8085 Microprocessor

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF 8085 MICROPROCESSOR

8085 is pronounced as "eighty-eighty-five" microprocessor. It is an 8-bit microprocessor

designed by Intel in 1977 using NMOS technology.
It has the following configuration −

 8-bit data bus

 16-bit address bus, which can address upto 64KB
 A 16-bit program counter
 A 16-bit stack pointer
  Six 8-bit registers arranged in pairs: BC, DE, HL
 Requires +5V supply to operate at 3.2 MHZ single phase clock
It is used in washing machines, microwave ovens, mobile phones, etc.

8085 Microprocessor – Functional Units

8085 consists of the following functional units −

Accumulator

It is an 8-bit register used to perform arithmetic, logical, I/O & LOAD/STORE operations. It
is connected to internal data bus & ALU.

Arithmetic and logic unit

As the name suggests, it performs arithmetic and logical operations like Addition, Subtraction,
AND, OR, etc. on 8-bit data.

General purpose register

There are 6 general purpose registers in 8085 processor, i.e. B, C, D, E, H & L. Each register
can hold 8-bit data.
These registers can work in pair to hold 16-bit data and their pairing combination is like B-C,
D-E & H-L.

Program counter

It is a 16-bit register used to store the memory address location of the next instruction to be
executed. Microprocessor increments the program whenever an instruction is being executed,
so that the program counter points to the memory address of the next instruction that is going
to be executed.

Stack pointer

It is also a 16-bit register works like stack, which is always incremented/decremented by 2

during push & pop operations.

Temporary register

It is an 8-bit register, which holds the temporary data of arithmetic and logical operations.

Flag register

It is an 8-bit register having five 1-bit flip-flops, which holds either 0 or 1 depending upon the
result stored in the accumulator.
These are the set of 5 flip-flops −

 Sign (S)
  Zero (Z)
 Auxiliary Carry (AC)
 Parity (P)
 Carry (C)
Its bit position is shown in the following table −

D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0

S Z AC P CY

Instruction register and decoder

It is an 8-bit register. When an instruction is fetched from memory then it is stored in the
Instruction register. Instruction decoder decodes the information present in the Instruction
register.

Timing and control unit

It provides timing and control signal to the microprocessor to perform operations. Following
are the timing and control signals, which control external and internal circuits −

 Control Signals: READY, RD’, WR’, ALE

 Status Signals: S0, S1, IO/M’
 DMA Signals: HOLD, HLDA
 RESET Signals: RESET IN, RESET OUT

Interrupt control

As the name suggests it controls the interrupts during a process. When a microprocessor is
executing a main program and whenever an interrupt occurs, the microprocessor shifts the
control from the main program to process the incoming request. After the request is
completed, the control goes back to the main program.
There are 5 interrupt signals in 8085 microprocessor : INTR, RST 7.5, RST 6.5, RST 5.5,
TRAP.

Serial Input/output control

It controls the serial data communication by using these two instructions: SID (Serial input
data) and SOD (Serial output data).

Address buffer and address-data buffer

The content stored in the stack pointer and program counter is loaded into the address buffer
and address-data buffer to communicate with the CPU. The memory and I/O chips are
connected to these buses; the CPU can exchange the desired data with the memory and I/O
chips.

Address bus and data bus

Data bus carries the data to be stored. It is bidirectional, whereas address bus carries the
location to where it should be stored and it is unidirectional. It is used to transfer the data &
Address I/O devices.

PIN DIAGRAM OF 8085 MICROPROCESSOR

The pins of an 8085 microprocessor can be classified into seven groups −

Address bus

A15-A8, it carries the most significant 8-bits of memory/IO address.

Data bus

AD7-AD0, it carries the least significant 8-bit address and data bus.

Control and status signals

These signals are used to identify the nature of operation. There are 3 control signal and 3
status signals.
Three control signals are RD, WR & ALE.
 RD − This signal indicates that the selected IO or memory device is to be read and is
ready for accepting data available on the data bus.
 WR − This signal indicates that the data on the data bus is to be written into a selected
memory or IO location.
 ALE − It is a positive going pulse generated when a new operation is started by the
microprocessor. When the pulse goes high, it indicates address. When the pulse goes
down it indicates data.
Three status signals are IO/M, S0 & S1.

IO/M

This signal is used to differentiate between IO and Memory operations, i.e. when it is high
indicates IO operation and when it is low then it indicates memory operation.

S1 & S0

These signals are used to identify the type of current operation.

Power supply

There are 2 power supply signals − VCC & VSS. VCC indicates +5v power supply and VSS
indicates ground signal.

Clock signals

There are 3 clock signals, i.e., X1, X2, CLK OUT.

 X1, X2 − A crystal (RC, LC N/W) is connected at these two pins and is used to set
frequency of the internal clock generator. This frequency is internally divided by 2.
 CLK OUT − This signal is used as the system clock for devices connected with the
microprocessor.
Interrupts & externally initiated signals

Interrupts are the signals generated by external devices to request the microprocessor to
perform a task. There are 5 interrupt signals, i.e. TRAP, RST 7.5, RST 6.5, RST 5.5, and
INTR. We will discuss interrupts in detail in interrupts section.
 INTA − It is an interrupt acknowledgment signal.
 RESET IN − This signal is used to reset the microprocessor by setting the program
counter to zero.
 RESET OUT − This signal is used to reset all the connected devices when the
microprocessor is reset.
 READY − This signal indicates that the device is ready to send or receive data. If
READY is low, then the CPU has to wait for READY to go high.
 HOLD − This signal indicates that another master is requesting the use of the address
and data buses.
 HLDA (HOLD Acknowledge) − It indicates that the CPU has received the HOLD
request and it will relinquish the bus in the next clock cycle. HLDA is set to low after
the HOLD signal is removed.

Serial I/O signals

There are 2 serial signals, i.e., SID and SOD and these signals are used for serial
communication.
 SOD (Serial output data line) − The output SOD is set/reset as specified by the SIM
instruction.
 SID (Serial input data line) − The data on this line is loaded into accumulator whenever
a RIM instruction is executed.
Interrupts
Interrupt is a process of creating a temporary halt during program execution and allows
peripheral devices to access the microprocessor.

Microprocessor responds to these interrupts with an interrupt service routine (ISR), which is
a short program or subroutine to instruct the microprocessor on how to handle the interrupt.

There are different types of interrupt:

Hardware Interrupts
Hardware interrupts are that type of interrupt which are caused by any peripheral device by
sending a signal through a specified pin to the microprocessor.

The Intel 8086 has two hardware interrupt pins:

o NMI (Non-Maskable Interrupt)

o INTR (Interrupt Request) Maskable Interrupt.

NMI: NMI is a single Non-Maskable Interrupt having higher priority than the maskable
interrupt.

o It cannot be disabled (masked) by user using software.

o It is used by the processor to handle emergency conditions.
For example: It can be used to save program and data in case of power failure. An
external electronic circuitry is used to detect power failure, and to send an interrupt
signal to 8086 through NMI line.

INTR: The INTR is a maskable interrupt. It can be enabled/disabled using interrupt flag (IF).
After receiving INTR from external device, the 8086 acknowledges through INTA signal.

It executes two consecutive interrupts acknowledge bus cycles.

Software Interrupt
A microprocessor can also be interrupted by internal abnormal conditions such as overflow;
division by zero; etc. A programmer can also interrupt microprocessor by inserting INT
instruction at the desired point in the program while debugging a program. Such an interrupt is
called a software interrupt.

The interrupt caused by an internal abnormal condition also came under the heading of software
interrupt.

Example of software interrupts are:

o TYPE 0 (division by zero)

o TYPE 1 (single step execution for debugging a program)
o TYPE 2 represents NMI (power failure condition)
o TYPE 3 (break point interrupt)
o TYPE 4 (overflow interrupt)