ĐỀ CƯƠNG ÔN TẬP

Môn Phương pháp giảng dạy tiếng Anh Bậc Trung học
ĐỀ 0:
1. Describe the steps to deliver a listening lesson. Give specific examples to clarify each
steps
Presenting a listening activity goes in three stages. In each stage there are some steps that
should be followed:
Stage #1. Pre-Listening:
Prepare students for the listening activity by:
1- Introduce the topic of listening:
Say the title of the topic.
2- Activate students’ existing knowledge:
Lead a discussion around the topic to elicit what students already know about the topic and what
they need to know or what information they anticipate listening to.
3- Build prior knowledge:
Provide appropriate background information about the speakers, the topic, concepts, and
vocabulary embedded in the text, and motivate students’ interest to listen.
4- Define a purpose for the listening activity:
Ask students a pre-question to think of its answer while listening or identify a task for students to
complete during listening.
Stage #2. While Listening:
Students listen to the text at least twice:
1- The first time:
It allows students to answer the pre-question, get a general idea about the topic, and verify the
accuracy of their predictions.
2- The second time and subsequent times:
They help students to derive the information they need to complete the tasks identified in the pre-
listening stage.
Examples of some tasks to be done while listening:
1- Answering some questions on specific information in the listening text.
2- A map chart/graph students complete as they listen.
Stage #3. Post-Listening:
Students act upon what they have heard to give evidence that they understood the text.
Examples of some post-listening tasks:
1- Summarize the main ideas of the listening text either orally or in writing.
2- Write a composition based on the material acquired during listening.
3- Outline the material they listened to in writing using charts, diagrams, etc
2. What are the benefits of extensive reading ? what can be done to encourage extensive
reading among your students
What are the benefits of Extensive Reading?
Students become better reader
It is widely accepted that people become good readers through reading, and that learning how to
read should mean a primary focus of attention on the meaning rather than the language of the
text. It is pretty obvious that extensive reading helps students become better readers. Research by
Richard Day amongst many others shows that we learn to read by reading. The more language
students read, the better readers they become. An integral part of this is learning new vocabulary.
Students learn more vocabulary
Probably the most cited benefit of Extensive Reading is that it can extend and sustain students’
vocabulary growth. We know that vocabulary is not learned by a single exposure. Experts in
language and literacy development such as Harvard University Education Professor Catherine
Snow believe that you need to encounter a word or phrase in different contexts between 15 and
20 times to have a high possibility of learning the word or phrase. Students are highly unlikely to
encounter vocabulary sufficient times within the classroom to learn it. However, if they read
extensively they are much more likely to get multiple encounters with words and phrases in a
variety of contexts.
Students improve writing
Students who read extensively also make gains in writing proficiency (Elley and Mangubhai
1981, and Hafiz and Tudor 1989). This is probably because as students encounter more
language, more frequently, through extensive reading, their language acquisition mechanism is
primed to produce it in writing.
Students improve overall language competence
In addition to gains in reading and writing proficiency, research demonstrates that students who
read extensively also make gains in overall language competence. For example, Cho andKrashen
(1994) reported that their four adult ESL learners increased competence in both listening and
speaking abilities through reading extensively. So Extensive Reading would seem to benefit all
language skills, not just reading and writing.
Students become more motivated to read
It is highly motivating for students to discover that they can read in English and that they enjoy
it. For this reason it is essential that the books are interesting to students and at a level
appropriate to their reading ability. If students find the books compelling and interesting, and can
understand them, they may become more eager readers. This can also help to boost their
confidence and self-esteem as language learners.
Students develop learner autonomy.
Students can read anywhere, at any time, and reading extensively helps them become more
autonomous learners. To promote learner autonomy extensive reading should be a student-
managed activity. That is to say that students should decide what, when, where and how often
they read.
Students become more empathic
Neuroscientific and social science studies have shown that people who read literary fiction
extensively are more empathic. People who read novels about other people who are very
different from themselves and their backgrounds are particularly empathic.
Conclusion
There are many benefits of Extensive Reading in language learning. These include gains in
reading and writing competence, oral and aural skills, vocabulary growth, and increases in
motivation, self-esteem and empathy. Students who read extensively also become more
autonomous learners.

Encouraging students to read more extensively can be a rewarding challenge. Here are a few
strategies that might help:
 Create a Reading-Friendly Environment: Transform the classroom into a space where books
are celebrated. Include a variety of genres, authors, and topics to cater to different interests.
 Incorporate Technology: Use e-readers or reading apps to make books more accessible.
Sometimes, the novelty of using a device can be a motivator.
 Reading Challenges and Incentives: Set up friendly competitions or challenges. Offer small
rewards or recognition for milestones achieved.
 Book Talks and Recommendations: Regularly share exciting new books and invite students
to do the same. Peer recommendations can be particularly influential.
 Integrate Reading into Projects: Design projects that require students to read and research.
Connect the material to their interests or current events to make it more engaging.
 Read Aloud and Discuss: Take time to read aloud to the class and discuss the content. This
can model good reading habits and spark interest in different genres.
ĐỀ 1
1. Give two examples of communicative activities in an upper secondary class. What
problems might occur in these activities and how to prevent and/or deal with them?

Example 1: Debates

Activity: Students are divided into groups and assigned different positions on a controversial
topic to debate.

Problems:

 Tension and Conflict: Debates might become heated, leading to personal conflicts.
 Unequal participation: Some students might dominate the debate, while others remain
silent.

Solutions:

 Set clear guidelines: Establish rules for respectful debate and monitor adherence.
 Structured turns: Ensure each student gets a designated time to speak.

Example 2: Collaborative Projects

Activity: Students work in groups to create a presentation or project on a specific topic.

Problems:

 Free-riding: Some students might rely on others to do most of the work.

 Coordination issues: Difficulty in coordinating schedules and dividing tasks effectively.

Solutions:

 Assign specific roles: Make sure each student has a clear and essential part to play.
  Regular check-ins: Schedule progress checks to ensure balanced participation and
teamwork.

Communicative activities is the exchange of thoughts, feelings, and information between people
in society. communicative activities is carried out by many means, of which language is the most
important. for the classroom, communicative activities can take place anytime, anywhere.
Communication can take place between students and teachers and between students and students.

Example 1: communication between teacher and student by asking questions. when learning a
new content teachers can ask questions directly in front of the class for students to answer.
teachers can listen to students' thoughts on new topics, when asking questions teachers can create
pay attention to students, through which it is easy to understand whether students are interested
in new topics or not, in addition, students can also communicate with teachers by asking
questions back to the teacher. With this activity, teachers easily create excitement and help
students easily familiarize themselves with new topics. Maybe the new topic is completely new
to students, so the case that students cannot hear and understand the purpose of the teacher's
question is possible. Therefore, teachers should choose questions that are easy and suitable for
students' ability to avoid creating a feeling of pressure and anxiety with new topics. In this
activity it is often difficult to get all the students' attention to the teacher's question. so instead of
just having one student answer each question, the teacher can have multiple students add their
own ideas so that any student can express his or her thoughts. so all students in the class will
focus on thinking their own answers. In case students do not have knowledge of new topics,
when being called to answer students can stand for a long time, then it is very necessary for
suggestions from the teacher. Therefore, in order for the activity to take place in the best way,
teachers need to carefully prepare documents, content, and knowledge related to the topic to be
able to support students in the best way.

Example 2: the activity of dividing students in the class into small groups, the number of
members in each group depends on the teacher's decision. Teachers arrange students into small
groups in the direction of creating direct interaction between members, from which group
students exchange, help and work together to complete the common work of the group. This
form aims to increase the spirit of solidarity and responsibility, show equality and democracy,
promote the role of the subject, and form necessary skills such as communication skills and
social skills. When working in groups, there will be cases where some members of the group are
passive and do not cooperate. Therefore, during the discussion, teachers need to move back and
forth between groups to listen, contribute ideas and suggest more content to ensure that all
members of the group work together. With the current situation, students are becoming more and
more lazy to be active, affecting the process of developing their communication and cooperation
ability. Students are often assigned and assigned to participate in a passive way, they have not
been actively involved in all stages in the process of activities. Therefore, teachers need to
carefully prepare the content assigned to the groups. The content must be attractive and new to
stimulate and attract students to contribute ideas. Teachers need to create fairness for all
members of the group. After the discussion, students appoint a representative of their group to
present their group's results. Teachers need to listen carefully to be able to give the most
complete assessment. In addition, words of encouragement are also a good way to communicate
to help students be more motivated and confident when communicating with people around
them.

2. What are benefits of extensive listening? What can be done to encourage extensive
listening?
Extensive listening encourages the learners to get fluent in a qualified way. The main value in
extensive listening is to allow the students' self-selection and the decision of how to spend time
effectively to improve their listening skill in the target language. Also, it was thought that the
extensive listening activity was more effective with the transcript on her hands. The theme that it
appeals to every student is one of the most powerful aspects of the extensive listening activities,
as each student has the opportunity to choose a specific topic to listen for pleasure. By this way,
they are more interested in listening and complete the activities without any time or topic
limitation. Speed recognition is built, learners are helped to chunk, text is more likely tobe
enjoyed, and focus is on understanding and interacting with the text.
So what can be done to encourage extensive listening?
Extensive listening tips to learn English
- Listen a lot (mostly alone, outside of class) and listen to a variety of content.
- Listen often and often to video or audio recordings with ease.
 - Choose content that is interesting to you and you already know a little about it.
- Focus on content, not form: Listen carefully for main ideas, not details. Try to
understand the important points of the video or audio recording.

- Try to find basic sources of information. If it's too deep, you might get frustrated
when there's so much vocabulary you don't know. If you feel that you can't

understand most of what's going on, try easier content.

ĐỀ 2
1. Present main features of one of the following methods (Choose A or B only). Give specific
examples in your teaching context.
A. Teaching Grammar communicatively
B. Teaching integrated English skills
Teaching grammar communicatively” mean? It means that grammar instruction and lessons are
not limited to introducing a grammar item or items, having learners do controlled exercises, and
then later assessing students on their ability to understand grammar items. It means designing
grammar lessons to include a communicative task or activity. A communicative grammar lesson
might start in very much the same way as a traditional approach with presentation of a grammar
item and examples, followed by controlled exercises to practice the grammar item. Teaching
Grammar Communicatively (TGC) means increasing the students’ ability to communicate
effectively using grammar points. So, you should consider teaching grammar points in a way that
encourages students to use them in real-life situations. That’s Teaching Grammar
Communicatively (TGC).
2. In what ways can teachers encourage students to learn and use English outside the
classroom?
There are many ways teachers can encourage students to use language outside of the classroom.
1. Communicate in the target language
Conversation, conversation and conversation. Ask students to find a partner to practise their
language skills and talk about anything they like. As students practise conversations, they repeat
the new language structures in their head.
 2. Know your digital tools
Online dictionaries, language apps and vocabulary games are a great tool to keep sentence
structures on track. Asking students to play a language game as homework is an engaging way to
practise language outside of the classroom.
3. Start a closed group chat
Ask a question each week that you want the class to answer. For example: "What is your dream
in the future?"
Encourage students to comment on posts. Students are free to think and express their opinions.
Teachers will not publicly correct mistakes as this is more of a way to stimulate conversation in
English than correcting a grammar mistake, but when posting, the teacher can include a tip on
how to answer correctly.
3. Encourage English communication practice with foreigners.
The teacher can divide the class into small groups, and assign 1 interview question to random
visitors on the street. The group of students will have the task of starting a conversation with a
stranger and asking them questions, from which they can gather information and present the
results the next day in class. Ask each group/pair to schedule a regular 20-minute conversation
time in English each week. You can provide topics to get started.

ĐỀ 3
1. Give two examples of communicative activities in a lower secondary class. What
problems might occur in these activities and how to prevent and/or deal with them?

Example 1: Role-Playing

Activity: Students act out real-life scenarios (e.g., ordering food at a restaurant, asking for
directions). Problems:

 Shyness: Some students might feel self-conscious or reluctant to perform.

 Dominance: More confident students might dominate the activity.

Solutions:

 Pair with supportive partners: Match shy students with encouraging peers.
 Rotate roles: Ensure everyone gets a chance to participate equally.

Example 2: Group Discussions

Activity: Students discuss a topic in small groups (e.g., current events, book summaries).
Problems:

 Off-topic chatter: Students might veer off the topic.

 Unequal participation: Some students might not contribute.

Solutions:

 Set clear goals: Provide specific questions and a timeline.

 Assign roles: Give each student a role (e.g., leader, note-taker) to ensure involvement.

2. What are benefits of extensive writing? What can be done to encourage extensive
reading?
- Benefits of Extensive Writing:
Improved Communication Skills: Writing regularly helps students articulate their thoughts
clearly and effectively.
Enhanced Critical Thinking: Writing encourages students to analyze, synthesize, and evaluate
information, fostering deeper understanding.
Increased Creativity: Writing extensively allows students to explore and develop their creative
ideas.
Better Academic Performance: Strong writing skills contribute to success in other academic
areas, as students can better express their knowledge and understanding.
Emotional and Mental Health: Writing can be therapeutic, helping students process their
emotions and experiences.
- Encouraging Extensive writing:

 Writing Prompts: Provide engaging and thought-provoking prompts to spark creativity. Mix
it up with different themes, such as fantasy, mystery, or real-life situations.

 Journals: Encourage students to keep personal journals where they can write freely about
their thoughts, experiences, and reflections.

 Peer Reviews: Incorporate peer review sessions where students can share their work and
provide constructive feedback to one another.

 Writing Competitions: Organize friendly writing competitions with small rewards or

recognition for participants and winners.
 Collaborative Writing: Have students work in pairs or groups to write stories, scripts, or
essays together. This can make writing a more social and enjoyable activity.

2. What are benefits of extensive speaking? What can be done to encourage extensive
speaking?

Benefits of Extensive Speaking:

1. Enhanced Communication Skills: Regular speaking practice helps students express

their ideas more clearly and confidently.
2. Improved Pronunciation and Fluency: Frequent speaking allows students to refine
their pronunciation and speak more fluently.
3. Increased Vocabulary: Engaging in conversation exposes students to new words and
phrases, expanding their vocabulary.
4. Better Listening Skills: Speaking involves active listening, which helps students
improve their ability to understand and respond appropriately.
5. Boosted Confidence: Regular practice in speaking builds self-confidence and reduces
anxiety about speaking in public.

Encouraging Extensive Speaking:

1. Create a Safe Environment: Foster a classroom atmosphere where students feel

comfortable and supported in speaking up.
2. Pair and Group Activities: Use pair work and group discussions to provide more
opportunities for students to speak.
3. Role-Playing: Incorporate role-playing activities to make speaking practice more
engaging and relevant to real-life situations.
4. Debates and Discussions: Organize debates and discussions on interesting topics to
encourage students to articulate their thoughts and opinions.
5. Presentation Opportunities: Give students regular opportunities to present their work or
share their experiences with the class.
6. Speaking Games: Use fun speaking games to make practice enjoyable and less
intimidating.
7. Feedback and Encouragement: Provide constructive feedback and positive
reinforcement to build students' confidence and motivation.