KONGU ENGINEERING COLLEGE

(Autonomous)
Perundurai, Erode – 638 060
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

MODULATION AND DEMODULATION OF BPSK

A MICRO PROJECT REPORT

for

22ECL52 - ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION LABORATORY

Submitted by

THARANYA S (22ECR216)

THARUNIGA M(22ECR217)

THIRUGNANAGURU S(22ECR218)
 I.ABSTRACT:

Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) modulation and demodulation

are fundamental techniques in digital communication systems, widely used due to their
simplicity and robustness in transmitting binary data. This project focuses on the design,
simulation, and implementation of a complete BPSK modulation and demodulation
system. The goal is to explore its performance in transmitting binary information
efficiently over a noisy channel while ensuring minimal errors at the receiver. The project
addresses the challenges posed by real-world noise and interference, emphasizing the
importance of reliable communication.

The problem lies in transmitting data with minimal distortion or

error over a channel prone to fading, noise, and other impairments. Traditional
modulation techniques often fail to achieve a balance between simplicity, efficiency, and
robustness, leading to increased error rates and reduced reliability. BPSK stands out as
an effective solution for low-complexity systems requiring high reliability. However,
optimizing the performance of BPSK in different scenarios, including high-noise
environments, remains a challenge. Existing systems often overlook the impact of
varying channel conditions or fail to integrate efficient error-checking mechanisms,
making this an area of critical exploration.

Simulations are performed in MATLAB to visualize each stage of the

BPSK system, from digital input waveform generation to modulated signal transmission
and demodulated data recovery. The robustness of the system is tested by varying noise
levels, signal fading, and other channel parameters. Key performance metrics, such as
Bit Error Rate (BER), are analyzed to evaluate the effectiveness of the system under
different conditions. The simulation results provide insights into the system's
performance and highlight areas for improvement, such as noise resilience and signal
recovery accuracy.
II.PROBLEM STATEMENT:

Reliable data transmission is essential for modern communication

systems, yet it remains challenging due to noise, interference, and signal fading
in communication channels. These impairments can cause data errors, reducing
the accuracy and reliability of transmitted information. Over time, advancements
in technology have introduced solutions, but ensuring robust communication,
especially in noisy environments, is still a critical issue.

Earlier communication systems relied on analog modulation techniques

like Amplitude Modulation (AM) and Frequency Modulation (FM). While effective
for their time, these methods were highly susceptible to noise. The shift to digital
communication brought techniques like Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK), which
uses phase changes to represent binary data. BPSK is simpler and more resilient
to noise than analog methods, making it widely used in secure and reliable
communication applications.

However, BPSK still faces challenges, particularly in handling high

noise levels and signal distortions, which can increase Bit Error Rates (BER).
Although enhancements like error correction codes and adaptive techniques have
improved its performance, achieving a balance between simplicity, cost, and
efficiency remains an ongoing task. This project explores the design, simulation,
and optimization of a BPSK system to address these challenges and enhance its
practical performance.
III.METHODOLOGY

The block diagram illustrates the BPSK modulation and demodulation

process. The system begins with Input Binary Data, which is converted into a Digital
Signal through signal generation techniques. The signal is then modulated in the
BPSK Modulator by combining it with a carrier wave, introducing phase shifts based
on the binary values. The Transmitted Signal travels through a Noisy Channel, where
it may face noise and fading effects. The Received Signal is demodulated in the BPSK
Demodulator using correlation and integration techniques to recover the original binary
data, yielding the Recovered Binary Data at the receiver's output.
IV.DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION

The design and implementation of a Binary Phase Shift Keying

(BPSK) modulation and demodulation system involves several stages, from signal
generation and modulation to transmission through a noisy channel and
subsequent demodulation to recover the original data. This system is designed to
address challenges in data transmission, ensuring reliability in the presence of
noise and interference. Below is a detailed explanation of the proposed method
for solving the problem statement through BPSK modulation and demodulation.

1. System Overview

BPSK is a type of phase modulation where the phase of the carrier

signal is shifted between two values, typically 0 and π, to represent binary data (0
or 1). In BPSK, the binary data is mapped to two distinct phases, and this
modulation is inherently more resistant to noise compared to other modulation
schemes, such as Amplitude Modulation (AM). The overall system is designed to
work in noisy environments where bit errors may occur during transmission. The
primary challenge of this system is ensuring accurate recovery of the transmitted
data despite the presence of noise.

The key components of the system are as follows:

1. Input Data: A sequence of binary data is used as the input signal.

2. Digital Signal Generation: The binary data is mapped to a discrete-time
signal.
3. BPSK Modulator: A carrier signal is modulated based on the binary data.
4. Transmitted Signal: The modulated signal is transmitted over a noisy channel.
5. Noisy Channel: A simulated environment where the signal suffers from noise
and fading.
6. BPSK Demodulator: The received signal is demodulated to recover the
original binary data.
7. Output Data: The demodulated data is compared with the input data to
measure the accuracy of the transmission.

2. Design of the BPSK Modulator

2.1 Signal Generation

The first step in BPSK modulation is the generation of the binary

input signal. This signal consists of a sequence of 0s and 1s, representing the data
that needs to be transmitted. Each bit in the binary sequence is mapped to a time
interval, typically referred to as a bit period, Tb , which determines the data rate.
The system assumes a data rate of 1 MHz, which means a bit period Tb =1μs. A
discrete-time signal is generated by dividing each bit period into small intervals.
The digital signal is represented by a series of pulses corresponding to the 0s and
1s in the input binary sequence.

2.2 Carrier Signal

The next step in the BPSK modulation process is the creation of the
carrier signal. The carrier is a high-frequency sine wave that will be modulated
according to the binary input signal. The carrier frequency is chosen to be ten
times the bit rate, Fc =10×Bit rate=10×1 MHz=10 MHz. The amplitude of the
carrier signal is chosen to be Ac =10VThe modulation process involves shifting
the phase of the carrier signal to represent the binary data.

2.3 Modulation Process

Specifically, when the binary input is 1, the phase of the carrier is set to
000 radians (Pc1), and when the input is 0, the phase is set to π radians (Pc2).
The modulated signal is then generated by multiplying the carrier signal with the
binary input, where the carrier undergoes a phase shift depending on whether the
binary bit is 0 or 1. This modulation process ensures that the binary data is
embedded in the phase of the carrier wave.
2.4 Time Domain Representation

Each bit of the binary sequence is represented by a pulse of length Tb ,

and each pulse is associated with the modulated carrier wave. The modulated
signal consists of a series of carrier waves, each shifted in phase according to the
binary data. This results in a continuous-time modulated signal that contains the
encoded binary information. The time-domain representation of the BPSK signal
shows alternating regions of the modulated signal corresponding to the 0s and 1s
in the input data.

3. Transmission through a Noisy Channel

3.1 Signal Fading and Noise

In real-world communication systems, the transmitted signal may experience

fading and noise due to the imperfections in the communication channel. Fading
refers to the fluctuation of signal strength, which may cause parts of the signal to
be attenuated or lost. Noise, typically modeled as Gaussian noise, can also corrupt
the signal, introducing random variations in amplitude and phase. For the purpose
of simulation, the noise is added to the transmitted signal, resulting in a distorted
version of the original signal. This noisy signal is then received at the receiver end.

3.2 Channel Model

The channel is modeled by a simple linear system with a constant gain factor,
h=1h = 1h=1, representing the attenuation or amplification of the signal during
transmission. The noise is represented by a zero-mean Gaussian noise
component, which is added to the transmitted signal to simulate the effects of
environmental interference. This noise introduces random variations, causing bit
errors in the received signal.
4. Design of the BPSK Demodulator

4.1 Signal Reception and Correlation

The received signal is first processed to remove the noise and recover the original
data. The demodulation process involves correlating the received signal with the
local carrier signal. The correlation operation allows the demodulator to detect the
phase shift of the carrier, which indicates whether the transmitted bit was 0 or 1.

4.2 Integration and Threshold Detection

After correlation, the result is integrated over the bit period TbT_bTb to calculate
the accumulated energy corresponding to the phase shift. The integration step
reduces the noise and allows for better detection of the binary data. Once the
signal is integrated, a threshold decision rule is applied: if the accumulated energy
is greater than a certain threshold, the bit is detected as 1; otherwise, it is detected
as 0.

4.3 Bit Recovery

The output of the demodulator is a sequence of bits that represents the recovered
data. The bit error rate (BER) is calculated by comparing the received bits with the
original transmitted bits. The accuracy of the demodulation process is critical,
especially in noisy environments, as any errors in bit recovery can affect the
integrity of the transmitted data.
V.RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

PROGRAM:

clc,
clear all,
close all;

%Digital/Binary input information

x = input('Enter Digital Input Information = '); % Binary information as stream of bits
(binary signal 0 or 1)
N = length(x);
Tb = 0.0001; %Data rate = 1MHz i.e., bit period (second)
disp('Binary Input Information at Transmitter: ');
disp(x);

%Represent input information as digital signal

nb = 100;
% Digital signal per bit
digit = [];
for n = 1:1:N
if x(n) == 1;
sig = ones(1,nb);
else x(n) == 0;
sig = zeros(1,nb);
end
digit = [digit sig];
end

t1=Tb/nb:Tb/nb:nb*N*(Tb/nb); % Time period

figure('Name','BPSK Modulation and Demodulation','NumberTitle','off');
subplot(3,1,1);
plot(t1,digit,'lineWidth',2.5);
grid on;
axis([0 Tb*N -0.5 1.5]);
xlabel('Time(Sec)');
ylabel('Amplitude(Volts)');
title('Digital Input Signal');

% BPSK Modulation
Ac = 10; % Carrier amplitude for binary input
br = 1/Tb; % Bit rate
Fc = br*10; % Carrier frequency
Pc1 = 0; % Carrier phase for binary input '1'
Pc2 = pi; % Carrier phase for binary input '0'
t2 = Tb/nb:Tb/nb:Tb; % Signal time

mod = [];
for (i = 1:1:N)
if (x(i)==1)
y = Ac*cos(2*pi*Fc*t2+Pc1); % Modulation signal with carrier signal 1
else
y = Ac*cos(2*pi*Fc*t2+Pc2); % Modulation signal with carrier signal 2
end
mod=[mod y];
end

t3=Tb/nb:Tb/nb:Tb*N; % Time period

subplot(3,1,2);
plot(t3,mod);
xlabel('Time(Sec)');
ylabel('Amplitude(Volts)');
title('BPSK Modulated Signal');
% Transmitted signal x
x = mod;

% Channel model h and w

h = 1; % Signal fading
w = 0; % Noise

% Received signal y
y = h.*x + w; % Convolution

% BPSK Demodulation
s = length(t2);
demod = [];
for n = s:s:length(y)
t4 = Tb/nb:Tb/nb:Tb;
c = cos(2*pi*Fc*t4); % carrier siignal
mm = c.*y((n-(s-1)):n); % Convolution
t5 = Tb/nb:Tb/nb:Tb;
z = trapz(t5,mm); % intregation
rz = round((2*z/Tb));
if(rz > Ac/2) % Logical condition
a = 1;
else
a = 0;
end
demod = [demod a];
end
disp('Demodulated Binary Information at Receiver: ');
disp(demod);

% Represent demodulated information as digital signal

digit = [];
 for n = 1:length(demod);
if demod(n) == 1;
sig = ones(1,nb);
else demod(n) == 0;
sig = zeros(1,nb);
end
digit = [digit sig];
end
t5=Tb/nb:Tb/nb:nb*length(demod)*(Tb/nb); % Time period
subplot(3,1,3)
plot(t5,digit,'LineWidth',2.5);grid on;
axis([0 Tb*length(demod) -0.5 1.5]);
xlabel('Time(Sec)');
ylabel('Amplitude(Volts)');
title('BPSK Demodulated Signal');

SIMULATION OUTPUT:
 The simulation begins with the generation of a binary input sequence. The
BPSK modulator converts this binary data into a phase-shifted carrier signal. The
simulated time-domain representation of the BPSK signal illustrates distinct phase
shifts corresponding to binary 0s and 1s. A visual inspection of the waveform
confirms accurate phase modulation.

• Key Observations:
o The carrier signal exhibits a phase of 0 radians for binary 1 and π\piπ
radians for binary 0.
o The time-domain plot aligns with the expected theoretical representation
of BPSK signals.

VI.CONCLUSION

The implementation of Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) modulation and

demodulation successfully demonstrates the system's ability to transmit and
recover binary information accurately. The project addresses the challenge of
maintaining signal integrity in noisy communication environments by leveraging
the phase shift of the carrier signal to encode and decode data. Simulation results
highlight the robustness of BPSK, achieving low bit error rates (BER) even under
moderate noise conditions, validating its practical reliability.

The results underscore the efficiency of BPSK in bandwidth utilization and its
capability to resist noise, making it a preferred modulation scheme in various
applications, including wireless communication, satellite systems, and digital data
transmission.Real-time testing further demonstrates the applicability of BPSK in
real-world scenarios, despite slight deviations due to hardware imperfections and
environmental factors. The simplicity of BPSK’s implementation, combined with its
effectiveness in noisy environments, highlights its versatility and reliability for
modern communication systems.