FIRST TERM,ACADEMIC SESSION 2024/2025

LESSON PLAN FOR WEEK FOR WEEK 1

Subject: MATHEMATICS

Lesson Topic: Straight line Graphs

Theme: Algebrtaic Process.

Class: SSS 2

Period: 3

Time: 40 minutes

Date :13th January ,2025 To 17th January ,2025.

Learning Outcome

By the end of the lesson, pupils will

be able to;
1.Gradient of a Straight Line.

2.Gradient of a Curve.

3.Drawing of Tangents to a Curve.

CONTENT
GRADIENT OF A STRAIGHT LINE

The gradient (or slope) of a straight line is a measure of the steepness of the
line.
The gradient of a line may be positive or negative.

Positive gradient (uphill slope)

Consider line LM shown in the diagram below. The line slopes upwardsto the
right and it makes an acute angle of with the positive x-axis, so tan is
positive. The gradient of the line can be found by choosing any two
convenient points such as A and B on the line. In moving from A to B, x
increases () and y also incrases ().

i.e. increase in x = horizontal distance = AC

increthe gradient of a line is represented by letter m.

the gradient of a line LM is given by:

m = increase in y from A to B increase in x from A to B= BCAC= 24= 12

also in ABC, tan = BCAC= 24= 12

it follows that the gradient of line AB = tan . When a line slopes upwards
(uphill) to the right, the gradient of the line is positive.

Negative gradient (downhill slope)

In the diagram below, line PQ slopes downwards and it makes an obtuse

angle with positive x-axis, so tan is negative. Again, to find the gradient of
the line, we choose two convenient points such as D and F on the line. In
moving from D to F, x increase () and y decreases ().

i.e. increase in x = horizontal distance = DE and decrease in y = vertical

distance = EF.

as in y = vertical distance = BC

The gradient, m of line PQ is given by:

m = increase in y from D to Fincrease in x from D to F= EFDE= -34= -34

Also the gradient of line PQ = tan

When a line slopes downwards to the right (i.e. downhill) the gradient is
negative.

For example, in the diagram below, the slope goes up 3 units for every 4
units across. Since triangles PQT, QRU and RSW are similar,

We have: QTPT= RUQU= SWRW= 34

This means the gradient of the line is given by:

m=QTPWhere the letter ‘m’ represents gradient.

Calculating the Gradient of a Line

The gradient of a straight line can be calculated from any two points on the
line.

Let the two points on line PQ be A and B. if the coordinates of point A are
(x1, y 1) and the coordinates

Gradients of lines and curves

of point B are (x2, y2), then in moving from A to B, the increase in x (or
change in x) is AC and the increase in y (or change in y) is CB, i.e. AC = x2 –
x1 and CB = y2 – y1,

Thus, the gradient, m of the line PQ is given by:

m = increase in y increase in x = difference in y coordinate difference in x

coordinate

T or m= RUQU or m= SWRW

Where the letter ‘m’ represents gradient.

Calculating the Gradient of a Line

The gradient of a straight line can be calculated from any two points on the
line.

Let the two points on line PQ be A and B. if the coordinates of point A are
(x1, y 1) and the coordinates

Gradients of lines and curves

of point B are (x2, y2), then in moving from A to B, the increase in x (or
change in x) is AC and the increase in y (or change in y) is CB, i.e. AC = x2 –
x1 and CB = y2 – y1,

Thus, the gradient, m of the line PQ is given by:

m = increase in y increase in x = difference in y coordinate difference in x

coordinate

Exercise

Calculate the gradient of the line joining the points C(-2, -6) and D(3, 2) and.

Solution

Method 1

Plot the points C(-2, -6) and D(3, 2).

Draw a straight line to pass through the points.

Gradient = increase in yincrease in x= EDCE= 85

Method 2

We can calculate the gradient in the following 2 ways.

1. In moving from C to D

(x1, y1) = (-2, -6) and (x2, y2) = (3, 2)

m = y2-y1x2-x1= 2-(-6)3-(-2)= 2+63+2= 85

 1. In moving from D to C

(x1, y1) = (3, 2) and (x2, y2) = (-2, -6)

m = y2-y1x2-x1= -6-2-2-3= -8-5= 85

Example

Find the gradient of the line joining (-4, 6) and (3, 0)

Solution

Let m = gradient,

(x1, y1) = (-4, 6) and (x2, y2) = (3 , 0)

m = y2-y1x2-x1= 0-63-(-4)= -63+4= -67= -67

Drawing the Graphs of Straight Lines

Example

(a) Draw the graph of 3x + 2y = 8

Solution

(a) First make y the subject.

3x + 2y = 8

2y = 8 – 3x

y = 8-3x2

ChooseWhen x = 0, y = 8-02=4
When x = 2, y = 8-62= 22=1

When x = 4, y =8-122= -42= -2

x024

-
y41
2

The graph of 3x + 2y = 8 is shown below.

(b) Choose two easy points such as P and Q on the line.

Gradient of PQ = increase in yincrease in x= -RQPR

-64= -32

three easy values and then make a table of values as shown below

GRADIENT OF A CURVE

Finding the gradient of a straight line is constant at any point on the line.
However, the gradient of a curve changes continuously as we move along
the curve. In the diagram below, the gradient at P is not equal to the
gradient at S. to find the gradient of a curve, draw a tangent to the curve,
draw a tangent to the curve at the point your require to find the gradient. For
example, the gradient of curve at point P is the same as the gradient of the
tangent PQ. Also the gradient of the curve at S is the same as the gradient of
the tangent ST.

The diagram above represents the graph of the function y =2x2 + x – 5.

The gradients at P and S can be found as follows:

Gradient at P = gradient of tangent PQ. By constructing a suitable right-
angled triangle with hypotenuse PQ, the gradient is Gradient = PRPQ= -71= -
7

Remember that the gradient is negative because the tangent slopes

downwards from left to right.

Gradient at S = gradient of tangent ST.

By constructing a suitable right-angled triangle with hypotenuse ST, the

gradient is

Gradient = TUSU= 102= 5

Remember that the gradient is positive because the tangent slopes upwards
from left to right.

Note: This method only gives approximate answer. However, the more
accurate your graphs are, the more accurate your answers will be.

TEACHING PRESENTATION ;

STEP 1;Revises the previous topic by asking questions while the students
listen attentively .

STEP 2;Introduce and carefully explains the new lesson topic while the
students listen attentively.

STEP 3;Allows the students to ask questions for better understanding and
the Teacher answers adequately.

STEP 4;Write notes on the board hile the students copy into their
notebooks.

EVALUATION

Assess the students comprehension by asking these these questions;

Find the gradients of the line joining the following pairs of points.
 1. (9,7) , (2,5)
2. (2,5) , (4,5)
3. (2,3) , (6,-5)

Using three convenient points, draw the graph of the following linear
equations and then find their gradients.

1. 2x-y-6=0 2.) 5y+4x=20 3.) 3x-2y=9

. Draw the graphs of the following functions and use the graphs to find the
gradients at indicated points.

1) y= x2 –x-2 at x= -1

2) y= x2-3x-4=0 at x = 4

1. A straight line passes through the points (3,k) and (-3,2k). If the
gradient of the line is -2/3, find the value of k. What is the equation
line?
2. Sketch the following graphs using gradient-intercept method.
3. a) y= 0.5x - 3 b) y= 5x c) y = x/4 - 3 d) 2y-10 = 2x
4. Find the gradients of the curves at the points indicated.
5. a) y= 6x - x2 at x= 3 b) x2 – 6x + 5

ASSIGNMENT
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT

1. Find the gradient of the equation of line 2y – 10 = 2x A. 1 B. 2 C.

3 D. 4
2. Find the gradient of the line joining (7,-2) and (-1,2) A. ½ B. – ½ C.
1/3 D. -1/3
3. Find the equation of a straight line passing through (-3,-5) with
gradient 2.
 4. y =3x-1 B. y=2x-1C. y=2x-1 D. y=3x+1

Given that 3y-6x +15=0, use the information to answer questions 4 and 5.

1. Find the gradient of the line. A. 5 B. -5 C. 2 D. -2

2. Find the intercept of the line. A. 5 B. -5 C. 2 D. -2

THEORY

1. Draw the graph of y= 2x-3 using convenient points and scale. Hence ,
find the gradient of the line at any convenient point.

2a) Copy and complete the following table of values for the relation y= 2x2 –
7x-3.

X -2 1- 0 1 2 3 4 5

Y 19 -3 -9

1. b) Using 2cm to 1unit on the x-axis and 2cm to 5units on the y-axis,
draw the graph of y= 2x2 -7x-3 for -2x≤5.
2. c) From your graph, find the:
3. minimum value of y.
4. the equation of the line of symmetry.

iii. the gradient of the curve at x=1.

Reading Assignment

New General Mathematics for SSS2, pages 190-192, exercise 16d.