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AGRICULTURAL PHYSICS

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64 views3 pages

AGRICULTURAL PHYSICS

Uploaded by

jajokox546
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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58.

AGRICULTURAL PHYSICS

Unit 1: Basic agricultural Physics


Conservation of mass, energy and momentum; Forces in nature; Measurement of heat, specific
heat, heat transfer processes; Huygens’ principle, reflection, refraction, diffraction, polarization,
interference and scattering of light waves; Optics theory, principles of optical instruments;
Change of phase and polarization, electricity and magnetism; Elasticity, stress-strain
relationship, moduli of elasticity, Hook’s law and strength of materials; Hydrostatic pressure,
surface tension, capillary rise and contact angle, Hydrodynamics- laminar and streamline flow,
Poiseuille’s equation, Stoke’s law, equations of state, Laws of thermodynamics; Free energy,
Entropy and concept of negative entropy; Van’t Hoff Equation.

Unit 2: Soil Physics


Factors and processes of soil formation; Physical properties of soils; Soil texture, mass- volume
relationship; Soil structure, aggregation. porosity, pore size distribution; Soil
water measurements, Soil water potential; Soil water retention and movement under
saturated and unsaturated conditions; Characterization of the Vadoze zone, Infiltration,
redistribution andevaporation of soil water; Field water balance and water use efficiency;
Irrigation methods surface and pressurise irrigation systems-Merits and demerits;
Groundwater recharging; Soil aeration; Thermal properties of soil and heat transport and
measurement techniques; Inf1uence of soil water, temperature and aeration on crop growth and
their management; Solute transport insoils, Soil quality indices, Soil physicalconstraints and
their management. Soil tilth and tillage, Resource conserving technologies and Conservation
agriculture; Dynamics of soil physical environment under diverse soil and cropmanagement.
Concepts of Soil health card, digital soil mapping

Unit 3: Soil and water conservation and watershed management


Hydrologic cycle, precipitation, infiltration and surface runoff; Measurement and analysis of
hydrological data; Probability concepts, intensity, duration and frequency analysis; Rainfall-
runoff relationships; runoff measurement, surface runoff estimation, hydrographs; Soil erosion-
its types, extent & control options; Soil loss measurement and estimation, Universal Soil Loss
Equation and its modifications; principles of soil and water conservation; Soil and water
conservation measure for arable and non-arable land; Watershed - its concept, characterization
and management, Integrated watershed management; land capability classification; Rainwater
harvesting and recycling;

Unit 4: Radiation Physics


Basics of electromagnetic spectrum and its interaction with matter; Laws of radiation: scattering,
reflection, transmission, absorption, emission; Diffuse and specular radiations; Photo-electric
effects; Radiation units, flux, intensity, emittance, inter conversion of radiometric units; Energy
balance of land surfaces. Atomic Theory; Radioactivity and radioactive laws, alpha-, beta-, and
gamma- rays, detection and measurement of radiation; Properties of X-rays; Bragg’s law;
Nuclear fission, fusion, nuclear reactions, neutron moderation, nuclear energy, atomic power; Isotopes
and its application; UV-Visible, IR, NMR, EPR spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction; Applications of
radioactivity in agriculture.

pg. 151
Unit 5: Plant Biophysics and Nanotechnology
Introduction and scope of plant biophysics; Structure and properties of water; strong and weak
molecular interactions, Experimental techniques used for separation and characterization of
biomolecules sedimentation, ultra- centrifugation, diffusion, osmosis, viscosity, polarization and
electrophoresis, chromatography; Fiber physics; Basic spectroscopic techniques, Chlorophyll
fluorescence; photosynthesis, transpiration, thermal imaging, Applications of electromagnetic
field in agriculture; Nanostructures, Properties and characterization of nanomaterials;
Nanoformulations, Nanobiology, Nanotoxicology; Nanosensors, Application of nanotechnology
in agriculture.

Unit 6: Remote Sensing


Principles of remote sensing, remote sensing systems — active and passive, sensors and platforms;
Imaging and non-imaging systems; satellite characteristics, spatial, spectral, radiometric and
temporal resolutions, multispectral, hyperspectral, thermal and microwave remote sensing; spectral
signatures of natural targets and its physical basis, spectral indices;; Air borne remote sensing; Digital
image processing; formats, pre-processing, enhancement, classification; National and International
satellite systems for land, weather, ocean and other observations; Applications of remote sensing in
agriculture and natural resource management; — crop acreage, crop yield, irrigation management, soil
type and properties, abiotic/biotic stress in crops, precision agriculture, soil and water conservation
and watershed management, management of degraded, waterlogged and other problematic
soils, crop insurance, applications of drones in agriculture.

pg. 152
Unit 7: Geo-informatics
Principles and concepts: Hardware and software requirements; Geographic information system (GIS) -
Definition, components; Maps and projections, principles of cartography; Basic geodesy: Geoid
/Datum/Ellipsoid; Projections and coordinate systems, types and scales; Accuracy of maps; Raster
and Vector data models; DBMS and RDBMS; Geostatistical analyses; Spatial interpolation -
Thiessen polygon; Inverse square distance; Kriging; Digital Elevation Mode1; Different spatial
and temporal analysis and modelling; Principles of GPS, DGPS; Errors in GPS data and
correction; GPS constellations; Geoinformatics applications in agriculture and natural resource
management.

Unit 8: Atmospheric physics


Weather and climate: atmosphere and its constituents; Meteorological elements and their
measurements; Heat balance of the earth and atmosphere; Climatic classification systems;
Climatology of India, agro-ecological regions; Monsoon, western disturbances, cyclones,
droughts; Wind system, precipitation, cloud, pressure pattern; Atmospheric stability; Weather
forecasting: numerical weather prediction; El Nino, La Nina and ENSO; Greenhouse gases, Global
warming, and climate change; Impacts, adaptation and mitigation of climate change in agriculture;
Physiological response of crop plants to weather (light, temperature, CO2, moisture and solar
radiation); Heat units, thermal time and thermal use-efficiency and their applications; Micro-,
meso- and macro-climates; Modification of microclimate; Exchange of mass, momentum and
energy between surface and atmosphere, exchange coefficients; Richardson number & Reynolds’
analogy; Boundary layer; Eddy covariance techniques; Wind profile; Radiation distribution within
plant canopy; Role of surface albedo, photo-chemical pollution and aerosols in modifying micro-
climate, Boundary layer; Concept of evapotranspiration: potential, reference and actual
evapotranspiration, crop coefficient; measurement of evapotranspiration. Energy balance of land
surfaces.

Unit 9: Mathematical modelling and Data Analytics


Applications of matrices, determinants, differentiation and integration; Numerical modelling: finite
difference and finite element; Iterative technique, Fourier analysis, Infinite series and Taylor
series; Probability, probability distribution and applications in agriculture; Measures of central
tendency and dispersion; correlation and regression, Spatial statistics: Variogram and interpolation
techniques; Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Covariance; Statistical Design of Agricultural
Experiments; Test of Significance (t-Test, F test, Chi-square test). Surface modelling; Fundamentals
of dynamic simulation, systems, models and simulation; Mechanistic, stochastic and deterministic
models; Model calibration, validation, uncertainty and sensitivity analysis; Simulation models for
water, heat, and solute movement in two- and three-dimensional porous media; Modelling root
water uptake; Crop weather models and its application in crop yield estimation, biotic and abiotic
stress characterization; Advantage and limitations of modelling.

pg. 153

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