POWER SYSTEMS-I

C-23_EE-403_4TH SEM_60 HOURS

R. SIVAPRASAD, M.TECH
LECTURER IN EEE
S.V GOVT. POLYTECHNIC, TIRUPATI
CHAPTER-1: SOURCES OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY
INTRODUCTION
 1.1. DIFFERENT SOURCES OF ENERGY

Sources of electricity

Conventional Non-Conventional
sources(or) sources (or)
Primary sources (or) Secondary sources (or)
Non-Renewable sources Renewable sources
 1.1. DIFFERENT SOURCES OF ENERGY
CONVENTIONAL SOURCES OR PRIMARY
SOURCES OR NON-RENEWABLE SOURCES
• Definition: The energy sources which can't be compensated, once
these are used
• These are most dependent
• Commonly used for generation of electricity
• The following are conventional sources
1) Solid fuels (Lignite, coal, wood etc)
2) Liquid fuels (Heave oil, Diesel oil , Petrol etc)
3) Gaseous fuels (Natural gas Petroleum gas etc)
4) Water (Hydro) power
5) Nuclear power
Liquid fuels
Water(hydro) Power
Nuclear power
 1.1. DIFFERENT SOURCES OF ENERGY

NON-CONVENTIONAL SOURCES OR SECONDARY

SOURCES OR RENEWABLE SOURCES
• Definition: The sources which never be exhausted and can be used to
produce energy again and again
• The following are some of the examples
1) The sun(Solar)
2) Ocean Tides and Waves
3) The Wind
4) Geo-Thermal Energy
5) Biomass/Bio gas
6) Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC)
7) Fuel cells
8) Magneto Hydro Dynamic Generation (MHD)
9) Thermo-Electric power
10) Piezo electric power
Geo-thermal
energy
OCEAN TIDES AND WAVES

Geo-thermal
energy
WIND ENERGY

Geo-thermal
energy
OCEAN THERMAL ENERGY CONVERSION(OTEC)
FUEL CELLS
GEO THERMAL ENERGY
MAGNETO HYDRO DYNAMIC GENERATION
THERMO ELECTRIC POWER
 Sources of Electrical Energy

Conventional sources or Non-Conventional sources or

Primary sources or Secondary sources or
Non-Renewable sources Renewable sources

1. The sun (solar)

2. Ocean tides and waves
1.Solid fuels(Lignite, Coal etc)
3. The wind
2. Liquid fuels (Heave oil, Diesel oil, 4. Geo-thermal energy
Petrol etc)
5. Biomass /Biogas
3.Gaseous fuels (Natural gas, 6. Ocean thermal energy conversion
Petroleum gas etc) (OTEC)
4. Water(hydro) Power 7. Fuel cells
5. Nuclear power 8. Magneto hydro dynamic generation
(MHD)
9. Thermo electric power
10. Piezo electric power
 1.2. NECESSITY OF DEVELOPING NON-CONVENTIONAL METHODS OF POWER
GENERATION

• The use of non-conventional sources of energy is becoming necessary because of

the following reasons:

1. The growing consumption of energy in the country has made us dependent on

fossil fuels such as coal oil and gas and it may lead to shortages in the supply
of oil gas and coal in future.

2. Rising prices of oil and gas has adversely affected the foreign exchange.

3. The growth of the national economy is getting slowed down.

4. Ever-increasing use of fossil fuels is causing serious environmental problems.

5. Non-conventional sources of energy are renewable and also eco-friendly.

 INTRODUCTION TO SOLAR POWER PLANT

• A Solar Power plant is one of the types which uses the Solar
radiation of the sun and converts it into electrical Energy
• This is a renewable source of energy as the sun is natural and the heat is also
free of cost.

• We can employ two major methods in these Power plants.

• The first one is directly using Solar cells,

• By using solar collectors to produce thermal energy and further producing

steam.
 INTRODUCTION TO SOLAR POWER PLANT
SOLAR RADIATION
• Solar radiation received at the earth's surface is
attenuated (or) reduced because it depends on
the mechanisms of Absorption and Scattering as
it passes through the earth's atmosphere.

• Absorption of solar radiations in the

atmosphere is mainly due to the presence of
• Ozone (O3),
• Water vapor (H2O)
• CO2
• Carbon Monoxide (CO).
• Oxygen (O2O2),
• Nitrogen (N2N2), and other particulate matter
 INTRODUCTION TO SOLAR POWER PLANT
SOLAR RADIATION
• The scattering of solar radiation in the
atmosphere is mainly due to
• Air molecules,
• Gas molecules
• Dust and water droplets.
• The scattered radiation is redistributed in
all directions, some going back into
space and some reaching earth's
surface.
• The x-rays and extreme ultraviolet (UV)
radiations of the sun are absorbed by
Nitrogen, Oxygen, and other
atmospheric gases
• Hence maximum solar radiation is
received on the earth's surface.
 1.3.1 SOLAR POWER PLANT

• Definition
• Solar power plants are systems that use solar energy to generate
electricity
• Types of Solar Power Plants
1. Solar Photovoltaic Power Plant
2. Solar Thermal Power Plant
• Photovoltaic Power Plants:
• Convert sunlight directly into electricity using solar cells and include
components like solar modules, inverters, and batteries.
• Concentrated Solar Power Plants:
• Use mirrors or lenses to focus sunlight onto a receiver that heats a fluid,
driving a turbine or engine to generate electricity.
 1.3.1 SOLAR POWER PLANT
1.3.1.1 PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER PLANTS
• Solar energy can be used directly to produce electrical energy using
solar PV panels
• Silicon is the most commonly used material in solar cells.
• Silicon is a semiconductor material.
• Several materials show photoelectric properties like; cadmium, gallium
arsenide, etc.
• Electron-holes pairs are created in solar cells.
• The PV materials have the property to absorb photons of sunlight.
• When sunlight falls on solar cells, the difference between photon
energy E and bandgap energy Eg is absorbed by the cell. And it
excites some electrons to jump across the bandgap.
• These electrons move from the valance band to the conduction band
and create holes in the valance band.
• Therefore, if the potential difference exists within the cell, the electrons
of the conduction band and holes of the valance band made the
flow of current in the circuit.
1.3.1 SOLAR POWER PLANT
1.3.1.1 PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER PLANTS
• Components of Solar
Power Plant
• Photovoltaic (PV)
panel
• Inverter
• Energy storage
devices
• Charge controller
• System balancing
component
1.3.1 SOLAR POWER PLANT
1.3.1.1 PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER PLANTS

• Photovoltaic (PV) Panel

• PV panels or Photovoltaic panel is a most important
component of a solar power plant.
• It is made up of small solar cells.
• This is a device that is used to convert solar photon
energy into electrical energy.
• Generally, silicon is used as a semiconductor material in
solar cells.
• The typical rating of silicon solar cells is 0.5 V and 6 Amp.
• And it is equivalent to 3 W power.
• The number of cells is connected in series or parallel and
makes a module.
• The number of modules forms a solar panel.
• According to the capacity of power plants, a number of
plates are mounted and a group of panels is also known
as Photovoltaic (PV) array.
1.3.1 SOLAR POWER PLANT
1.3.1.1 PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER PLANTS
• INVERTER
• The output of the solar panel is in the form of DC.
• The most of load connected to the power system
network is in the form of AC.
• Therefore, we need to convert DC output power
into AC power.
• For that, an inverter is used in solar power plants.
• For a large-scaled grid-tied power plant, the
inverter is connected with special protective
devices.
• And a transformer is also connected with the
inverter to assures the output voltage and
frequency as per the standard supply.
1.3.1 SOLAR POWER PLANT
1.3.1.1 PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER PLANTS
• Energy storage devices
• The batteries are used to store electrical energy
generated by the solar power plants.
• The storage components are the most important
component in a power plant to meet the
demand and variation of the load.
• This component is used especially when the
sunshine is not available for few days.
• The capacity of a battery is that how much
amount of electrical power it can store.
• The capacity of batteries is measured in Ampere-
hours (AH) rating.
• There are two types of batteries used in the solar
power plant;
• Lead-Acid battery
• Nickel-Cadmium battery
1.3.1 SOLAR POWER PLANT
1.3.1.1 PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER PLANTS
• Charge Controller
• A charge controller is used to control the charging
and discharging of the battery.
• The charge controller is used to avoid the
overcharging of the battery.
• The overcharging of a battery may lead to corrosion
and reduce plate growth.
• And in the worst condition, it may damage the
electrolyte of the battery.
• Sometimes, the charge controller is termed a solar
battery charger.
• There are many technologies used to make a
charge controller.
• For example, the most popular technique is the
MPPT charge controller that is known as “Maximum
Power Point Tracking”.
• This algorithm is used to optimize the production of
PV cells.
1.3.1 SOLAR POWER PLANT
1.3.1.1 PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER PLANTS
• System balancing component
• It is a set of components used to control,
protect and distribute power in the
system.
• These devices ensure that the system
working in proper condition and utilize
energy in the proper direction.
• And it ensures maximum output and
security of other components of a solar
power plant.
 1.3.1 SOLAR POWER PLANT
1.3.1.1 PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER PLANTS

• Blocking diode
• The solar PV panels are connected with a battery.
• And these panels are used to charge the battery during sunlight is available.
• During charging of the battery, the current flows from panel to battery.
• But when the sunlight is not available, the current can be flow in a reverse direction and
it may harm the solar panel.
• So, the blocking diode is a diode that is connected between the battery and panel to
avoid reversal current from battery to panel.
• Voltage regulator
• The output of solar panels depends on sunlight.
• And the sunlight is not constantly available.
• It is continuously varying.
• Similarly, the output of the solar panel is also varying with respect to sunlight.
• This results in fluctuation in load current.
• The voltage regulators are used to maintain fluctuation within an acceptable range.
 1.3.1 SOLAR POWER PLANT
1.3.1.2. SOLAR THERMAL POWER PLANT

• Solar thermal power plants capture

sunlight in order to produce electricity.
• There are some categories used to collect
solar Radiation.
• Flat plate collectors,
• Concentrated solar parabolic,
• Cylindrical type of power plants, and
• Linear solar dish power plants.
• The most popular ones are solar dishes or
linear collectors.
 1.3.1 SOLAR POWER PLANT
1.3.1.2. CONSTRUCTION AND WORKING OF SOLAR THERMAL POWER PLANT

• The sun is 150 million kilometres away from

earth.
• So the total solar radiation reaching the earth
cannot be completely converted into a useful
form.
• We need some components and equipment
To convert solar energy into electrical energy.
• The basic elements of a solar power plant
basically consist of large parabolic collectors
for collecting solar energy, which is used to
heat a fluid (water, sodium, gases, etc,).
• This collector system results in temperatures of
about 150° C to 500° C in the heat transfer
medium (fluid).
• When the transfer medium is water steam can
be generated directly in the receiver.
 1.3.1 SOLAR POWER PLANT
1.3.1.2. CONSTRUCTION AND WORKING OF SOLAR THERMAL POWER PLANT

• Solar energy is not available all the time.

• Hence some form of heat energy storage is
necessary.
• One form of storage can be a pressure vessel
storing water and steam at a temperature
near the boiling point.
• Whenever necessary water is converted into
steam
• The solar heat from the receiver or storage
converts feed water into steam.
• This steam is utilized to run a prime-mover
(steam turbine) coupled to an electric
generator, which generates electric power.
• Steam is condensed in the condenser and
water returns to the boiler for reuse as feed
water.
 1.3.1 SOLAR POWER PLANT

• Advantages
1. Solar energy is free, and hence it needs no fuel.
2. In sunny countries, solar power can be used where there is no easy way to get
electricity to a remote place.
3. Utilized for low-power uses such as solar powered garden lights and battery charges.
4. Non exhaustible.
5. It is clean and free from environmental pollution.
6. It can be utilized without highly specialized skills.
• Disadvantages
1. Doesn't work at night.
2. Very expensive to build solar power station. Solar cells costs a great deal compared
to the amount of electricity they will produce in their lifetime
3. Can be unreliable unless, it is very sunny climate.
4. Conversion of solar energy into useful form requires a large capital investment.
 1.3.2 TIDAL POWER PLANT
CONSTRUCTION AND WORKING OF TIDAL POWER PLANT

• Tide or wave is periodic rise and

fall of water level of the sea.
• Tides occur due to the attraction
of sea water by the moon.
• Tides contain large amount of
potential energy which is used for
power generation.
• When the water is above the
mean sea level, it is called flood
tide.
• When the water level is below the
mean level it is called ebb tide.
 1.3.2 TIDAL POWER PLANT
CONSTRUCTION AND WORKING OF TIDAL POWER PLANT

• The arrangement of this system is

shown in figure.
• The ocean tides rise and fall and
water can be stored during the rise
period and it can be discharged
during fall.
• A dam is constructed separating the
tidal basin from the sea and a
difference in water level is obtained
between the basin and sea.
• During high tide period, water flows
from the sea into the tidal basin
through the water turbine.
• The height of tide is above that of
tidal basin.
• Hence the turbine unit operates and
generates power, as it is directly
coupled to a generator
 1.3.2 TIDAL POWER PLANT
CONSTRUCTION AND WORKING OF TIDAL POWER PLANT

• During low tide period, water flows

from tidal basin to sea, as the water
level in the basin is more than that of
the tide in the sea.
• During this period also, the flowing
water rotates the turbine and
generator power.
• The generation of power stops only
when the sea level and the tidal
basin level are equal.
• For the generation of power
economically using this source of
energy requires some minimum tide
height and suitable site.
• Kislaya power plant of 250 MW
capacity in Russia and Rance power
plant in France are the only examples
of this type of power plant.
 1.3.2 TIDAL POWER PLANT

• Advantages
• Tidal energy is a predictable and consistent source of energy.
• Tidal energy production has minimal environmental impact compared to traditional fossil fuel-
based power generation.
• It has a high energy density, meaning that it can generate a large amount of electricity from a
relatively small area.
• It is more readily available and scalable renewable energy option.

• Dis advantages
• Its construction is very expensive.
• It takes a lot of time and skilled people to maintain as well as repair its equipment.
• Tidal Energy also leads to habitat change and other environmental issues.
• It does not provide the amount of energy that is required as high tides are only present for 10 hours
a day.
• Tidal Energy also requires a high storage capacity.
• It also has adverse effects on marine life.
• It also has very limited locations where it can be built.
 1.3.3 WIND POWER PLANT

• A wind power plant is also known as a

wind farm or wind turbine.
• A wind power plant is a renewable source
of electrical energy.
• The wind turbine is designed to use the
speed and power of wind and convert it
into electrical energy.
• The wind power plant is widely used in the
entire world.
• Because the wind is the best natural
source that available in most places.
• The wind turbine can be operating
between a wind speed of 14 km/hr to 90
km/hr.
 1.3.3 WIND POWER PLANT
CONSTRUCTION OF WIND POWER PLANT

• Components of Wind Power Plant

1. Gear box connect the low-speed shaft to the high-
speed shaft and increases the rotational speeds
from about 15 to 30 rotations per minute (rpm) to
about 1000 to 1800 rpm, the rotational speed
required by most generators (alternators) to produce
electricity. This is an expensive and heavy part of
wind turbines.
2. Generator is usually an induction generator that
produces 50-cycle AC electricity.
3. Controller starts up the machine at wind speeds of
about 8 to 16 miles per hour (mph) and shuts off the
machine at about 55 mph. Turbines do not operate
at wind speeds above about 55 mph because that
might damage them.
 1.3.3 WIND POWER PLANT
CONSTRUCTION OF WIND POWER PLANT

• Components of Wind Power Plant

4. Anemometer: It measures the wind speed and
transmits the data to the controller. The controller
then corrects the turbine's direction, pitch, and yaw
to best harvest the available wind energy.
5. Wind vane measures wind direction and
communicates with the yaw drive to orient the
turbine properly with respect to the wind.
6. Nacelle sits at the top of the tower and contains
the gear box, low- and high-speed shafts
generator, controller, and brake. It is essentially the
cover for the machinery that translates wind power
into electrical power.
 1.3.3 WIND POWER PLANT
CONSTRUCTION OF WIND POWER PLANT

• Components of Wind Power Plant

7. High-Speed Shaft: Drives the generator Yaw
drive in upward turbines face into the wind. The
yaw drive keeps the rotor facing into the wind
as the wind direction changes. Downwind
turbines don’t require a yaw drive, the wind
blows the rotor downwind Yaw Motor powers
the yaw drive
8. Tower is usually made from tubular steel,
concrete, or steel lattice. Because wind speed
increases with height, taller towers enable
turbines to capture more energy and generate
more electricity.
 1.3.3 WIND POWER PLANT
WORKING OF WIND POWER PLANT

• The wind turbine works on the principle

of conversion of kinetic energy of wind
to mechanical energy used to rotate
the blades of a fan connected to an
electric generator.
• When the wind or air touches the
blades (or) vanes of the windmill it the
air pressure can be uneven, higher on
one side of the blade and lower on the
other.
• Hence, uneven pressure causes the
blades to spin around the center of the
turbine.
• The turbine does not operate at wind
speeds above 55 mph with the use of
the controller.
 1.3.3 WIND POWER PLANT
WORKING OF WIND POWER PLANT

• The rotor shaft of the turbine (ie., low speed

and high speed) is interlinked with the
gearbox which converts the speed from 30
to 60 rpm into 1000 to 1800 rpm.
• As the gearbox consists of gears, to transmit
mechanical energy.
• These speeds are most suitable to the
generator for the generation of electricity.
• When the rotor of the turbine rotates it
drives a generator through a setup
gearbox causing the generator to produce
electrical energy.
• Windmills are available in size from 100 KW
to 36 MW mainly used off-shore Now the
engineers are designing 10 MW of the wind
turbine.
 1.3.3 WIND POWER PLANT
CONSTRUCTION AND WORKING OF WIND POWER PLANT

• Advantages of Wind power Plant:

• Wind power is pollution free and it is a free source of energy
• Suitable for small, remote domestic applications
• Cost of generation of power is cheap
• A successful strategy for supplying energy to rural places
 1.3.3 WIND POWER PLANT
CONSTRUCTION AND WORKING OF WIND POWER PLANT

• Disadvantages of wind power plant:

• Wind power technology requires a higher investment than fossil-fueled generators
• Wind is intermittent and it does not always blow when electricity is needed.
• Suitable areas of wind farms are often near the coast, where land is expensive
• Good wind sites are often located in remote locations, far away from cities where the
electricity is needed.
• It can affect television reception if you live nearby
• Wind resource development may compete with other uses for the land and those
alternative uses may be more highly valued than electricity generation
• There are some problems such as noise produced by the rotor blades, aesthetic
(visual) impacts, and sometimes birds have been killed by flying into the rotors.
• It is liable to be affected by natural conditions such as weather and has large output
variations.
 1.3.4 BIOMASS POWER PLANT

• What is Biomass?
• A renewable energy source that comes from living
or recently living creatures is called biomass.
• It is created by biological systems' metabolic
processes (those of plants and animals) and/or by
the byproducts of those systems' breakdown or
conversion.
• These materials' chemical and energy worth is
dependent on the bonds between carbon atoms
and hydrogen atoms.
• Utilizing biomass energy significantly minimizes our
reliance on outside energy sources.
• It improves national security and offers a wider
variety of fuel.
• Biomass can be utilized as an energy source
directly by being burned to produce heat or
indirectly by being transformed into different types
of biofuel.
 1.3.4 BIOMASS POWER PLANT
CONSTRUCTION OF BIOMASS POWER PLANT

• The major source of renewable

energy on Earth, biomass, is gaining
popularity.
• The combustion of plant or animal
matter to produce energy and heat
is known as biomass.
• As opposed to fossil fuels, this method
of energy generation has the main
advantage of using an unlimited
resource because it is produced in an
environmentally friendly manner.
 1.3.4 BIOMASS POWER PLANT
CONSTRUCTION OF BIOMASS POWER PLANT

• Components of Biomass
• Equipment for managing and storing
fuel.
• Pumps; Combustor/furnace
• Boiler;
• Fans.
• Steam engine.
• The generator
• The condenser.
• Refrigerating tower
• Controls for emissions and exhaust.
• System settings (automated).
 1.3.4 BIOMASS POWER PLANT
WORKING OF BIOMASS POWER PLANT

• A biomass plant is a construction that

burns organic waste, to produce
electricity or heat.
• Steam is created during combustion,
and this steam powers a turbine to
provide energy.
• Because the carbon dioxide
generated during the burning
process is balanced by the carbon
absorbed during the growth of the
organic materials used as fuel,
biomass plants are regarded as
renewable energy sources.
• Certain types of biomass feedstocks,
nevertheless, raise questions
regarding their environmental impact
and long-term viability.
 1.3.4 BIOMASS POWER PLANT

• Advantages of Biomass Energy

• Its a type of recycled fuel, and the left-out waste and emitted products can be used as
manure,
• The running cost of the plant is less, we can even be operated easily.
• The power obtained from Biomass is Reliable and domestically produced, it is
economically competitive and sustainable.
• It minimizes the costs involved with waste disposal,
• It helps in providing opportunity in rural areas
• Disadvantages of biomass
• It is comparatively inefficient when compared to fossil fuels
• The combustion of Biomass fuel requires a lot of space and creates smells.
• It may be harmful to the environment sometimes when the bacteria comes out
• High investment and maintenance cost
1.4.1 RELATIVE MERITS AND LIMITATIONS OF CONVENTIONAL SOURCES
S.N
O MERITS LIMITATIONS

1 These are accumulated in nature. These are available at limited areas.

Continuous power generation can be possible

2 These are exhaustible sources of energies
(24hr)

3 Priority based power generation is possible. These will Cause of pollution.

Technical and Economic generation of power is

4 These are mainly used for power generation.
possible.

5 Coordination of power generation is possible. It requires skilled persons for power generation.

6 Initial investment required is less per kW. Limited life period.

 1.4.2 RELATIVE MERITS AND LIMITATIONS OF NON-CONVENTIONAL SOURCES

S.N
O MERITS LIMITATIONS

1 These are available at more areas. These are continuously restored in nature

It is not possible because it depends on the weather

2 These are non-exhaustible.
conditions.

3 These are Free from pollution. It is not possible.

In addition to the power generation these are

4 Due to Uncertainties it is not possible
widely used in many applications.

It is not possible to have coordination between non-

5 It does not require highly specialized persons.
conventional energy sources

6 Unlimited life period. Initial Investment required is more

 1.5 NEED FOR ENERGY CONVERSION

• 1. To save energy to meet the future demand.

• 2. To minimize energy costs.
• 3. To make optimization of production and utilization of energy.
• 4. To improve the efficiency of the system.
• 5. To invest new effective and efficient equipment to replace inefficient
equipment.
• 6. To bring out new changes in operating methods.
 1.5.2 NEED FOR ENERGY CONVERSION

1. Saving of energy for the future.

2. Saving of fuel for reduction in energy costs.

3. Cheaper and better production of energy.Lesser pollution and preserving of environment.

4. Efficient transmission and distribution systems with lesser maintenance costs.

5. More job opportunities.Application of new technologies with cost effectiveness.

6. Meeting national security and defense requirements.

 1.5.3 BENEFITS OF ENERGY CONSERVATION

1. To save energy to meet the future demand.

2. To minimize energy costs.

3. To make optimization of production and utilization of energy.

4. To improve the efficiency of the system.

5. To invest new effective and efficient equipment to replace inefficient equipment.

6. To bring out new changes in operating methods.

 1.5.4 METHOD OF ENERGY CONSERVATION

1. Formulation of energy conservation targets

2. Preparing detailed and clear plan for conservation
3. Identifying the less energy efficient plants
4. Adoption of energy conservation measures
5. Preparing energy saving ideas plant wise or group
6. wise Evaluation of energy conservation benefits
7. Identifying the particular projects for energy conservation
THE END