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2_Lect_Assigment

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8 views

2_Lect_Assigment

Practice questions and answers

Uploaded by

Nermeen Kamel
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction to Logic Fall 2024

Cairo University

Homework Assignment #1

Due: Friday Nov 2, at 12:00 a.m.

1) Which of the following propositions are tautologies (valid)? Which are


contradictions (unsatisfied)? Why?

(a) Three is a prime number.


Answer: neither a tautology nor a contradiction
(b) It is raining or it is not raining.
Answer: tautology
(c) It is raining (P ) and it is not raining (¬P ).
Answer: contradiction P P ∧ ¬P
Example reasoning t f
All rows in the truth table evaluate to false. f f
2) Which of the following propositions are tautologies? Why?
(a) P
Answer: not a tautology
(b) P ⇒ P
Answer: tautology
(c) (P ⇒ P ) ⇒ P
Answer: not a tautology
Example reasoning:
Not all rows in the truth table evaluate to true.
P P ⇒ P (P ⇒ P) ⇒ P
t t t
f t f
(d) P ⇒ (P ⇒ P )
Answer: tautology
3) Which of the two following propositions are equivalent in the sense that one
can always be substituted for the other one in any proposition without changing
its truth value? Why?

(a) first proposition:P ⇒ Q second proposition: ¬P ∨ Q


Answer: yes
Example reasoning:
All rows in the truth table evaluate to the same truth value.
P Q P⇒Q ¬P∨Q
t t t t
t f f f
f t t t
f f t t
(b) first proposition: ¬P second proposition: P ⇒ False
Answer: yes
(c) first proposition: ¬P second proposition: False ⇒ P
Answer: no
(d) first proposition: ¬P second proposition: ¬P ∨ Q
Answer: no
4) Is Say whether each of the following sentences is valid, contingent, or

a. p ∨ (p ⇒ q)
unsatisfiable. (Quiz 1 Answers Hint by using truth table)

b. ¬p ∨ ¬q ⇒ p ∧ q
Valid f

c. (p ⇒ ¬p) ∨ (¬q ⇒ ¬q) ⇒ (p ⇔ q)


Contingent

d. (p ∨ (¬p ∧ q)) ⇔ (¬p ∧ ¬q)


Contingent

e. (((p ∧ q) ⇒ r) ∧ (p ⇒ q)) ⇒ (p ⇒ r)
Unsatisfiable

f. (p ∨ q) ∧ (¬p ∨ ¬q)
Valid

g. (p ⇒ p) ⇒ p
Contingent

h. ((p ⇒ q) ⇒ p) ⇒ (q ⇒ p)
Contingent

i. (¬p ∧ q) ⇔ (p ⇒ q)
valid

j. (p ⇒ ¬q) ⇒ (q ⇒ ¬p)
contingent
valid
so, provide an example. If not, explain why it is impossible.

5) Prove that P A Q |= P V Q.
Answer:
P Q PA PV
Q Q
t t t t
t f f t
f t f t
f f f f
Since every interpretation that satisfies P A Q also satisfies P V Q, it holds that
P A Q |= P V Q.
6) Which of the following propositions are tautologies (valid)? Which are
contradictions (unsatisfied)? Why?

(d) Three is a prime number.


Answer: neither a tautology nor a contradiction
(e) It is raining or it is not raining.
Answer: tautology
(f) It is raining (P ) and it is not raining (¬P ).
Answer: contradiction
Example reasoning:
All rows in the truth table evaluate to false.
Introduction to Logic Fall 2024
Cairo University

Homework Assignment #1

Due: Friday Nov 2, at 12:00 a.m.

P P ∧ ¬P
t f
f f

7) Which of the following propositions are tautologies? Why?


(e) P
Answer: not a tautology
(f) P ⇒ P
Answer: tautology
(g) (P ⇒ P ) ⇒ P
Answer: not a tautology
Example reasoning:
Not all rows in the truth table evaluate to true.
P P ⇒ P (P ⇒ P) ⇒ P
t t t
f t f
(h) P ⇒ (P ⇒ P )
Answer: tautology
8) Which of the two following propositions are equivalent in the sense that one can
always be substituted for the other one in any proposition without changing its
truth value? Why?

(e) first proposition:P ⇒ Q second proposition: ¬P ∨ Q


Answer: yes
Example reasoning:
All rows in the truth table evaluate to the same truth value.
P Q P⇒Q ¬P∨Q
t t t t
t f f f
f t t t
f f t t
(f) first proposition: ¬P second proposition: P ⇒ False
Answer: yes
(g) first proposition: ¬P second proposition: False ⇒ P
Answer: no
(h) first proposition: ¬P second proposition: ¬P ∨ Q
Answer: no
9) Is Say whether each of the following sentences is valid, contingent, or unsatisfiable.

a. p ∨ (p ⇒ q)
(Quiz 1 Answers Hint by using truth table)

b. ¬p ∨ ¬q ⇒ p ∧ q
Valid 10)

c. (p ⇒ ¬p) ∨ (¬q ⇒ ¬q) ⇒ (p ⇔ q)


Contingent If so,

d. (p ∨ (¬p ∧ q)) ⇔ (¬p ∧ ¬q)


Contingent

e. (((p ∧ q) ⇒ r) ∧ (p ⇒ q)) ⇒ (p ⇒ r)
Unsatisfiable

f. (p ∨ q) ∧ (¬p ∨ ¬q)
Valid

g. (p ⇒ p) ⇒ p
Contingent

h. ((p ⇒ q) ⇒ p) ⇒ (q ⇒ p)
Contingent

i. (¬p ∧ q) ⇔ (p ⇒ q)
valid

j. (p ⇒ ¬q) ⇒ (q ⇒ ¬p)
contingent
valid
provide an example. If not, explain why it is impossible.
11)Prove that P A Q |= P V Q.
Answer:
P Q PA PV
Q Q
t t t t
t f f t
f t f t
f f f f
Since every interpretation that satisfies P A Q also satisfies P V Q, it holds that
P A Q |= P V Q.

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