Object from its pole is called the Object distance (u) © The distance of the Image from its pole is called the image distance (v) The distance of the principal focus from the pole is called the focal length (f) Magnification (m): Magnification Produced by a spherical.mirror gives the relative Extent to which the image of an Object is magnified with respect to the Object's size. Magnification 1. O i = 60° ‘Question The refractive index of dense flint glass is 1.65 and that of alcohol is 1.36 both wit! respect to air. What is the refractive index of flint glass with respect to alcohol? Refractive index of flint glass = m = 1.65 Refractive index of alcohol = n2 = 1.36 Therefore, Refractive index of flint glass with respect to alcohol = mz = #2 121PRASHANT KIRAD Refraction through a Rectangular Glass slab: Rectangular glass slab s i= Incident Ray r= Reflected Ray e= Emergent Ray Angle of incidence = Angle of emergence (Zi)=(Ze) @ When a ray of light is incident perpendicularly on a plane glass slab, it passes through undeviated. In this case, the angle of incidence (Zi) is 0°, and therefore, the angle of refraction (Zr) is also 0° Refractive Index: The refractive index measures how light changes direction when it moves from air to another material. It shows how fast or slow light travels and bends in different substances, helping us understand its behavior. Refractive index of Medium 2 _ Speed of Light in Medium 1 with respect to Medium 1 Speed of Light in Medium 2 _ Speed of Light in Medium 1 21“ ‘speed of Light in Medium 2PRASHANT KIRAD ##TOP 7 QUESTIONS Q.1) As the velocity of light increases, the refractive index of the medium decreases Light enters from air to water having a refractive index of 4/3. Find the speed of light in water. The speed of light in a vacuum is 3*10°(8) m/s. [CBSE 2012] (2 - Marks) Solution: Given: 3 x 10°m/s = 2.25 x 10° Q.2)an object is placed at the focus of a convex position of the image formed, if any. State its position and nature. [CBSE 2013] (2-Marks) Draw a ray diagram to locate the Innage is formed at ©, image will be real, inertyd Solution: and enlarged Q.3) What is meant by the power of a lens? Give its ST unit. When two or more lenses are placed in contaPower of ens is the ability of the lens to converge or diverge a ray of light incident on it. It is the reciprocal Solution: 8 the focal length of the lens, ic. P= +. The SI unit of power is D(dioptre) if f is measured in metre. Q.4) differentiate between reflection and refraction of light tis th of bouncing back of ray of light i phenomenon he same medinn after striking with a surface Zr (angle of reflection) Reflection can take place from any surface bending a ray of light when it travels from ‘one another medium. Zi* Zr (angle of refraction) Refraction can take place from a transparent interfaceNote: We apply sign conventions similar to those used for spherical mirrors, with the exception that all measurements are taken from the optical center of the lens. Magnification - Ratio of the height of the Image and the height of the Object Represented by (m) hi - height of the image ho- height of the object (-Ve) Sign shows that the image is virtual & erect. (+Ve) Sign shows that the,image is real & inverted. Power of Lens: The power of a lens is a measure of its ability to converge or diverge light and is defined as the reciprocal of its focal length (F) in meters. It is typically measured in diopters (D) and is calculated using the formula: f - focal length in meter. SI unit => (D) DioptrePRASHANT KIRAD_ Case (v) Object at f n Case (vi) Object distance 1W=1/20 + 1/-21 => 1/v = 21-20/420 = 1/420: v = 420 cm or 4.2m So, the screen be placed,4.2 m away from the lens of the projector. @ Here the slide is placed between F and 2F of the lens and the image is formed beyond 2F' of lens on its other side.PRASHANT KIRAD () What type of Mirror is required to make ORVM in the vehicles? (b) What type of image is formed by such a mirror? (©) Draw a ray diagram to show the formation of an image by this type of mirror. (d) Why are these types of mirrors used as rear-view mirrors in vehicles? Solution: (a) Convex Mirror (©) Convex mirror always forms an erect, virtual, and diminished image for all positions of the object placed in front of it. () Convex mirrors are used as rear-view mirrors in vehicles to see the traffic at the rear side (or back side) because- (i) a convex mirror always\produces an erect image of the object; (ii) the image formed ina convex mirror‘ is highly diminished due to which a convex mirror gives a wide field of view. Q.2) The above images are those of a’spéeialized slide projector. Slides are small transparencies mounted in sturdy frames ideally suited, to magnif projection since they have a very high resolution and a high image quality. There is a tray where the slides are to be put into a particular orientation so that the viewers can see the enlarged erect images of the transparent slides. This means that the slides will have to be inserted upside down in the projector tray. Te show her students the images of insects that she investigated in the lab, Mrs. Iyer brought a slide projector. Her slide projector produced a 500-times enlarged and inverted image of a slide on @ sereen 10 m away. (CBSE 22-23 SQPs) (a) Based on the text and data given in the above paragraph, what kind of lens must the slide projector have?Q.?) (a) A concave minror produces a three-times enlarged image of an object placed 10 em in front of it Calculate the focal length of the mirror (b) Show the formation of the image with the help of a ray diagram when the object is placed 6 em away from the pole of a convex mirror. age is formed in concave mirror i.e Mirror forma, (b) When u=—6 from pole of a@ouvex mirror. For couvex mirror, the image willbe virtual erected and smaller # Competency-based Question- Answer: Q.1) A rear-view mirror is a device that allows the driver to see the traffic on the road behind him, It usually finds its place at the top of the windsereen inside the cabin. This device is one of the most basic but essential safety devices in the vehicle Tt provides assistance to the driver during overtaking, parking in reverse gear, ete. Generally, vehicles alo have a pair of mirrors attached to the body from the cutside. They are known as ‘side mirrors or Outer Rear View Mirrors (ORVM) which serve the same purpose, Almost all modem cars mount their side minrors on the doors-normally at A-pillar rather than the wings (the portion of the body above the wheel well).PRASHANTKIRAD QS) (a) Name the spherical minror used as: [CBSE 2012) (2-Marks) 1. Shavingmirror, 2. Rearview mirror in vehicles, 3. Reflector in search - fights (©) Write any three differences between a real and virtual image elution: (gy!- Concave mirror, Convex mirror 3. Coneave parabolic (b) Real Image Virtual Image Ttean be taken ona | Tt ean not be taken on It is always inverted | Tt is always erected When reflected or When reflected on refracted cays actually | refracted rays appear eet at a point, then | to meet at a point real image is for then virtuélimage is formed. Q.6) A 2.0 em tall object is placed penpenditilar to the principal axis of a convex lens of 1 focal length 10 cm. The distance of the object from the lens is 15 om. Find the |, nature, and size of the ‘image’ forms. [All India 2013] (5-Marks) In coptex Ipns, hy = 2.0 cm 10cm -15 cm Lens formula, Innage is real, inverted and four times enlarged.