Matter and Chemical Change Study Outline

Sections 1, 2

1.1 Safety in the Science Class

Chemistry​ – The study of the properties of matter and the changes matter undergoes. Chemistry
investigates the ways different substances ​interact​, ​combine​, and ​change​.

Know the ​Safety Rules​ to adhere to when working in a science lab.

Safety Hazard Symbols

1. The ​shape​ indicates how hazardous a substance is.
2. The ​type of hazard​ is indicated by the ​picture​ inside the shape.

WHMIS​ – Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System

1.2 Organizing Matter

The Particle Model of Matter

● All matter is made up of extremely tiny particles.
● Particles attract each other.
● Particles are always moving.
● Particles have spaces between them.
● Particles in a pure substance are all the same.
● Particles move faster at higher temperatures and slower at cooler temperatures.
Changes of State​ – depend on ​temperature​.

Physical Properties of Matter

● Colour
● Lustre
● Melting and Boiling Points
● Mohs Hardness
● Malleability – can be pounded or rolled into sheets
● Ductility – can be stretched into a long wire
● Crystal Shape
● Solubility
● Density
● Conductivity

Physical Change​ – When a substance undergoes a change that ​does not​ change its chemical
composition.

Chemical Properties of Matter

These properties are observed ​ONLY​ when the substance ​undergoes a change​ to become an
entirely different​ kind of substance.
● reaction with acids
● ability to burn
● reaction with water
● behaviour in air
● reaction to heat

Chemical Change​ – When a substance combines with another to form a ​new​ substance.
Evidence
● Colour Change
● Change in Odour
● Formation of solid (precipitate) or gas
● Release or absorption of heat energy
All ​matter​ is ​divided​ into a ​pure substance​ or a ​mixture​, ​depending​ on their ​physical​ and ​chemical
properties​.

Pure Substances
● Material that contains only ​ONE​ kind of particle.
● Substances can exist in three states of matter (solid, liquid, gas).
● Each substance has its own set of physical properties.
● Examples: iron, gold, oxygen, and diamonds.

1. Elements​ – Made up of only one type of particle. Elements are all listed on the Periodic
Table. Examples: copper, gold, silver, sulfur, aluminum, lead, oxygen, hydrogen, mercury.

2. Compounds​ – Made up of TWO or more elements. Compounds can be broken down into
simpler substances (​Water​ – ​Hydrogen​ and ​Oxygen​). Examples: baking soda, salt, water,
methane, carbon dioxide, sugar.

Mixtures
● Two or more pure substances combined.
● The properties of a mixture are a blending of the properties from each substance.
● Phases​ – refers to separate parts of a mixture.
● Aqueous Solution​ – Solution formed when a substance dissolves in ​water​. A subscript is
used to indicate this type of solution. NaCl​(aq)

1. Solution (Homogeneous Mixture)​ – Uniform in composition. Molecules are evenly

dispersed. Particles do NOT settle. Cannot be filtered. Examples: salt water, coffee, vinegar,
clean air, pop, laser gas.

2. Mechanical Mixture (Heterogeneous Mixture)​ – NOT uniform in composition. Different

particles are visible. Particles can be filtered. Examples: frozen vegetables, chocolate chip
muffin, omelette, salad, soil.

3. Colloid (In-Between Mixture)​ – Particles do NOT settle. Particles too small to be filtered.
Usually cloudy or opaque. Scatters light. Examples: cheese, mayonnaise, fog, paint.

4. Suspension (In-Between Mixtures)​ – Particles settle slowly after mixing. Particles can be
filtered. Particles do not dissolve. Does NOT scatter light. Examples: orange juice, peanut
butter, sand in water.
1.3 Observing Changes in Matter

Examples of ​Physical​ Change Examples of ​Chemical​ Change

● making an aluminum foil ball ● iron rusting
● melting ice ● burning wood
● boiling water ● energy metabolism
● mixing sand and water ● cooking an egg
● breaking glass ● baking a cake
● adding sugar to water ● electroplating
● shredding paper ● rotting banana
● chopping wood ● mixing vinegar and baking soda
● mixing green and red marbles ● fireworks
● sublimation of dry ice ● chemical battery

In everyday life, ​controlling changes in matter​ help us meet our basic needs.
● Freeze-Drying – preserves food
● Fermenting Yeast – makes bread
● Striking a Match

2.1 Evolving Theories of Matter and 2.2 Organizing the Elements

8000 BC…​Stone Age​ – Humans used only stone tools at the time. Metals had not yet been
discovered. People learned to start and control fire. They learned how to change substances, cook
food, make fire-hardened mud bricks, and make stronger tools.

3000 BC…​Bronze Age​ – Metals were discovered. Chemists investigated only matter that was
valuable to humans. Gold for its attractive colour and lustre. Copper to make pots, coins, and tools.
Working with copper led to the creation of Bronze – hard, strong material.

1200 BC…​Iron Age​ – Iron was discovered and people learned to combine iron and carbon to make
steel. Steel meant sharper blades for hunting and stronger armour for war. People also extracted the
resin from the Juniper Tree. They soaked cloths in this resin and preserved dead bodies (mummies).

Democritus​ – Used the word ​“atomos”​ to describe the smallest particles that could not be broken
down any further. Each ​“atomos”​ had its own set of properties.

Aristotle​ – Stated that everything was made of ​earth​, ​air​, ​fire​, and ​water​ – ​Aristotelian Elements​.
For 2000 years people believed Aristotle over Democritus.
Alchemy​ – ​Ancient​ branch of natural philosophy was practiced throughout Europe, Africa, Asia.
Scientists experimented with trying to ​change all metals​ ​into gold​. It was believed that these
special scientists had the power to take something ordinary and turn it into something extraordinary.

Alchemist​ – An ancient scientist who was thought to be ​part chemist​ – ​part magician​.

Quantum Mechanics​ – A branch of Physics that describes properties of nature on an atomic scale.
The model describes electrons as existing in a charged cloud around the nucleus.
2.3 The Periodic Table Today

For most elements, the ​symbol​ is an abbreviation derived from the

element’s ​modern​ or ​Latin​ chemical ​name​.
● Si is the symbol for Silicon
● Mn is the symbol for Manganese
● Au is the symbol for Gold (Latin ​Aurum)​

● Some elements are named after the ​location​ in which they were discovered.
● Some elements are names after a ​scientist​ who made important contributions to their field of
study.

Atomic Number​ – Represents the ​number of protons​ in the nucleus.

Because atoms are neutral, the atomic number also represents the
number of electrons​. Example: Oxygen has 8 protons and 8 electrons.
Number of Protons = Number of Electrons

Atomic Mass​ – It is the ​mass​ of ​one​ atom of the element. It represents ​all​ of
the ​protons​ and ​neutrons​ in an atom. The ​average mass​ of an atom is always
compared to the mass of a ​carbon​ atom.

Mass Number​ – Represents the ​SUM​ of all the ​protons​ and ​neutrons​ in an atom. Usually the Mass
Number equals the Atomic Mass.
Mass Number – Atomic Number = Number of Neutrons
Example:
● Oxygen has an ​atomic mass of 16.0​, with 8 protons and 8 neutrons.
● Oxygen has a ​mass number of 16​ (8 + 8 = 16)

Isotope​ – ​Variant​ form of a common element.

For this carbon isotope, the Mass Number is 14.

14 – 6 = 8
This carbon isotope has 8 neutrons.

Groups​ – Columns numbered 1 through 18. Elements in the same group have similar properties.
Groups are named by the first element in the column – Group 10 is Nickel Group.

Periods​ – Rows numbered 1 through 7. Properties change as you move to the right – Metals to
Non-Metals. The ​most reactive metals​ start on the left, and as you move to the right, the metals
become less reactive.

Metals​ – These elements are shiny, malleable, and ductile. They conduct electricity and are good
thermal conductors.
● Alkalis​ – Group 1 – ​Most reactive metals​.
● Alkaline-Earth​ – Group 2 – Reactive metals – but not as strong as the Alkalis.
● Transition Metals​ – Groups 3 to 12 – Form compounds.
Non-Metals​ – These elements can be solid or a gas. The solid ones are dull and brittle. They do not
conduct electricity, and are good insulators.
● Halogens​ – Group 17 – ​Most reactive​ ​non-metals​. They undergo a chemical change to form
useful compounds. Example: Fluoride in toothpaste.
● Noble Gases (Inert Gases)​ – Group 18 – ​Most stable and unreactive​ elements. They do not
easily form chemical compounds. They do ​not​ have an ​ion charge​ – because they do not
react and lose or gain electrons.

Metalloids​ – These elements have ​both metallic​ and ​non-metallic​ ​properties​.

Solid, Liquid, Gas​ – The ​state of matter​ at ​room temperature​ is given on the Periodic Table.

Ion​ – Name for an atom with an ​electric charge​ – it is ​NOT​ a neutral atom. ​Ions​ lose or gain
electrons​.