Solution

ASSIGNMENT

Class 12 - Mathematics
Section A
1. (a) none of these
Explanation:
Given function is f : R → R given by f(x) = x + √x 2
For this function if we take x = 2 and x = -2 we will get two values of f(x).
Hence, it is not a function.
2.
(c) A
Explanation:
n
A 1, A 2 , A 3 , … … … … . Ak be subsets of a set A such that ⋃ A i = A and A i ∩ A j = ϕ for i ≠ j
i=1

3.
(c) a R b ⇔ a < b
Explanation:
a R b if a < b
Let a R a and a be an integer here.
Therefore, a < a, we can see that it is not possible.
It is not satisfying the condition, therefore, we can say that the given relation is not reflexive.
Now, we will check if the relation is symmetric or not.
Let a R b if a < b
We cannot write a < b as b < a i.e.,
⇒ a < b ≠ b < a

Hence, the given relation is not symmetric.

Now, we will check if the relation is transitive or not.
Let a R b and b R c if a < b and b < c is an even integer.
On adding both these, we get
⇒ a + b < b + c

On further simplification, we get

⇒ a < c

We can sway that the b R c

Therefore, the given relation is also transitive.
As the given relation is only transitive, therefore, the given relation is not an equivalence relation.

4. (a) 2
Explanation:
3π
Since, -1 ≤ sin-1 x ≤ 1 and given sin-1x + sin-1y + sin-1z = 2
π
⇒ sin-1x = sin-1y = sin-1z = 2
⇒ x=y=z=1
Also, ∵ f(1) = 1
and f(p + q) = f(p) ⋅ f(q) ∀ p ,q ∈ R , then
⇒ f(2) = f(1 + 1) = f(1) ⋅ f(1) = 1 × 1 = 1

⇒ f(3) = f(2 + 1) = f(2) ⋅ f(1) = 1 × 1 = 1

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 x+y+z 1+1+1
Now, xf(1) + yf(2) + zf(3) = =1+1+1-
xf ( 1 ) + yf ( 2 ) + zf ( 3 ) x1 + y1 + z1
3 3
=3- =3- =3-1=2
1+1+1 3

5.

(b)
[ ] −π π
2
, 2
− {0}

Explanation:

We know that the principal value branch of cosec-1 x is

[ ] −π π
2
, 2
− {0}

6.
(d) [–1, 1]
Explanation:
y = sin–1 (– x2) ⇒ siny = – x2
i.e. – 1 ≤ – x2 ≤ 1 (since – 1 ≤ sin y ≤ 1)
⇒ 1 ≥ x2 ≥ – 1
⇒ 0 ≤ x2 ≤ 1
⇒ |x| ≤ 1 i.e.− 1 ≤ x ≤ 1

7. (a) kA
Explanation:
A = [Sij]

S=
[ ] k
0
0
k
As, Sij = k

[ ]
a 11 a 12
Let A = {Square Matrix}
a 21 a 22

[ ][ ]
a 11 a 12 k 0
AS = ×
a 21 a 22 0 k

[ ]
ka 11 ka 12
=
ka 21 ka 22

[ ]
a 11 a 12
=k
a 21 a 22

= kA

[ ][ ]
a 11 a 12 k 0
SA = ×
a 21 a 22 0 k

[ ]
ka 11 ka 12
=
ka 21 ka 22

[ ]
a 11 a 12
=k
a 21 a 22

= kA
Hence, AS = SA = kA

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 8.
(d) O(A3) = 2 × 2
Explanation:
O(A) = 2 × 2

A2 =
| || | |
2
−1
3
2
2
−1
3
2
=
1
−4
12
1 |
∴ O(A3) = 2 × 2

A3 = A × A2 = | | |
−1
2 3
2
=
1
−4
12
1 | | =
− 10
−9
27
− 10 |
O(A3) = 2 × 2

9.

(b) A = [aij]n where aij =

{ 0 if i ≠ j
k if i = j for k ∈ R.

Explanation:
A scalar matrix is a type of diagonal matrix if

A = [aij]n where aij =

{ k for i = j
0 for i ≠ j

10.

(b)
[ ] 1
0
0
1
Explanation:

A=
[ ] 0
i
i
0

[ ][ ][ ][ ]
A4n = A4 =
0
i
i
0
×
0
i
i
0
×
0
i
1
0
×
0
i
i
0
{n = 1, so the exponent comes out to be 4 and if n = 2, which will turn the exponent to 8, and the same cycle will repeat.}

=
[ ]
i4
0
0
i4

=
[ ]
( − 1) 2
0 ( − 1) 2
0

=
[ ]
1
0
0
1

11.
(d) 1
Explanation:
A2 = I ⇒ A2A-1 = IA-1 ⇒ A = A-1 and it is possible only if A is an identity matrix and determinant of the identity matrix is
equal to 1

12.
(d) infinitely many solution
Explanation:
Given equations are:
3x - 5y = 7 ...(i)

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 and 6x - 10y = 14 or 3x - 5y = 7 ...(ii)
Equations (i) and (ii) are same.
Hence it will have infinitely many solutions.

13.
(c) a ≠ 2, b ≠ 3
Explanation:
a ≠ 2, b ≠ 3

14.
y
(b) x
Explanation:
Given that xpyq = (x + y)p + q
Taking log both sides, we obtain
logexpyq = (P + q) loge (x + y)

(Since logabc = c loga b)

Since loga bc = loga b + loga c, we get

logexp + logeyq = (p + q) loge (x + y)

p loge x + q logey = (p + q) loge (x + y)
Differentiating with respect to x, we obtain
p
x
+
q dy
y dx
=
p+q
x+y ( )
1+
dy
dx

⇒
dy
dx ( xq − yp
y(x+y) ) =
xq − yp
x(x+y)
dy y
Hence, dx
= x

15.
(d) 2
Explanation:
Since the given function is continuous,
Sinx
∴ k = lim x
+ Cosx
x→0
⇒ k=1+1=2

16.
(d) 2
Explanation:
For f(x) to be continuous at x = 0, we must have
lim f(x) = f(0)
x→0
1
( 27 − 2x ) 3 − 3
⇒ f(0) = lim f(x) = lim 1
x→0 x → 0 9 − 3 ( 243 + 5x ) 5
1 1
( 27 − 2x ) 3 − 27 3
⇒ f(0) = lim
x→0
( )
1 1
3 243 5 − ( 243 + 5x ) 5

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 1 1
( 27 − 2x ) 3 − 27 3
1 x
= 3
lim
x→0
( 1
243 5 − ( 243 + 5x ) 5
1

)
x
1 1
( 27 − 2x ) 3 − 27 3
−1 x
= 3
lim
x→0
( ( 243 + 5x ) 5 − 243 5
1 1

)
x
1 1
( 27 − 2x ) 3 − 27 3
2 − 2x
= 15
lim
( )
1 1
x→0 ( 243 + 5x ) 5 − 243 5

5x
1 1
( 27 − 2x ) 3 − 27 3
2 27 − 2x − 27
= 15
lim
x→0
( ( 243 + 5x ) 5 − 243 5
1 1

)
243 + 5x − 243
1 −2

2 3 × 27 3

= 15
× 1 −4

5 × 243
5

1 1
3 × 2
2 27 3
= 15
× 1 1
5 × 4
243 5

=2

17.
1
(d) x = e
Explanation:
Consider f(x) = y =xx
Then, log y = log xx = x.logx
′ x
⇒ f (x) = x (1 + logx)

x
⇒ (1 + logx) = 0.......( ∵ x ≠ 0)

⇒ logx = − 1 ⇒ x = e −1

18. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Explanation:
Assertion: We have, B = {1, 2, 3, 4}
and R = {(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (1, 3), (3, 1)}
Here, (1, 3), (3, 1) ∈ R
⇒ (1, 1) ∈ R

Hence, R is transitive.
19.
(c) A is true but R is false.
Explanation:
Explanation: Let sin-1 5x = θ

∴
(
sin sin − 15x = sin θ )
⇒ 5x = sinθ
Since,-1 ≤ sin θ ≤ 1
⇒ -1 ≤ 5x ≤ 1

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 1 1
⇒ − 5 ≤ x" 5

⇒ x ∈
[ − 5,
1 1
5 ]
Thus, domain of sin-1 x is
[ 1 1
− 5, 5 ]
.

20. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Explanation:
Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
21.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Explanation:

|
Assertion: A − 1adjA = A − 1 | | | ⋅ | adjA | [ ∵ |AB| = |A| |B|]

= |A|-1| adj A| [ ∵ |A-1| = |A|-1]

= |A| −1 ⋅ |A| 2 [ ∵ A is a 3 × 3 non-singular matrix, so |adj A| = |A|2]
Reason: It is a true statement. Hence, both Assertion and Reason are true but Reason is not a correct explanation of Assertion.

22.
(c) A is true but R is false.
Explanation:
Assertion: Let P(x, y) be any point on AB.
Then, area of △ABP is zero. [since, the three points are collinear]

| |
1 3 1
1
∴ 0 0 1 =0
2
x y 1
1
This gives 2 (3x - y) = 0
or y = 3x
Which is the equation of required line AB.

| |
x1 y1 1
1
Reason: The area of triangle with vertices (x1, y1), (x2, y2) and (x3, y3) is giyen by Δ = x2 y2 1
2
x3 y3 1

23.
(c) A is true but R is false.
Explanation:
Assertion: It is a true statement.
Reason: We have, f(x) = |x|
At x = 0,
f(0−h) −f(0)
LHL = lim −h
h→0−
|0−h| −0
= lim −h
h→0−
h
= lim −h
= -1
h→0−
f(0+h) −f(0)
and RHL = lim h
h→0+

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 |0+h| −0 h
= lim h
= lim h
=1
h→0+ h→0+
Here, LHD ≠ RHD, hence f(x) is not continuous at x = 0.

Section B
24. To prove: function is one-one and into
Given: f : N → N : f (x) = x2
Solution: We have,
f(x) = x2
For, f(x1) = f(x2)

= x12 = x22
= x1 = x2
Here we can’t consider x1 = -x2 as x ∈ N we can’t have negative values
∴ f(x) is one-one function
f(x) = x2
Let f(x) = y such that y ∈ N
⇒ y = x2
⇒ x = √y
If y = 2, as y ∈ N
Then we will get the irrational value of x, but x ∈ N
Hence f(x) is into function.
Thus, f is one one and into function.
25. We have,
X = {1, 2, 3} and Y = {4, 5}
∴ X × Y = {(1, 4),(1, 5),(2, 4),(2, 5),(3, 4),(3, 5)}

Given, g = {(1, 4), (2, 4), (3, 4)}

Now, g(1) = 4, g(2) = 4, g(3) = 4
We observe that each distinct element of a domain has a unique image in the co-domain.
Thus, g is a function.
26. Here we need to show that the relation is parallel to on the set S of all straight lines in a plane is an equivalence relation.
Let S be the set of all straight lines in a plane.
Then, the relation, 'is parallel to' on S is
i. reflexive, since every line is parallel to itself,
i.e., L ∥ L for all L in S;
ii. symmetric, since L‖M ⇒ M‖L for all L, M ∈ S;
iii. transitive, since for all L,M ,N in S, we have
L ∥ M and M‖N ⇒ L‖N
Thus, the given relation is reflexive, symmetric and transitive.
Hence, it is an equivalence relation on S.

27. Principal value branch of cot-1 x is (0, π) and its graph is shown below.

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 ( )
28. We have, tan − 1 tan
2π
3
= tan − 1tan π − ( ) π
3

( )[
= tan − 1 − tan 3
π
∵ tan − 1( − x) = − tan − 1x ]
{tex} = {\tan ^{ - 1}}\tan \ (\frac{\ -π} {3})= - \frac{\pi }{3}{/tex}
[ ∵ tan − 1(tanx) = x, x ∈
( )]
−π π
2
, 2

Note: Remember that, tan − 1 tan ( ) 2π

3
≠
2π
3

Since, tan-1(tan x) = x, if x ∈
( )− 2,
π π
2
and
2π
3
∉
( )
−π
2
,
π
2

29. Let cot − 1 ( √3 ) = y

⇒ coty = √3
π
⇒ coty = cot
6

Since, the principal value branch of cot-1 is [0, π].

π
Therefore, principal value of cot − 1 (√3 ) is 6 .

[ ( ) ]
− √3 π
30. We have, cos cos − 1 2
+ 6

[ ( ) ]
cos cos − 1 − cos 6
π
+
π
6

[ ( ) ]
= cos cos − 1 cos
5π
6
+
π
6

= cos ( ) 5π
6
+
π
6
{ ∵ cos − 1cosx = x, x ∈ [0, π]}

= cos () 6π
6

= cos(π) = − 1
31. we have,

[ x + 2y
3x
−y
4 ] [ =
−4
6
3
4 ]
On comparing each term we get,
x + 2y = -4...(i)
-y = 3 ..(ii)
3x = 6 ...(iii)
From (i), (ii) and (iii), we get,
y = -3 and x = 2.
32. We are given that,

[ 3x + y
2y − x
−y
3 ] [ =
−5
1 2
3 ]
We need to find the values of x and y.
We know by the property of matrices,

[ ][ ]
a 11 a 12 b 11 b 12
=
a 21 a 22 b 21 b 22

This implies,
a11 = b11, a12 = b12, a21 = b21 and a22 = b22

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 So, if we have

[ 3x + y
2y − x
−y
3 ] [ =
1
−5
2
3 ]
Corresponding elements of two matrices are equal.
That is,
3x + y = 1 …(i)
-y = 2 …(ii)
2y – x = -5 …(iii)

From equation (ii),

-y = 2
Multiplying both sides by -1,
-1 × -y = -1 × 2
⇒ y = -2
Substituting y = -2
3x + y = 1
⇒ 3x + (-2) = 1

⇒ 3x – 2 = 1

⇒ 3x = 1 + 2
⇒ 3x = 3
3
⇒ x= 3
⇒ x=1
Thus, we get x = 1 and y = -2
33. Given,

A=
[ ] [ ]
1
2
3
4
,B=
1
2
4
5
let if possible
(AB)T = BTAT

⇒
([ ][ ]) [ ] [ ]
1
2
3
4
1
2
4
5
T
=
1
2
4
5
T 1
2
3
4
T

⇒
[1+6
2+8 ] [ ][ ] 4 + 15
8 + 20
T
=
1
4
2
5
1
3
2
4

⇒
[ ] [
7
10 ]19
28
T
=
1+6
4 + 15
2+8
8 + 20

⇒
[ ] [ ]
7
19
10
28
=
7
19
10
28
L.H.S = R.H.S
So,
(AB)T = BTAT
34. To prove: Set of given equations are inconsistent.
Given set of equations is:-
x + 2y = 9
2x + 4y = 7
Converting the following equations in matrix form,
AX = B

[ ][ ] [ ]
1
2
2
4
x
y
=
9
7
By applying R2 ⇒ R2 - 2R1

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 [ ][ ] [ ]
1
0
2
0
x
y
=
− 11
9

Again converting into equation form, we get

x + 2y = 9
0x + 0y = - 11
∴ 0 = - 11

which is not true

∴ x + 2y = 9

2x + 4y = 7 are inconsistent.

| |
3 1 1
1
35. Area = 9 3 1
2
5 7 1
1
= 2 {3(-4) - 1(4) + 1(48)} = 16 sq. unit

| |
x y 1
Equation of PQ is 3 1 1 =0
9 3 1
-2x + 6y = 0 or x - 3y = 0
36. Since, we know that A(adj A) = |A|n - 1

Here, A = [ cosθ
− sinθ
sinθ
cosθ ]
∴ A. adjA =
| cosθ
− sinθ
sinθ
cosθ | 2−1
× I2

= 11 × I

=I

=
[ ]1
0
0
1

But A(adjA) = [ ] k
0
0
k
...(given)

Hence,
[ ] [ ]
k
0
0
k
=
1
0
0
1
⇒ k=1
Hence, k = 1

37. Let, y = tan − 1

( ) 2x
1 − x2
+ cos − 1
( )
1 − x2
1 + x2
.

Put x = tan θ, we get

y = tan − 1
( ) 2tan θ
1 − tan 2 θ
+ cos − 1
( )
1 − tan 2 θ
1 + tan 2 θ
= tan − 1(tan2θ) + cos − 1(cos2θ)

When x ∈ (0, 1)
We have,
π π
0 < x < 1 and x = tan θ ⇒ 0 < tan θ < 1 ⇒ 0<θ< 4
⇒ 0 < 2θ < 2
⇒ tan − 1(tan2θ) = 2θ and cos − 1(cos2θ) = 2θ
∴ y = tan − 1(tan2θ) + cos − 1(cos2θ)

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 ⇒ y = 2θ + 2θ = 4θ = 4tan − 1x [ ∵ x = tanθ ⇒ θ = tan − 1x ]
dy 4
⇒ =
dx 1 + x2

38. It is given that f(x) = x3, x ∈ [-2, 2]

⇒ f'(x) = 3x2
Now, f'(x) = 0
⇒ x = 0

Further, we evaluate the value of f at critical point x = 0 and at end points of the interval [-2, 2].
f(0) = 0
f(-2) = (-2)3 = -8
f(2) = (2)3 = 8
Therefore, the absolute maximum value of f on [-2, 2] is 8 occurring at x = 2
And, the absolute minimum value of f on [-2, 2] is -8 occurring at x = -2
39. Given: f(x) = sin 3x
f'(x) = 3 cos 3x
Now, 0 < x < π / 2 ⇒ 0 < 3x < 3π / 2
Since cosine function is positive in first quadrant and negative in the second and third quadrants. Therefore, we consider the
following cases.
Case1: When 0 < 3x < π / 2 i.e. 0 < x < π / 6
In this case, we have
0 < 3x < π / 2 ⇒ cos3x > 0 ⇒ 3cos3x > 0 ⇒ f ′(x) > 0
f ′(x) > 0, for 0 < 3x < π / 2 i.e. 0 < x < π / 6
So, f(x) is increasing function on (0, π / 6)
π 3π π π
Case 2: When 2 < 3x < 2
i.e. 6
<x< 2
in this case, we have,
π / 2 < 3x < 3π / 2 ⇒ cos3x < 0 ⇒ 3cos3x < 0 ⇒ f ′(x) < 0
Thus, f ′(x) < 0 for π / 2 < 3x < 3π / 2 i.e. π / 6 < x < π / 2
π π
Hence, f(x) is decreasing on ( 6 , 2 )
Section C
x
40. f : R → R, defined by f(x) =
x2 + 1
Injection test:
Let x and y be any two elements in the domain (R), such that f(x) = f(y).
f(x) = f(y)
x y
=
x2 + 1 y2 + 1

xy2 + x = x2y + y
xy2 - x2y + x - y = 0
-xy(-y + x) + 1(x - y) = 0
(x - y)(1 - xy) = 0
1
x = y or x = y
So, f is not an injection.
Surjection test:
Let y be any element in the co-domain (R) such that f(x) = y for some element x in R (domain).
f(x) = y
x
2 =y
x +1

yx2 - x + y = 0
( −1) ± √1 − 4x 2
x= 2y
if y ≠ 0

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 1± √1 − 4y 2
= 2y
, which may not be in R
For example, if y = 1, then
1 ± √1 − 4 1 ± i√ 3

2y
= 2
which is not in R
So, f is not surjection and f is not bijection.
41. Given A is set of all triangles and relation R on A defined by { (△ 1, △ 2) : △ 1 ≅ △
2}
The given relation satisfies the following properties:
i. Reflexivity
Let a be an arbitrary triangle in A. Then,
Δ ≅ Δ ⇒ (Δ, Δ) ∈ R for all triangles in A ( means every triangle is congruent to itself )
R is reflexive on A
ii. Symmetry
Let Δ 1, Δ 2 ∈ A such that Δ 1, Δ 2 ( ) ∈ R. Then,

(Δ1, Δ2 ) ∈ R ⇒ Δ1 ≡ Δ2
⇒ Δ2 ≅ Δ1

⇒ ( Δ 2, Δ 1 ) ∈ R for all triangles in A

R is symmetric on A
iii. Transitivity
Let Δ 1, Δ 2, Δ 3 ∈ A such that Δ 1, Δ 2 ( ) ∈ (
R and Δ 2, Δ 3 ) ∈ R

(
Then, Δ 1, Δ 2 ) ∈ (
R and Δ 2, Δ 3 ) ∈ R
⇒ Δ1 ≅ Δ 2 and Δ 2 ≅ Δ3
⇒ Δ1 ≅ Δ2

⇒ ( Δ 1, Δ 3 ) ∈ R for all triangles in A ⟹ r is transitive on A

Thus, R is reflexive, symmetric and transitive.
Hence, R is an equivalence relation.

{
1, if x > 0
42. Signum Function f : R → R, given by f(x) = 0, if x = 0
− 1, if x < 0
f(1) = f(2) = 1
Two distinct elements have same image.
∴ f is not one-one.

Except -1, 0, 1 no other members of co-domain of f has any pre-image its domain.
∴ f is not onto.

Therefore, f is neither one-one nor onto.

[ ][ ] [ ][ ]
1 2 −3 3 −1 2 1+3 2−1 −3 + 2 4 1 −1
43. A + B = 5 0 2 + 4 2 5 = 5+4 0+2 2+5 = 9 2 7
1 −1 1 2 0 3 1+2 −1 + 0 1+3 3 −1 4

[ ][ ] [ ][ ]
3 −1 2 4 1 2 3−4 −1 − 1 2−2 −1 −2 0
B−C= 4 2 5 − 0 3 2 = 4−0 2−3 5−2 = 4 −1 3
2 0 3 1 −2 3 2−1 0+2 3−3 1 2 0
Now, we show; A + (B – C) = (A + B) – C

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 [ ][ ][ ][ ]
1 2 −3 −1 −2 0 4 1 −1 4 1 2
⇒ 5 0 2 + 4 −1 3 = 9 2 7 − 0 3 2
1 −1 1 1 2 0 3 −1 4 1 −2 3

[ ][ ]
1−1 2−2 −3 + 0 4−4 1−1 −1 − 2
⇒ 5+4 0−1 2+3 = 9−0 2−3 7−2
1+1 −1 + 2 1+0 3−1 −1 + 2 4−3

[ ][ ]
0 0 −3 0 0 −3
⇒ 9 −1 5 = 9 −1 5
2 1 1 2 1 1
⇒ L.H.S. = R.H.S. Hence Proved.
44. f(x)= 2x3 + 4x + 5 ⇒ f(A) = 2A3 + 4A + 5I

⇒ f(A) = 2
[ 1
4
2
−3 ][[ ][ ] [ ] [ ]
1
4 −3
2 1
4 −3
2
+4
1
4 −3
2
+5
1
0
0
1

⇒ f(A) = 2
[ 1(1) + 2(4)
][ ] [ ] [ ]
1(2) + 2( − 3)
4(1) − 3(4) 4(2) + ( − 3)( − 3)
1
4 −3
2
+
4
16 − 12
8
+
5
0
0
5

⇒ f(A) = 2
[ 1+8
4 − 12
2−6
8+9][ ] [ 1
4] −3
2
+
4+5
16 + 0
8+0
− 12 + 5

⇒ f(A) = 2
[ −8
9 −4
17 ][ ] [ ]
1
4
2
−3
+
9
16 −7
8

⇒ f(A) = 2
[ ] [ ]
9(1) − 4(4) 9(2) − 4( − 3)
− 8(1) + 17(4) − 8(2) + 17( − 3)
+
9
16
8
−7

⇒ f(A) = 2
[ 9 − 16 18 + 12
− 8 + 68 − 16 − 51 ] [ ] [ ][ ] +
9
16
8
−7
⇒ f(A) = 2
−7
60 − 67
30
+
9
16
8
−7

⇒ f(A) =
[ − 14
120
60
− 134 ][ ] +
9
16
8
−7

⇒ f(A) =
[ − 14 + 9
120 + 16 ] [
60 + 8
− 134 − 7 ] =
136
−5 68
− 141
45. We know A’ can be calculated by taking the transpose of the given matrix A.

Therefore, A ′ = [ cosα
sinα
− sinα
cosα ]
Now multiply A and A’. So,

AA ′ =
[ cosα
− sinα
sinα
cosα ] [
×
cosα
sinα
− sinα
cosα ]
⇒ AA ′ =
[ (cosα × cosα) + (sinα) × (sinα)
− sinα × cosα + cosα × (sinα)
cosα × ( − sinα) + (sinα) × cosα
− sinα × ( − sinα) + cosα × cosα ]
⇒ AA ′ =
[ cos 2α + sin 2α
− sinαcosα + cosαsinα
− sinαcosα + cosαsinα
sin 2α + cos 2α ]
⇒ AA ′ =
[ ] 1
0
0
1
. . . (1) ( ∵ cosα 2 + sinα 2 = 1 )
And we know ‘I’ represents an identity matrix

Therefore, I = [ ] 1
0
0
1
...(2)

13 / 35
 From equation 1 & 2 we can say that
AA’ = I
AA’ = I. Hence verified.
46. The given system can be written in matrix form as:

[ ][ ] [ ]
1 1 −1 x 3
2 3 1 y = 10 or AX = B
3 −1 −7 z 1

[ ] [] [ ]
1 1 −1 x 3
A= 2 3 1
,X= y and B = 10
3 −1 −7 z 1

Now, |A| = 1
| 3
−1
1
−7 | | | | |
−1
2
3
1
−7
−1
2
3
3
−1
= (– 20) – 1(– 17) – 1(11)
= – 20 + 17 + 11 = 8
So, the above system has a unique solution, given by
X = A–1B
Cofactors of A are:
C11 = (– 1)1 + 1 (– 21) + 1 = – 20

C21 = (– 1)2 + 1 (–7) –1 = 8

C31 = (– 1)3 + 1 1 + 3 = 4

C12 = (– 1)1 + 2 (–14) – 3 = 17

C22 = (– 1)2 + 1 (– 7)+ 3 = – 4

C32 = (– 1)3 + 1 1 + 2 = – 3

C13 = (– 1)1 + 2 (–2) – 9 = – 11

C23 = (– 1)2 + 1 (–1) – 3 = 4

C33 = (– 1)3 + 1 3 – 2 = 1

[ ]
− 20 17 − 11 T

adj A = 8 −4 4
4 −3 1

[ ]
− 20 8 4
= 17 −4 −3
− 11 4 1

[ ][ ]
− 20 8 4 3
1
Now, X = A-1B = 8
17 −4 −3 10
− 11 4 1 1

[ ]
− 60 + 80 + 4
1
x= 51 − 40 − 3
8
− 33 + 40 + 1

[ ] []
24 3
1
X= 8 = 1
8
8 1
Hence, X = 3, Y = 1 and Z = 1

14 / 35
47. The given system of equation is
2x + 5y = 1, ...(i)
3x + 2y = 7. ....(ii)

Let A =
[ ] []
2
3
5
2
,X =
x
y
and B =
[]
1
7
Then, the given system is AX = B.

Now, | A | =
| | 2
3
5
2
= (4 - 15) = -11 ≠ 0.

Hence, the given system has a unique solution.

The minors of the elements of |A| are
M11 = 2, M12 = 3;
M21 = 5, M22 = 2.
So, the co-factors of the elements of |A| are
A11 = 2, A12 = -3;
A21 = -5, A22 = 2.

∴ (adjA) =
[ −5
2 −3
2 ] [
′
=
2
−3
−5
2 ]

[ ]
−2 5

⇒ A −1 = |A|
1
(adjA) =
−1
11
⋅
[ 2
−3
−5
2 ] =
11
3
2
11
−2
12
.

⇒ X = A-1B

[ ] [ ][ ] [ ][]
−2 5 −2 35
x 11 11 1 11
+ 11
3 3
⇒ = 3 −2 = 3 14 =
y 7 −1
11 11 11
− 11

⇒ x = 3 and y = -1.

Hence, x = 3 and y = -1.

48. Given: Two equations x - 2y = 4 and -3x + 5y = 7
Then,
D1 D2 Dn
x1 = D
, x2 = D
, …, x n = D
provided that D ≠ 0
Now, here we have
x - 2y = 4
- 3x + 5y = - 7
So by comparing with the theorem, let's find D, D1 and D2

⇒ D=
| −3
1 −2
5 |
Solving determinant, expanding along 1st row
⇒ D = 5(1) - ( - 3)( - 2)
⇒D=5-6
⇒D=-1
Again,

⇒ D1 = | 4
−7
−2
5 |
Solving determinant, expanding along 1st row
⇒ D1 = 5(4) - ( - 7)( - 2)

15 / 35
 ⇒ D1 = 20 - 14
⇒ D1 = 6
and

⇒ D2 =
| 1
−3
4
−7 |
Solving determinant, expanding along 1st row
⇒ D2 = 1( - 7) - ( - 3)(4)
⇒ D2 = - 7 + 12
⇒ D2 = 5
Thus, by Cramer’s Rule, we have
D1
⇒ x=
D
6
⇒ x= −1
⇒ x = -6
and
D2
⇒ y= D
5
⇒ y= −1
⇒ y=-5

[ √( ) √( )
][
x x 2 x x 2

)]
cos 2 + sin 2 + cos 2 − sin 2

49. y = cot − 1 ∵
√1 ± sinx = √( x
cos ± sin
2
x
2
2

√( x
cos 2 + sin 2
x
) √(
2
−
x x
cos 2 − sin 2 ) 2

x x x x
cos 2 + sin 2 + cos 2 − sin 2
= cot − 1 x x x x
cos 2 + sin 2 − cos 2 + sin 2

( )
x
2cos 2
= cot − 1 x
2sin 2

= cot − 1 cot 2 ( ) x

x
= 2
x
y=
2
dy 1
dx
= 2
50. Given,
y = a (θ + sinθ) ...(i)
x = a (1 + cosθ) ...(ii)
d 2y 1 π
To prove: = − at θ =
dx 2 a 2
To prove above equation we need to find double derivative of function y wrt x .

As,
d 2y
dx 2
=
dx
d
() dy
dx

Similarly,
dx d
dθ
= dθ
a(1 + cosθ) = − asinθ ...(iv)

16 / 35
 [ ∵
d
dx
cosx = − sinx,
dy
d
dx
sinx = cosx ]
dy dx a ( 1 + cos θ ) ( 1 + cos θ )
∴
dx
= dx = − asinθ
= − sin θ
...(v)
dθ

Differentiating again w.r.t x:

d
dx () (dy
dx
=
dx
d
−
( 1 + cos θ )
sin θ ) = −
d
dx
(1 + cosθ)cscθ

Using product rule and chain rule of differentiation together:

d 2y
dx 2
= −
{ cscθ
dθ
d
(1 + cosθ) + (1 + cosθ)
d
dθ
cscθ
} dθ
dx

d 2y 1
= − {cscθ( − sinθ) + (1 + cosθ)( − cscθcotθ)} [using equation (iv)]
dx 2 ( − asinθ )
d 2y
{ − 1 − cscθcotθ − cot θ}
1
= 2
dx 2 asin θ
d 2y 1 π
As we have to find = − at θ =
dx 2 a 2
∴ put θ = π / 2 in above equation:

{ }
2
d y π π π 1 { −1−0−0}1
2 = − 1 − csc 2 cot 2 − cot 2 2 π = a
dx asin 2
d 2y 1
= −
dx 2 a
51. It is given that
sin 3 t cos 3 t
x= ,y =
√cos 2t √cos 2t
Then, we have

dx
=
d
( ) sin 3 t

√cos 2t

dt dt
(
d sin 3 t ) d√cos 2t
√cos 2t ⋅ dt − sin 3 t ⋅ dt
= cos 2t
d ( sin t ) 1 d ( cos 2t )
√cos 2t ⋅ 3sin 2 t ⋅ dt − sin 3 t × dt
2√cos 2t
=
cos 2t
sin 3 t
2
3√cos 2t ⋅ sin t ⋅ cos t − 2 cos 2t ⋅ ( − 2sin 2t )
√
= cos 2t
3cos 2t ⋅ sin 2 t ⋅ cos t + sin 3 tsin 2t
= .........(i)
cos 2t√cos 2t

dy
=
d
( ) cos 3 t

√cos 2t

dt dt
(
d cos 3 t ) d√cos 2t
√cos 2t ⋅
dt − cos 3 t ⋅ dt
= cos 2t
d ( cos t ) 1 d ( cos 2t )
√cos 2t ⋅ 3cos 2 t ⋅ dt − cos 3 t × 2 cos 2t dt
√
= cos 2t
cos 3 t
3√cos 2tcos 2 t . ( − sin t ) − ⋅ ( − 2sin 2t )
2√cos 2t
= cos 2t
− 3cos 2t ⋅ cos 2 t ⋅ sin t + cos 3 tsin 2t
= .........(ii)
cos 2t√cos 2t

17 / 35
 Therefore, from equation (i) and (ii), we get
dy
dy dt − 3cos 2t ⋅ cos 2 t ⋅ sint + cos 3 tsin 2t
= dx =
dx 3cos 2t ⋅ sin 2 t ⋅ cost + sin 3 tsin2t
dt
− 3cos 2t ⋅ cos 2 t ⋅ sin t + cos 3 t ( 2sin tcos t )
=
3cos 2t ⋅ sin 2 t ⋅ cos t + sin 3 t ( 2sin tcos t )

[
sin tcos t − 3cos 2t ⋅ cos t + 2cos 3 t ]
=
[ ]
sin tcos t 3cos 2t ⋅ sin t + 2sin 3 t

[ − 3 ( 2cos t − 1 ) cos t + 2cos t ]

2 3

= , [Since, cos 2t = (2 cos2 t - 1) and also cos 2t = (1 - 2 sin2 t)]

[ (
3 1 − 2sin t ) sin t + 2
2sin t ] 2

− 4cos 3 t + 3cos t
=
3sin t − 4sin 3 t
− cos 3t
= sin 3t
[Since, cos 3t = 4 cos3 t - 3 cos t, sin 3t = 3 sin t - 4 sin3 t]
= -cot 3t
dy
Hence, the value of dx
is -cot 3t
52. Suppose P (x,y) be a point on
y2 = 4x ...(i)
Let S be the square of the distance between A(2, -8) and P(x,y)
∵ S = (x - 2)2 + (y + 8)2 ...(ii)
Using (i),

S=
( ) y2
4
−2
2
+ (y + 8)2

∵
DS
DY

y 3 − 8y
( ) =2
y2
4
−2 ×
y
2
+ 2 (y + 8)

= 4
+2y + 16
y3
= 4
+ 16
For maxima and minima,we have
DY
DS
=0
y3
⇒ + 16 = 0
4
⇒ y = - 4

Now,we have
d 2s 3y 2
=
dy 2 4
d 2s
At y = - 4, = 12 > 0
dy 2
∵ y = -4 is the point of local minima

From (i)
y2
x= 4
=4
Thus, the required point is (4, -4) nearest to (2, -8).
53. The perimeter of the rectangle with length L and breadth b is 2(l + b)
We have,
2(L + b) = 36
L + b = 18
b = 18 - L
Suppose the rectangle be rotated about its breadth. Then the resulting cylinder formed will be of radius L and height b.

18 / 35
 Volume of cylinder formed V = πL2b = π(18L2 - L3)
To find the dimensions that will result in the maximum volume:
dV
dL
= π(18 × 2 × L -3 × (L2) = 0

36L = 3 × (L2)
L = 12,0
L can not be 0. L is taken as 12 cm.
Thus,b = 24.
d 2V
= π(18 × 2 - 3 × 2 × (L) )
dL 2
At L = 12,
d 2V
= -36π = negative value
dL 2
Thus a maxima exist at L = 12, meaning the volume of the constructed cylinder will be maximum at L = 12 cm.
Section D
54. i. For f(x) to be defined x - 2 ≠ 0 i.e., x ≠ 2
∴ Domain of f = R - {2}

x−1
ii. Let y = f(x), then y = x−2
2y − 1
⇒ xy - 2y = x - 1 ⇒ xy - x = 2y - 1 ⇒ x= y−1
Since, x ∈ R - {1}, therefore y ≠ 1
Hence, range of f(x)= R - {1}
iii. We have, g(x) = 2f(x) - 1

=2 ( ) x−1
x−2
−1=
2x − 2 − x + 2
x−2
=
x
x−2

OR
f(x1) = f{x2) ⇒ x1 = x2

55. i. Total number of toilets that can be expected in each village is given by the following matrix.

[ ][ ]
X 400 300 100 2 / 100
Y 300 250 75 4 / 100
Z 500 400 150 20 / 100

[ ] []
X 8 + 12 + 20 X 40
Y 6 + 10 + 15 = Y 31
Z 10 + 16 + 30 Z 56
X = 40, Y = 31, Z = 56

[ ][ ]
X 400 300 100 2 / 100
ii. Y 300 250 75 4 / 100
Z 500 400 150 20 / 100

[ ] []
X 8 + 12 + 20 X 40
Y 6 + 10 + 15 = Y 31
Z 10 + 16 + 30 Z 56

Total attempt made in all the villages = 2475

Total number of toilets that can be expected after the promotion in all the three-villages = 40 + 31 + 56 = 127
127
The percentage of toilets that can be expected after the promotion in all the three-villages = 2475
× 100 = 5.13%
iii. Let ₹A, ₹B and ₹C be the cost incurred by the organization for villages X, Y and Z respectively. Then A, B, C will be given by
the following matrix equation.

19 / 35
 [ ][ ] [ ]
400 300 100 50 A
300 250 75 20 = B
500 400 150 40 C

[][ ]
A 400 × 50 + 300 × 20 + 100 × 40
⇒ B = 300 × 50 + 250 × 20 + 75 × 40
C 500 × 50 + 400 × 20 + 150 × 40

[ ][ ]
20000 + 6000 + 4000 30000
= 15000 + 5000 + 3000 = 23000
25000 + 8000 + 6000 39000
Cost is ₹30,000.
OR

[ ][ ] [ ]
400 300 100 50 A
300 250 75 20 = B
500 400 150 40 C

[][ ]
A 400 × 50 + 300 × 20 + 100 × 40
⇒ B = 300 × 50 + 250 × 20 + 75 × 40
C 500 × 50 + 400 × 20 + 150 × 40

[][ ][ ]
A 20000 + 6000 + 4000 30000
⇒ B = 15000 + 5000 + 3000 = 23000
C 25000 + 8000 + 6000 39000
Hence total cost is = ₹92000
56. i. From question:
For Rajat x + y + z = 21
For Raj 4x + 3y + 2z = 60
For Raman 6x + 2y + 3z = 70
Therefore, Algebraical representation is
x + y + z = 21
4x + 3 y + 2z = 60
6x + 2y + 3z = 70
ii. We have AX = B
Pre multiplying by A-1 on both sides, we have
A-1 AX = A-1B
⇒ (A-1 A)X = A-1B
⇒ IX = A-1 B [A -1A = I (Identity matrix]
⇒ X = A-1 B [IX = X]

| |
1 1 1
iii. |A|= 4 3 2 = 1 (9 - 4) -1 (12 - 12) + (8 -18)
6 2 3
= 5 - 0 - 10 = - 5 ≠ 0
Therefore, A-1 exists.
Now, A11 = 9 - 4 = 5 ; A21 = - ( 3 - 2 ) = - 1 ; A31 = 2 - 3 = -1
A12 = - (12 -12 ) = 0; A22 =(3 -6) = -3; A32 = - (2 - 4) = 2
A13 = (8 -18 ) = -10; A23 = -(2 - 6) = 4; A33 = (3 - 4) = -1

20 / 35
 | || |
5 0 − 10 T 5 −1 −1
∴ Adj A= − 1 −3 4 = 0 −3 2
−1 2 −1 − 10 4 −1
1
∵ A −1 = |A|
AdjA

| |
5 −1 −1
1
=− 0 −3 2
5
− 10 4 −1
OR
We have X = A-1B

|| | | |
x 5 −1 −1 21
1
⇒ y =− 0 −3 2 60
5
z − 10 4 −1 70

|| | |
x − 25
1
⇒ y = − − 40
5
z − 40

||||
x 5
⇒ y = 8
z 8
⇒ x = 5, y = 8, z = 8
⇒ Cost of potato,onion and brinjal are ₹ 5, ₹ 8 and ₹ 8
57. i. We have, f(x) = |x - 3| + |x - 2|
When x > 4
∴ f(x) = (x - 3) + (x - 2) = 2x - 5

ii. when 2 < x < 3, we have

f(x) = -(x - 3) + (x - 2) = 1
⇒ Slope = f'(x) = 0

but when x > 3, we have

f(x) = x - 3 + x - 2 = 2x - 5
then slope = f(x) = 2
yes, slope vary with x
iii. At x = 3
f(3−λ) −f(3) − (3−λ−3) + (3−λ−2) −1
L.H.D = lim −λ
= lim −λ
λ→0 λ→0
λ+1−λ−1 0
= lim −λ
= lim −λ
=0
λ→0 λ→0
f(3+λ) −f(3)
R.H.D = lim λ
λ→0
(3+λ−3) + (3+λ−2) −1
= lim λ
λ→0
λ+1+λ−1
= lim λ
=2
λ→0
L.H.D ≠ R.H.D at x = 3
∴ f(x) is not differentiable at x = 3

OR
We have the function f(x) = [x] < x, where x is an integer.

21 / 35
 It is not a continuous function, so the potter can not make a pot using the function f(x) = [x].

58. i. C = 40000h2 + 5000x2

as x2h = 250
40000 ( 250 ) 2
⇒ C= + 5000x2
x4
dC − 160000 ( 250 ) 2
ii. = + 10000x
dx x5
dc
iii. For minimum cost dx
=0

⇒ 10000x6 = 250 × 250 × 160000

⇒ x = 10
d 2C
showing > 0 at x = 10
dx 2
∴ cost is minimum when x = 10
OR
dC − 160000 ( 250 ) 2
= + 10000x
dx x4
dC
dx
= 0 gives x = 10
dC dC
dx
> 0 in (10, ∞) and dx
< 0 in (0, 10).
Hence, cost function is neither increasing nor decreasing for x > 0
Section E
59. i. A be the set of human beings.
R = {(x, y) : x and y work at the same place}
Reflexive:
∴ x and x works together R

∴ (x, x) ∈ R

⇒ R is reflexive

Symmetric: If x and y work at the same place, which implies, y and x work at the same place
∴ (y, x) ∈ R

⇒ R is symmetric

Transitive: If x and y work at the same place then x and y work at the same place and y and z work at the same place,
⇒ (x, z) ∈ R and

Hence,
⇒ R is transitive

ii. A be the set of human beings.

R = {(x, y) : x and y lives in the same locality}
Reflexive: Since x and x lives in the same locality,
⇒ (x, x) ∈ R

⇒ R is reflexive

Symmetric: Let (x, y) ∈ R

⇒ x and y lives in the same locality

⇒ y and x lives in the same locality

⇒ (y, x) ∈ R

⇒ R is symmetric.

Transitive: Leet (x, y) ∈ R and (y, z) ∈ R

22 / 35
 (x, y) ∈ R
⇒ x and y lives in the same locality and (y, z) ∈ R
⇒ y and z lives in the same locality

⇒ x and z lives in the same locality

⇒ (x, z) ∈ R
⇒ R is transitive
60. i. Let (a1 b1) and (a2, b2) ∈ A × B such that
f(a1, b1) = f(a2, b2)
⇒ (a1, b1) = (a2, b2)
⇒ a1 = a2 and b1 = b2
⇒ (a1, b1) = (a2, b2)
Therefore, f is injective.
ii. Let (b, a) be an arbitrary
Element of B × A. then b ∈ B and a ∈ A
⇒ (a, b) ) ∈ (A × B)

Thus for all (b, a) ∈ B × A their exists (a, b) ) ∈ (A × B)

such that
f (a, b) = (b, a)
So f: A × B → B × A
is an onto function.
Hence f is bijective.
61. f is one-one: For any x, y ∈ R - {+1}, we have f(x) = f(y)
x y
⇒
1+ |x|
= |y| +1
⇒ xy + x = xy + y
⇒ x = y

Therefore, f is one-one function.

If f is one-one, let y = R - {1}, then f(x) = y
x
⇒ =y
x+1
y
⇒ x= 1−y
It is cleat that x ∈ R for all y = R - {1}, also x = ≠ -1
Because x = -1
y
⇒ = −1
1−y
⇒ y = -1 + y
which is not possible.
y
Thus for each R - {1} there exists x = 1−y
∈ R - {1} such that
y
x 1−y
f(x) = = y
=y
x+1
1−y +1

Therefore f is onto function.

62. Let P(n) : (A')n = (An)'
Then, p(1) : (A') 1 = (A 1)'
⇒ A' = A' ⇒ P(1) is true.

Now, P(k) : (A')k = (Ak)',

Where k ∈ N
Assume that p(k) is true. Then, we will prove that p(k+1) is also true.
P(k + 1) : (A')k+1 = (Ak+1)'
∴ P(k + 1) : (A')k.(A')1 = [Ak+1]'
(Ak)'.(A)' = [Ak+1]'

23 / 35
 (AAk) = [Ak+1]' [ ∴ (A')k = (Ak)' as p(k + 1) is true and (AB)' = B'A']
(Ak+1)' = [Ak+1]' Hence proved.
63. We have, A = [ 3 5 ] 1 × 2 and B = [7 3]
1×2

Let C =
[] x
y 2×1
is a non-zero matrix of order 2 × 1.

∴ AC = [3 5]
[]
x
y
= [3x + 5y]

][ ]
x
And BC = [7 3
y
= [7x + 3y]

For AC=BC,
[3x + 5y] = [7x + 3y]
On using equality of matrix, we get
⇒ 3x + 5y = 7x + 3y

⇒ 4x = 2y

1
⇒ x= 2
y
⇒ y = 2x

∴ C=
[ ] x
2x
We see that on taking C of order 2 × 1, 2 × 2, 2 × 3, . . . . we get

C=
[ ][
2x
x
,
x
2x
x
2x ][,
2x
x
2x
x
2x
x
] ,....

In general,

C=
[ ][
2k
k
,
k
2k
k
2k ] , ......

Where, k is any real number.

64. We have, A =
[ 5
−1 −2
3
]
3A = 3
[
] [ ]−1
5 3
−2
=
15
−3
9
−6

[ ] [ ]
And 7I = 7
1
0
0
1
=
7
0
0
7

∴
[ ] [ ][ ]
A 2 − 3A − 7I =
22
−3
9
1
−
15
−3 −6
9
−
7
0
0
7

=
[ ] [ ]
22 − 15 − 7
−3 + 3 − 0
9−9−0
1+6−7
=
0
0
0
0
=0 Hence proved.
Since, A2 - 3A - 7I = 0
⇒ A-1[(A2) - 3A - 7I] = A-10
⇒ A-1A.A - 3A-1A - 7 A-1 I = 0 [ ∵ A-10 = 0]
⇒ IA - 3I - 7A-1 = 0 [ ∵ A-1A = I]
⇒ A - 3I - 7A-1 = 0 [ ∵ A-1I = A-1]
⇒ -7A-1 = -A + 3I

24 / 35
 =
[ −5
1
−3
2 ] [ ] [
+
3
0
0
3
=
−2
1
−3
5 ]
∴ A −1 =
−1
7 [ ] −2
1
−3
5

65. 1. Given: X + Y =
[ ] 7
2
0
5
…..(i)

and X − Y =
[ ] 3
0
0
3
…..(ii)

Adding eq. (i) and (ii), we get

2X =
[ ][ ] [
7
2
0
5
+
3
0
0
3
=
7+3
2+0
0+0
5+3 ] [ ]
=
10
2
0
8

⇒ X= [ ] [ ]
1
2
=
10
2
0
8
=
5
1
0
4
Subtracting eq. (i) and (ii), we get

2Y =
[ ][7
2
0
5
−
3
0
0
3 ] [ =
7−3
2−0
0−0
5−3 ] [ ]
=
4
2
0
2

⇒ Y=
[ ]1
2
=
4
2
0
2
=
[ ] 2
1
0
1

2. Given: 2X + 3Y =
[ 2
4
3
0 ] …..(i)

and 3X + 2Y =
[ −2
−1
−2
5 ] …..(ii)

Multiplying eq. (i) by 2, 4X + 6Y = 2

[ ] [ ]
2
4
3
0
=
4
8
6
0
……….(iii)

Multiplying eq. (ii) by 3, 9X + 6Y = 3

[ ] [ ] 2
−1
−2
5
=
6
−3
−6
15
………(iv)

Eq. (iv) – Eq. (iii)

⇒ 5X =
[ 6
−3
−6
15 ] [ ]
−
4
8
6
0

=
[ 6−4
−3 − 8
−6 − 6
15 − 0 ] [ ] =
− 11
2 − 12
15

[ ]
2 12
−
⇒ X=
1
5 [ − 11
2 − 12
15 ] =
−
5
11
5
3
5

Now, From eq. (i), 3Y =

[ ] 2
4
3
0
− 2X

[ ]
2 12
−
=
[ ] 2
4
3
0
−2
−
5
11
5
5

25 / 35
 [ ]
4 24
−
⇒ 3Y =
[ ] 2
4
3
0
−
−
5
22
5 6
5

[ ]
4 24
2− 5
3+ 5
3Y = 22
4+ 5
0−6

[ ]
6 39
1 5 5
⇒ Y= 42
3
5 −6

[ ]
2 13
5 5
⇒ Y= 14
5
−2

66. Given equations are

x-y+z=3
2x + y - z = 2
- x - 2y + 2z = 1

[ ][ ] [ ]
1 −1 1 x 3
It can be written as 2 1 −1 y = 2 or AX = B
−1 −2 2 z 1

[ ] [] []
1 −1 1 x 3
where A = 2 1 −1 , X = y , B = 2
−1 −2 2 z 1
We know that for a system of 3 simultaneous linear equation with 3 unknowns
If D ≠ 0, then the given system of equations is consistent and has a unique solution given by
D1 D2 D3
x= D
,y= D
and z = D
If D = 0 and D1 = D2 = D3 = 0, then the given system of equation may or may not be consistent. However if consistent, then it has
infinitely many solutions.
If D = 0 and at least one of the determinants D1, D2 and D3 is non - zero, then the system is inconsistent.
Lets find D

| |
1 −1 1
⇒ D= 2 1 −1
−1 −2 2
Expand by R1
⇒ D = 1[2 - ( - 1)( - 2)] - ( - 1)[(2)2 - (1)] + 1[ - 4 - ( - 1)]
⇒ D = 1[0] + 1[3] + [ - 3]
⇒ D=0
Again, D1 by replacing 1st column by B

26 / 35
 | |
3 −1 1
⇒ D1 = 2 1 −1
1 −2 2
⇒ D1 = 3[2 - ( - 1)( - 2)] - ( - 1)[(2)2 - ( - 1)] + 1[ - 4 - 1]
⇒ D1 = 3[2 - 2] + [4 + 1] + 1[ - 5]
⇒ D1 = 0 + 5 - 5
⇒ D1 = 0

Also, D2 by replacing 2nd column by B

| |
1 3 1
⇒ D2 = 2 2 −1
−1 1 2
⇒ D2 = 1[4 - ( - 1)(1)] - (3)[(2)2 - (1)] + 1[2 - ( - 2)]
⇒ D2 = 1[4 + 1] - 3[4 - 1] + 1[4]
⇒ D2 = 5 - 9 + 4
⇒ D2 = 0

Again, D3 by replacing 3rd column by B

| |
1 −1 3
⇒ D3 = 2 1 2
−1 −2 1
⇒ D3 = 1[1 - ( - 2)(2)] - ( - 1)[(2)1 - 2( - 1)] + 3[2( - 2) - 1( - 1)]
⇒ D3 = [1 + 4] + [2 + 2] + 3[ - 4 + 1]
⇒ D3 = 5 + 4 - 9
⇒ D3 = 0
So, here we can see that
D = D1 = D2 = D3 = 0
Thus, Either the system is consistent with infinitely many solutions or it is inconsistent.
Now from first two equations, put z= k
x-y=3-k
2x + y = 2 + k

[ ][ ] [ ]
It can be written as
1
2
−1
1
x
y
=
3−k
2+k
or CX = D

where C =
[ ] [] [ ] 1
2
−1
1
,X=
x
y
,D=
3−k
2+k

|C| =
| |
1
2
−1
1
=1+2=3
⇒ C
− 1 exist

adj C =
[ 1
1
−2
1
1
] [ ]
T
=
−2
1 1
1

Thus, C − 1 = |C|
adj C

C −1 =

−1
1
3 [ −2
1 1
1 ]
X=C D

27 / 35
 [ ] [ ][ ]
x
y
=3
1
−2
1 1
1
3−k
2+k

=
[ 1
3 ] 3−k+2+k
− 6 + 2k + 2 + k

=3
[ ]
1
− 4 + 2k
5

5 − 4 + 2k
⇒ x= 3
and y = 3
5 − 4 + 2k
Thus x = 3
,y= 3
and z= k
By changing the values of k we may get infinite solutions.
1 1 1
67. Let x
= p, y
= q, and z
=r
Then, the given system of equations is as follows:
2p + 3q +10r = 4
4p - 6q + 5r = 1
6p + 9q - 20r = 2
This system can be written in the form of AX = B , where

[ ] [] []
2 3 10 p 4
A= 4 −6 5, X= q and B = 1
6 9 − 20 r 2
Now, |A| = 2(120 - 45) - 3(- 80 -30) +10(36 +36)
= 150 + 330 + 720
= 1200
Thus, A is non- singular. Therefore, its inverse exists.
Now,
A11 = 75, A12 = 110, A13= 72
A21= 150, A22= -100, A23= 0
A31= 75, A32 = 30, A33= -24
1
∴ A −1 = adjA
|A|

[ ]
75 150 75
1
= 110 − 100 30
1200
72 0 − 24
Now,
X = A-1B

[] [ ][ ]
p 75 150 75 4
1
⇒ q = 110 − 100 30 1
1200
r 72 0 − 24 2

[ ]
300 + 150 + 150
1
= 440 − 100 + 60
1200
288 + 0 − 48

28 / 35
 []
1

[]
2
600
1 1
= 400 =
1200 3
240 1
5

1 1 1
Therefore, p = 2 , q = 3
and r = 5
Hence, x = 2, y = 3 and z = 5.
68. For the given system of equations, we have

| |
2 a 6
D= 1 2 b
1 1 3
⇒ D = 2(6 - b) -a(3 - b) + 6(1 - 2)
⇒ D = 12 - 2b - 3a + ab - 6 = 6 - 3a - 2b + ab = (b - 3)(a - 2)

| |
8 a 6
D1 = 5 2 b
4 1 3
⇒ D1 = 8(6 - b) - a(15 - 4b) + 6(5 - 8)
⇒ D1 = 48 − 8b − 15a + 4ab − 18 = 30 − 15a − 8b + 4ab = (a − 2)(4b − 15)

| |
2 8 6
D2 = 1 5 b
1 4 3
⇒ D2 = 2(15 − 4b) − 8(3 − b) + 6(4 − 5) = 30 − 8b − 24 + 8b − 6 = 0

| |
2 a 8
and, D3 = 1 2 5 = 2(8 − 5) − a(4 − 5) + 8(1 − 2) = 6 + a − 8 = a − 2
1 1 4

i. For unique solution, we must have

D ≠ 0 ⇒ (a - 2) (b - 3) ≠ 0 ⇒ a ≠ 2, b ≠ 3
ii. For infinitely many solutions, we must have
D = D1 = D2 = D3 = 0
⇒ (a - 2)(b - 3) = 0, (a - 2)(4b - 15) = 0 and a - 2 = 0
⇒ a = 2

Putting a = 2 in the given system of equations, we obtain

2x + 2y + 6z = 8
x + 2y + bz = 5
x + y + 3z = 4
This system is equivalent to the system
x + y + 3z = 4
x + 2y + bz = 5
Putting z = k, we get
x + y = 4 - 3k
x + 2y = 5 - bk
Solving these two equations, we get
x = 3 - 6k + bk, y = 1 - bk + 3k
Thus, the given system has infinitely many solutions given by

29 / 35
 x = 3 - 6k + bk, y = 1 - bk + 3k, z = k, where k ∈ R.
Hence, the system has infinitely many solutions for a = 2
iii. For no solution, we must have
D = 0 and at least one of D1, D2 and D3 is non-zero.
Clearly, for b = 3, we have
D = 0 and D3 ≠ 0.
Hence, the system has no solution for b = 3.

] [ ][
2 2 −4 1 −1 0
69. We have, A = −4 2 −4 , B = 2 3 4
2 −1 5 0 1 2

[ ][ ] [ ]
1 −1 0 2 2 −4 6 0 0
∴ BA = 2 3 4 −4 2 −4 = 0 6 0 = 6I
0 1 2 2 −1 5 0 0 6

[ ]
2 2 −4
A 1 1
∴ B-1 = 6
= 6
A= 6
−4 2 −4
2 −1 5
Also, x - y = 3, 2x + 3y + 4z = 17 and y + 2z = 7

[ ][ ] [ ]
1 −1 0 x 3
⇒ 2 3 4 y = 17
0 1 2 z 7

[] [ ][]
x 1 −1 0 −1 3
∴ y = 2 3 4 17
z 0 1 2 7

[ ][ ]
2 2 −4 3
1
= −4 2 −4 17 [using Eq. (i)]
6
2 −1 5 7

[ ] [][]
6 + 34 − 28 12 2
1 1
= − 12 + 34 − 28 = −6 = −1
6 6
6 − 17 + 35 24 4
∴ x = 2, y = -1 and z = 4

70. ∴ x = eθ θ + ( ) ( ) 1
θ
and y = e − θ θ −
1
θ

∴
dx
dθ
=
d
[ ( )]
dθ
e θ. θ +
1
θ

= e θ.
d
dθ ( )( )
θ+
1
θ
+ θ+
1
θ
.
d
dθ
eθ

= eθ 1 −
( )( )
1
θ2
+ θ+
1
θ
eθ

= eθ 1 −
( 1
θ2
+θ+
1
θ )
= eθ
( θ2 − 1 + θ3 + θ
θ2 ) ...(i)

30 / 35
 and
dy
dθ
=
d
dθ[ ( )] e − θ. θ −
1
θ

= e − θ.
d
dθ ( ) θ−
1
θ
+ (θ − θ ).
1 d
dθ
e −θ

= e −θ 1 +
( )( )
1
θ2
+ θ−
1
θ
e − θ. dθ
d
(− θ)

= e −θ
[ θ2 + 1
θ2
−
θ2 − 1
θ ] [ = e −θ
θ2 + 1 − θ3 + θ
θ2 ] ...(ii)

∴
dy
=
dy / dθ
=
e −θ
( θ2 + 1 − θ3 + θ
θ2 )
dx dx / dθ
eθ
( θ2 − 1 + θ3 + θ
θ2 )
= e − 2θ
( − θ3 + θ2 + θ + 1
θ3 + θ2 + θ − 1 )
71. Let u = cos-1(4x3 - 3x)
Put x = cosθ
⇒ θ = cos-1x
Now, u = cos-1(4 cos3θ - 3cosθ)
⇒ u = cos-1(cos 3θ) ...(i)

Let, v = tan −1
( )√1 − x 2
x

⇒ v= tan − 1
( ) √1 − cos 2 θ
cos θ

⇒ v = tan − 1 ( ) sin θ
cos θ

⇒ v = tan-1(tan θ) ...(ii)
Here,
1
2
<x<1
1
⇒
2
< cosθ < 1
π
⇒ 0<θ<
3
So, from equation (i),
u = 3θ .. [Since cos-1(cos θ) = θ, if θ ∈ [0, π]]
⇒ u=3 cos-1x
Differentiating it with respect to x,
du −3
dx
= ...(iii)
√1 − x 2
From equation (ii),

v = θ…. [ since , tan − 1(tanθ) = θ, if θ ∈

( π π
− 2, 2 )]
⇒ v = 3 cos-1x
Differentiating it with respect to x,

31 / 35
 dv −1
dx
= ...(iv)
√1 − x 2
Dividing equation (iii) by (iv),

( )( )
du
dx −3 √1 − x 2
dv = − 1
dx
√1 − x 2
du
∴
dv
= 3.
72. Let u = sin − 1(4x 1 − 4x 2) √
Put 2x = cos θ
u = sin − 1(2 × cosθ 1 − cos 2θ) √
⇒ u= sin − 1(2cosθsinθ)
⇒ u = sin − 1(sin2θ) ....(i)
Let, v = √1 − 4x 2 ...(ii)
Here,

x ∈
( ) 1
2√ 2 2
,
1

⇒ 2x
( ) ∈
1

√2
,1

⇒
( )
cosθ ∈
√2
1
,1

⇒ θ ∈
( )
0,
π
4

So, from equation (i),

u = 2θ [ since , sin − 1(sinθ) = θ, if θ ∈

( π π
− 2, 2 )]
⇒ u = 2cos − 1(2x) [ since , 2x = cosθ]
Differentiate it with respect to x,

du
dx

du
=2
( −1

√1 − ( 2x ) 2
−2
) d
dx
(2x)

dx
= (2)
√1 − 4x 2
du −4
dx
= ...(iii)
√1 − 4x 2
Differentiating equation (ii) with respect to x,

(1 − 4x )
dv 1 d
2
dx
= dx
2 √ 1 − 4x 2
dv 1
⇒
dx
= ( − 8x)
2 1 − 4x 2
√
dv − 4x
⇒
dx
= ...(iv)
√1 − 4x 2
Dividing equation (iii) by (iv)
du
dx −4 √1 − 4x 2
dv = × − 4x
dx √1 − 4x 2
du 1
∴
dv
= x.

32 / 35
73.

VO
l
= cosα
vo = lcosα
OA
l
= sinα
OA = lsinα
1
V= 3
π(OA) 2. vo
1
= π(lsinα) 2. (lcosα)
3
1
= 3
πl 2. sin 2α. lcosα
1
= 3
πl 3sin 2α. cosα
dv πl 3
dα
= 3 [− sin α + 2sinα. cos α ]
3 2

For maximum/minimum
dv
dα
=0
sin 3α = 2sinα. cos 2α
tanα = √2, α = tan − 1√2
1 1
cosα = 2
=
√1 + tan α √3
d 2v πl 3
dα 2 [− 3sin α. cosα + 2 (sinα.2cosα(− sinα) + cos α. cosα )]
= 3
2 2

πl 3
= [− 3sin α. cosα − 4sin α. cosα + 2cos α ]
3
2 2 3

πl 3
= − [7sin α. cosα − 2cosα ]
3
2

negative i.e less than zero

Therefore, area is maximum
α = tan − 1√2
74. Given, the Length of the wire is 36 cm. The wire is cut into 2 pieces. One-piece is made to a square. Another piece made into an
equilateral triangle.
Let us consider,
The perimeter of the square is x.
The perimeter of the equilateral triangle is (36 - x).
x
Side of the square is
4
( 36 − x )
Side of the triangle is 3
Let the Sum of the Area of the square and triangle is

() ( )
x 2 √3 36 − x 2
A= 4
+ 4 3

A= () ( )
x
4
2
+
√3
4
12 −
x
3
2
=
x2
16
+
√3
4 (
144 +
x2
9
− 8x
)
A=
x2
16
+
√3
4 ( 144 +
x2
9 )
− 8x ... (i)

For finding the maximum/ minimum of a given function, we can find it by differentiating it with x and then equating it to zero.
This is because if the function A(x) has a maximum/minimum at a point c then A'(c) = 0.

33 / 35
 Differentiating the equation (i) with respect to x:

dA
dx
=
d
dx [ (
x2
16
+
√3
4
144 +
x2
9
− 8x
)]
dA
dx
=
2x
16
+
√3
4 ( 0+
2x
9
−8 )
d
[Since dx (x ) = nx
n n − 1]

dA
dx
=
2x
16
+
√3
4 ( ) 2x
9
− 8 ... (ii)

To find the critical point, we need to equate equation (ii) to zero.

dA
dx
=
2x
16
+ ( )
√3
4
2x
9
−8 =0

2x
16
=
√3
4 ( )
8−
2x
9

2x √3x
16
= 2√3 − 18
2x √3x
16
+ 18
= 2√3

( )
18 + 8√3
x 144
= 2√3

( ) 144 144√3
x = 2√3 =
18 + 8√3 ( 9 + 4√ 3 )

Now to check if this critical point will determine the minimum area, we need to check with the second differential which needs to
be positive.
Consider differentiating the equation (ii) with x:

d 2A
dx 2
=
d
dx [ 2x
16
+
√3
4 ( )]
2x
9
−8

√3
()
d 2A 1 2 9 + 4√ 3
= + = .... equation(iii)
dx 2 8 4 9 72

(x ) = nx
d
[Since n n − 1]
dx
Now let us find the value of

( ) d 2A
dx 2
x=
144√3

( 9 + 4√3 )
=
9 + 4√ 3

72

As
( ) d 2A
dx 2
x=
144√3

( 9 + 4√3 )
=
9 + 4√ 3

72
> 0, so function A is minimum at

144√3
x=
( 9 + 4√ 3 )
144√3
Now, the length of each piece is x = cm
( 9 + 4√ 3 )
144√3 324
and 36 - x = 36 − = cm
( 9 + 4√ 3 ) ( 9 + 4√ 3 )

75. Let x and y be the length and width of rectangular base, v be the volume.
v = 8 (Given)
v = 2xy
8 = 2xy

34 / 35
 4
y= x
s = (xy) × 70 + 2(x + y) × 45

=x×
4
x ( )
× 70 + 90 x +
4
x

= 280 + 90 x +
( ) 4
x

ds
dx
= 0 + 90 1 −
( ) 4
x2

=
d 2s
dx 2 ( )
= 90 0 +
8
x3

For maximum/minimum
ds
dx
=0
x=2

( ) d 2s
dx 2
x=2
=
720
23
>0

s is Minimum at x = 2
Minimum cost is given by

s = 280 + 90 2 +
( ) 4
2

= 280 + 90 (4)
= 280 + 360
= 640

35 / 35