Bhajan

InfraTech Pvt. Ltd.

(ISO 9001 & ISO/IEC 17025 Accredited Laboratory)

In honour of Righteous
Bhajan Prakashdasaji Swami,

Geotechnical Investigation Report

Name of Work :
Service for the Development of AMNSI Rail Yard, including
conducting a comprehensive soil investigation and
preparation of a soil report for the proposed AMNSI Railway
Yard.

Client Name :
Arcellor Mittal Nippon Steel India Ltd.

Submitted To :
AMNS India Representative

Borehole No. :
Bore-2

Report No. :
BIPL/AMNSI_Yard/02

Date of Report :
31-12-2024

: 121, Saritavihar Society, Nr.

Man Sarovar Society, Beside
SMC Intake Well, Sarthana
Jakatnaka, Surat, Gujarat.
: +91–97250 01300
: [email protected]
Bhajan InfraTech Private Limited

INDEX
ABBREVIATION 1
IS CLASSIFICATION 2
REFERENCE 3
1. INTRODUCTION 4
2. FIELD WORK 4
2.1 Boring 4
2.1.1 Soil Boring 4
2.1.2 Rock Boring 4
2.2 Sampling 5
2.2.1 Disturbed Samples 5
2.2.2 Undisturbed Samples 5
2.2.3 Standard Penetration Test 5
Table 1: Soil compactness as per SPT N values 5
2.2.4 Rock Drilling and Core Samples 6
2.3 Field Investigation Data 7
Table 2: Borehole Summary 7
Table 3: Field Borelog Sheet 7
3. LABORATORY WORK 8
Table 4: Summary of Laboratory test to be carried out on samples of Soil 8
4. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SOIL 8
4.1 Natural Moisture Content & Field Dry Density 8
4.2 Particle Size Analysis 8
Table 5: Classification of Soils according to Indian Standard 9
4.3 Atterberg's Limit 9
4.3.1 Liquid Limit 10
4.3.2 Plastic Limit 10
4.4 Specific Gravity 10
5. SHEAR PROPERTIES OF SOIL 10
5.1 Triaxial Shear Test 11
5.2 Direct Shear Test 11
6. COMPUTATION OF SOIL BEARING CAPACITY 11
6.1 Safe Bearing Capacity Based on Shear Criteria: 11
7. EFFECT OF WATER TABLE FLUCTUATION 12
8. FACTORS INFLUENCING BEARING CAPACITY 12
9. UNCERTAINTY CLAUSE 12
Table 6: Summary of Soil Safe Bearing Capacity 13
Bhajan InfraTech Private Limited

INDEX
ANNEXURE 1: BORELOG DATA SHEET 15
ANNEXURE 2: LABORATORY TEST RESULTS 16
ANNEXURE 3: SUMMARY OF SPT VALUES 17
ANNEXURE 4: SAFE BEARING CAPACITY OF SOIL 19
ANNEXURE 5: PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION GRAPH 22
SITE PHOTOGRAPHS 23
FIELD BORELOG SHEET 24
BOREHOLE LOCATION PLAN 25
Bhajan InfraTech Private Limited Report No.: BIPL/AMNSI_Yard/02

ABBREVIATION

C:- Cohesion
DS:- Disturbed Sample
UDS:- Undisturbed Sample
SPT:- Standard Penetration Test
WS:- Wash Sample
CR:- Core Recovery
RQD:- Rock Quality Designation
GWT:- Ground Water Table
EGL:- Existing Ground Level
SBC:- Safe Bearing Capacity
BH:- Borehole
FOS:- Factor of Safety
Y:- Density of Soil
LL:- Liquid Limit
PL:- Plastic Limit
SL:- Shrinkage Limit
PI:- Plasticity Index
NP:- Non-Plastic
DST:- Direct Shear Test
TUU:- Triaxial Test (UU Condition)
UCS:- Unconfined Compressive Strength
CT:- Compression Test

Page 1
Bhajan InfraTech Private Limited Report No.: BIPL/AMNSI_Yard/02

IS CLASSIFICATION

G:- Gravel
S:- Sand
M:- Silt
C:- Clay
GW:- Well Graded Gravels
GP:- Poorly Graded Gravels
GM:- Silty Gravels
GC:- Clayey Gravels
GW-GM:- Well Graded Silty Gravels
GW-GC:- Well Graded Clayey Gravels
GP-GM:- Poorly Graded SiltyGravels
GP-GC:- Poorly Graded Clayey Gravels
SW:- Well Graded Sands
SP:- Poorly Graded Sands
SC:- Clayey Sands
SM:- Silty Sands
SW-SM:- Well Graded Silty Sands
SW-SC:- Well Graded Clayey Sands
SP-SM:- Poorly Graded Silty Sands
SP-SC:- Poorly Graded Clayey Sands
ML:- Inorganic Silt with Non to low Plasticity
CL:- Inorganic Clay with low Plasticity
MI:- Inorganic Silt with Non to Medium Plasticity
CI:- Inorganic Clay with Medium Plasticity
MH:- Inorganic Silt with Non to High Plasticity
CH:- Inorganic Clay with High Plasticity

Page 2
Bhajan InfraTech Private Limited Report No.: BIPL/AMNSI_Yard/02

REFERENCES

IS Code Description
IS 1498 Classification and identification of soils for general engineering purposes
IS 1892 Code of practice for subsurface investigation for foundations
Code of practice for design and construction of foundations in soils:
IS 1904
General requirements
IS 2131 Method of standard penetration test for soils
IS 2132 Code of practice for thin-walled tube sampling of soils
Methods of test for soils: Part 1 Preparation of dry soil samples for
IS 2720 (P-1)
various tests
IS 2720 (P-2) Methods of test for soils: Part 2 Determination of water content
Methods of test for soils: Part 3 Determination of specific gravity,
IS 2720 (P-3/Sec-1)
Section 1 Fine grained soils
Methods of test for soils: Part 3 Determination of specific gravity,
IS 2720 (P-3/Sec-2)
Section 2 Fine, medium and coarse-grained soils
IS 2720 (P-4) Methods of test for soils: Part 4 Grain size analysis
IS 2720 (P-5) Methods of test for soils: Part 5 Determination of liquid and plastic limit
IS 2720 (P-6) Methods of test for soils: Part 6 Determination of shrinkage factors
Methods of test for soils: Part 10 Determination of unconfined
IS 2720 (P-10)
compressive strength
Methods of test for soils: Part 11 Determination of the shear strength
IS 2720 (P-11) parameters of a specimen tested in unconsolidated undrained triaxial
compression without the measurement of pore water pressure
IS 2720 (P-13) Methods of test for soils: Part 13 Direct shear test
Methods of test for soils: Part 14 Determination of density index (relative
IS 2720 (P-14)
density) of cohesionless soils
Methods of test for soils: Part 15 Determination of consolidation
IS 2720 (P-15)
properties
Methods of test for soils: Part 40 Determination of free swell index of
IS 2720 (P-40)
soils
Methods of test for soils: Part 41 Measurement of swelling pressure of
IS 2720 (P-41)
soils
Code of practice for determination of bearing capacity of shallow
IS 6403
foundations
Code of practice for calculation of settlements of foundations: Part 1
IS 8009 (P-1)
Shallow foundations subjected to symmetrical static vertical loads

Page 3
Bhajan InfraTech Private Limited Report No.: BIPL/AMNSI_Yard/02

1. INTRODUCTION

Arcellor Mittal Nippon Steel India Limited proposed to conduct "Soil Exploration for New Private
Railway Yard." Accordingly, land soil investigations were planned to assess various soil parameters for
engineering analysis and foundation design. In this regard, the soil investigation work was entrusted to
Bhajan InfraTech Private Limited to perform soil investigations at the proposed Railway Yard.

Broad objectives of the investigation are as follows,

a) To evaluate the parameters of soil at the proposed site.
b) To assess the engineering parameters and to estimate the safe bearing capacity of soil.

2. FIELD WORK
The investigation was planned to obtain the subsurface stratification in the proposed project site and
collect soil / rock core samples for laboratory testing to determine the engineering properties such as shear
strength, along with basic engineering classification of the subsurface stratum.
For geotechnical investigation work, required equipements along with rotary drilling rigs and manpower
were mobilized at site to carry out various field activities as per the scope of work. These were shifted
from one test location to another location during execution of field work and were demobilized on
satisfactory completion of field work.

2.1 Boring
2.1.1 Soil Boring
In soil, boreholes of 150mm dia. were drilled as per the standard procedure laid in IS: 1892. Wherever
rocky strata was encountered before achieving the required depth below E.G.L., bore holes were further
extended beyond refusal through soft/ hard rock using Hydraulic drilling Rigs with Nx size double tube
core barrel / diamond bits upto required depth below the EGL and were terminated as per the instruction
of Engr. in-charge.
Borehole was properly cleaned before taking any sample in soil. Casing was used as per the prevailing
soil conditions, to stabilize the borehole. Standard Penetration Tests were conducted in bore holes at
regular intervals or at every change of strata as per Technical specification. Undisturbed / disturbed
samples were collected wherevery feasible as per the requirements and at specified depths / levels. The
same has been discussed in detail in soil characteristics sheets attached with the report. Water table was
met in the boreholes noted in borelog sheet.

2.1.2 Rock Boring

Core samples of Rock were collected to obtain the engineering properties of rock. The colour of water
and water loss during drilling is also observed. Core Recovery and Rock Quality Designation obtained
during drilling for each run and drilling note is noted and given in bore log. Details of boring with
soil/rock profile, SPT values along with sampling details are given in the respective bore logs in the
appendix of the report.
In case of medium to coarse grained, non-cohesive sand or Highly weathered rock where core recovery

Page 4
Bhajan InfraTech Private Limited Report No.: BIPL/AMNSI_Yard/02

In case of medium to coarse grained, non-cohesive sand or Highly weathered rock where core recovery
not possible where sampling is unsuccessful, disturbed sample was taken from the cleaning the borehole.
Disturbed samples were also collected in polythene bags with proper labels during drilling for finding
index properties of the samples.

2.2 Sampling
2.2.1 Disturbed Samples
Disturbed samples were collected during the boring and also from the split spoon sampler. The samples
recovered were logged, labelled and placed in polythene bags and sent to laboratory for testing.

2.2.2 Undisturbed Samples

Undisturbed samples were collected using MS tubes of suitable diameter and length with Area ratio as per
clause 4.1.1 (c) of IS: 1892 (latest) fitted to an adopter with ball and socket arrangement. Before taking
any sample, sampling tube was properly greased. Immediately after taking on undisturbed sample in a
tube, the adopter head was removed along with the disturbed material. The visible ends of the sample
were trimmed off any wet disturbed soil. The ends were coated alternately with four layers of just molten
wax. More molten wax was added to give a total thickness of min. 25 mm. The samples were carefully
labeled and transported to the laboratory for testing. Undisturbed samples wherever slipped during lifting
were duly marked in the field logs as well as in the soil profile.

2.2.3 Standard Penetration Test

The Standard Penetration Tests (SPT) (IS-2131, 1981) was carried out in the bore hole at predetermined
depths. It gives indirect evaluation of strength–deformation characteristics of the sub soil. The test
includes driving a split spoon sampler using a 63.5 kg hammer with a free fall of 750mm. The first 15cm
is considered as seating drive. The No. of blows required to penetrate next 30 cm is reported as N-value.
Empirical relations are established to correlate N-Value with the shear parameters or bearing capacity of
soil. A disturbed soil sample is collected inside the split spoon sampler which can be used to find soil
classification and In-situ water content. If the no. of blows exceeds 50 before desired penetration is
achieved, it is reported as N-value >50 with the actual achieved.

Table 1: Soil compactness as per SPT N values (cl. 9.7, table 9.3 & 9.4, page
330_text book of V.N.S. Murthy)
Co-relation of SPT (N) value for Cohesionless Soil
SPT (N) value Consistency of Soil
0-4 Very Loose
4-10 Loose
10-30 Medium
30-50 Dense
> 50 Very Dense

Page 5
Bhajan InfraTech Private Limited Report No.: BIPL/AMNSI_Yard/02

Co-relation of SPT (N) value for Cohesive Soil

SPT (N) value Consistency of Soil
0-2 Very Soft
2-4 Soft
4-8 Medium
8-15 Stiff
15-30 Very Stiff
> 30 Hard

The field SPT N values obtained were further corrected as per the guidelines given in IS: 2131 as follows:
(a) For overburden: - The N value for cohesionless soil is corrected with the help of fig. 1 given in IS-
2131.
(b) Due to dilatancy :- Wherever N values observed below water table in fine sand, silty sand or silt was
greater than 15, then corrected N values were corrected as under:
N’ =15 + ½ (N-15)

2.2.4 Rock Drilling and Core Samples

Drilling was advanced by rotary core drilling method using double tube core barrels as per the guidelines
of IS: 6926-1996. A double tube core barrel and Nx sized bits are used for drilling and recovering rock
cores. Core Samples were extracted by the application of a continuous pressure at one end of the core
with the barrel held horizontally without vibration. Immediately after withdrawal from the core barrel, the
cores were placed in a tray and transferred into boxes specially prepared for the purpose. The boxes are
made of Aluminum. Recovered rock cores were numbered serially as specified in IS: 4078-1980. Rock
core recovery and Rock Quality Designation were computed for every run length drilled. The description
of the core samples was recorded. Rock core recovered during the NX size rock drilling have been
measured, numbered and packed in wooden core boxes.

Page 6
Bhajan InfraTech Private Limited Report No.: BIPL/AMNSI_Yard/02

2.3 Field Investigation Data

Table 2: Borehole Summary

Start Date 08-12-2024

Terminate Date 08-12-2024

Method of Boring and Hand Auger

Drilling rigs ---

Termination Depth below EGL(m) 10 m

Ground Water Table 2.5 m

21° 8'41.88"N
Location
72°38'43.81"E

Table 3: Field Borelog Sheet

Depth(m) SPT N-value
Sample
Depth (m) N= Remarks
type N1 N2 N3
from to
N2 + N3
0.0 DS --- 0.0 --- --- --- --- ---

1.5 SPT 0 1.5 2 3 4 7 ---

3.0 UDS 1.5 3.0 --- --- --- --- ---

4.5 SPT 3 4.5 2 2 3 5 ---

6.0 UDS 4.5 6.0 --- --- --- --- ---

7.5 SPT 6 7.5 3 7 9 16 ---

9.0 UDS 7.5 9.0 --- --- --- --- ---

10.0 SPT 9 10.0 6 8 11 19 ---

Page 7
Bhajan InfraTech Private Limited Report No.: BIPL/AMNSI_Yard/02

3. LABORATORY WORK
Following laboratory tests are carried out to determine the physical and engineering properties of
undisturbed and disturbed soil samples.

Table 4: Summary of Laboratory test to be carried out on samples of

Soil
Laboratory Test IS Code
Dry Density and Natural Moisture Content IS 2720, Part-2, 1973
Particle Size Analysis IS 2720, Part-4, 1985
Atterberg's Limit IS 2720, Part-5, 1985
Specific Gravity IS 2720, Part-3.1, 1980
Direct Shear Parameters IS 2720, Part-13, 1986
Triaxial Shear Parameters IS 2720, Part-11, 1993
Consolidation Test of Soil IS 2720, Part-15, 1965

4. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SOIL

4.1 Natural Moisture Content & Field Dry Density
The weight of undisturbed soil sample with sampler (Shelby tube) is determined after removing paraffin
wax and loose soil. The total length of soil sample recovery is determined after deducting empty length
from the total length of sampler. The volume of soil mass retained in sampler is thus determined from the
known inside diameter of sampler and total length of soil mass. The soil mass is then removed and the
average moisture content is determined by keeping the soil sample along with crucible in oven at 105°C
to 110°C for 24 hours. The empty weight of the sampler is then found out. From the total weight of
sampler with soil mass, the weight of empty sampler is deducted.

4.2 Particle Size Analysis

The sieve analysis is carried out in accordance with IS-2720, Part-IV, 1985. The results are presented in
the form of Grain size distribution curve.
v Soil fraction passing 4.75 mm IS Sieve
The portion of the soil passing 4.75 mm IS sieve is oven dried at 105°C to 110°C. The portion is coned
& quartered to obtain required representative quantity of the material. The material is weighed and.
placed in tray/bucket filled with water for soaking and loosening the adhered cohesive materials. The
soaked soil specimen is then washed on 75 microns IS Sieve until the water passing the sieve is almost
clear. The material retained on 75 microns IS Sieve is then transferred in a tray, dried in oven.
Sieve analysis is then conducted on a nest of sieves (viz. 2 mm, 425- and 75-micron ISS) either by hand
or by using mechanical sieve shaker. The fraction retained on each of the sieves is weighed separately and
masses recorded. Cumulative mass of soil fraction retained on each sieve is then calculated. The weights
are then converted into cumulative percentage retained and passing on the basis of the mass of the sample
passing 4.75 ISS taken. The combined gradation on the basis of the total sample taken for analysis is
finally calculated.

Page 8
Bhajan InfraTech Private Limited Report No.: BIPL/AMNSI_Yard/02

v Indian Standard Soil Classification (as per IS:1498)

The classification of soil by particle size involves separating soil particles into different groups based on
their diameters. The main categories are:
Gravel: Gravel consists of coarse particles with diameters greater than 4.75 millimeters (mm). These
particles are typically formed from rock fragments and are further subdivided into coarse gravel (particles
ranging from 20 mm to 80 mm) and fine gravel (particles ranging from 4.75 mm to 20 mm).
Sand: Sand particles have diameters ranging from 0.075 mm to 4.75 mm. Sand is further divided into
coarse sand (particles ranging from 2 mm to 4.75 mm), medium sand (particles ranging from 0.425 mm to
2 mm), and fine sand (particles ranging from 0.075 mm to 0.425 mm).
Silt: Silt particles are finer than sand, with diameters ranging from 0.002 mm to 0.075 mm. Silt feels
smooth to the touch and retains moisture better than sand.
Clay: Clay particles are the finest soil particles, with diameters less than 0.002 mm. Clay has high
plasticity and cohesive properties, making it sticky when wet and hard when dry.

Table 5: Classification of Soils according to Indian Standard

Description Size
Boulder > 300 mm
Very Coarse Grain Soils
Cobble 80 - 300 mm
Coarse 20 - 80 mm
Gravel (G)
Fine 4.75 - 20 mm
Coarse Grain Soils Coarse 2 - 4.75 mm
Sand (S) Medium 0.425 - 2 mm
Fine 0.075 - 0.425 mm
Silt (M) 0.002 - 0.075 mm
Fine Grain Soils
Clay (C) < 0.002 mm

4.3 Atterberg's Limit

Atterberg limits provide insights into the water content-dependent characteristics of fine-grained soils
such as clay and silt. These assessments, comprising Plastic Limit (PL) and Liquid Limit (LL) tests,
identify the moisture thresholds at which the soil transitions from a solid to plastic (PL) state and from
plastic to liquid (LL) state, respectively. The Plasticity Index (PI), derived from the difference between LL
and PL, indicates the moisture range within which the soil displays plastic behavior. Atterberg limits play
a pivotal role in soil classification, anticipating potential issues like shrinkage and swelling, and
informing appropriate construction practices tailored to various soil compositions.

Page 9
Bhajan InfraTech Private Limited Report No.: BIPL/AMNSI_Yard/02

4.3.1 Liquid Limit

The cylindrical cup of cone penetrometer ensuring that no air is trapped in this process. Finally, the wet
soil is levelled up to the top of the cup and placed on the base of the cone penetrometer apparatus. The
penetrometer shall be adjusted that the cone point just touches the surface of the soil paste in the cup
clamped obtained 200 gm in of soil sample shall be worked well into a paste with addition of distil water.
In the case of highly clayey soils, to ensure uniform moisture distribution, it is recommended that the soil
in the mixed state is left for sufficient time (24 hours) in an air-tight container. The wet soil paste shall
then be transferred in to in this position. The initial reading is either adjusted to zero or noted down as is
shown on the graduated scale. The vertical clamp is then released allowing the cone to penetrate in to the
soil paste under its own weight.
The penetration of the cone after 5 sec. shall be noted to the nearest millimetres. If the difference in
penetration lies between 16 and 26 mm, the test is repeated with suitable adjustment to moisture either by
addition of more water or exposure of the spread paste on a glass plate for reduction in moisture content.
The exact moisture content of each trial shall be determined.
The liquid limit water content is computed from any one of the following relationships:
WL = WW / [0.65 + (0.0175 x D)]
where,
Ww = Water Content of the soil sample
D = depth of Penetration

4.3.2 Plastic Limit

For determination of plastic limit, a soil sample weighing at least 20 gm from the soil sample passing 425
microns IS sieve is thoroughly mixed with water such that it can be easily moulded with fingers. A ball is
formed with about 8 to 10 gm of this soil & is rolled between the fingers and the glass plate with just
sufficient pressure to roll the mass into a thread of uniform diameter of 3mm throughout its length. The
soil is then kneaded together to a uniform mass and rolled again. The process is continued until the thread
crumbles. The pieces of crumbled soil thread are collected and moisture content is determined and
reported as plastic limit.

4.4 Specific Gravity

The specific gravity of soil solids is determined by a 50ml density bottle. The weight (W1) of the empty
dry bottle is taken first. A sample of oven-dried soil about 10-20 gm cooled in a desiccator, is put in the
bottle, and weight (W2) of the bottle and the soil is taken. The bottle is then filled with distilled water
gradually removing the entrapped air either by applying vacuum or by shaking the bottle. The weight
(W3) of the bottle, soil and water (full up to the top) is then taken. Finally, the bottle is emptied
completely and thoroughly washed and clean water is filled to the top and the weight (W4) is taken,
Specific Gravity (G) = (W2-W1) / [(W2-W1) -(W3-W4)]

5. SHEAR PROPERTIES OF SOIL

The shear test is a common geotechnical test used to measure the shear strength of a soil sample by
applying a transverse load. This test helps evaluate crucial soil properties like stability, slope stability, and
foundation bearing capacity, impacting various construction projects. Data collected throughout the test
allows engineers to calculate the soil's shear strength and other important properties. Understanding soil
shear strength is vital for designing and constructing safe and stable structures.
In general, shear tests were conducted using three methods.

Page 10
Bhajan InfraTech Private Limited Report No.: BIPL/AMNSI_Yard/02

5.1 Triaxial Shear Test

Triaxial shear (Quick) tests are conducted to determine the shear parameters of clayey samples. For
unconsolidated undrained (Quick) Triaxial compression test, the specimen having diameter 38mm and
height to diameter ration of 2 is prepared and placed on the pedestal of the triaxial cell after enclosing it in
rubber membrane. The cell is then assembled with the loading ram and then placed in the loading
machine. The fluid is admitted to the cell and the pressure is raised to the desired value. Initial reading of
the gauge specimen is recorded. The test is then commenced and sufficient number of simultaneous
readings of load and compression measuring gauge being taken. The test is continued until the maximum
value of the stress has been reached or until an axial strain of 20 percent has been attained. The test is
carried out at confining stress of 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 kg/cm2.

5.2 Direct Shear Test

Test procedure shall be as per IS: 2720 (Part 13). In this test the soil specimen is confined in a square
metal box split into two halves horizontally. Perforated metal plates and pores stones are placed above
and below the specimen to allow free drainage. After applying vertical load the soil is gradually sheared
by applying horizontal force, which makes the two halves of the box move relative to each other. The
shear is applied at a constant strain rate and measured in a proving ring. Vertical deformation is measured
with dial gauge. Minimum of three specimens are tested and the graph drawn with normal stress in ‘X’
axis and shear stress in ‘Y’ axis. From the straight line plot, values of C and Φ are measured.

6. COMPUTATION OF SOIL BEARING CAPACITY

6.1 Safe Bearing Capacity Based on Shear Criteria:
For Shear Criteria IS-6403 Ultimate Bearing Capacity Equation is used based on laboratory shear
parameters. A factor of safety (F) = 2.5 against shear failure.
For soils, containing both coarse grained (gravels & sands) and fine grained (clays), c and ɸ are used to
determine the soil strength. In case of predominantly fine grained soils, c and ɸ are determined by the
Triaxial Compression test as per IS: 2720 pt XI. For predominantly coarse grained soils, c and ɸ are
determined by Direct Shear test as per IS: 2720 pt XIII. These c and ɸ values were used for determining
the SBC of soil as per shear failure criteria.
Bearing Capacity Equation: Shear Criteria (IS 6403 – 1981)
The ultimate net bearing capacity in case of general shear failure is given by (from IS 6403 : 1981, page
No. 8)
qd = c Nc sc dc ic + q (Nq-1) sq dq iq + (1/2) γ B Nγ sγ dγ iγ w']

The ultimate net bearing capacity in case of local shear failure is given by (from IS 6403 : 1981, page No.
8)
q'd = (2/3) c N'c sc dc ic + q (Nq'-1) sq dq iq + (1/2) γ B N'γ sγ dγ iγ w'

Note: The type of failure used for bearing capacity analysis depends upon the value of void ratio (see IS
6403 : 1981, Page No. 9, Table No. 3).
Where,
qd & q'd = Ultimate net bearing capacity
Nc, Nq, Nγ = Bearing Capacity factors based on General Shear Failure for c,
N'c, N'q, N'γ = Bearing Capacity factors based on Local Shear Failure for c',
B = Width of footing,
D = Depth of footing,
Page 11
Bhajan InfraTech Private Limited Report No.: BIPL/AMNSI_Yard/02

γ = unit weight of soil,

w' = 0.5 {1 + (Dw –D) / B} & if Dw < Df, w' = 0.5 & if Dw > (D + B), w' =1.0 = 0.50 for GWT at and
above Footing Level
Dw = depth of GWT from Ground Level
Sc, Sq, Sγ = Shape factors
ic, iq, iγ = inclination factors =1 for vertical loads.
dc = 1 +0.2 Df / B * √Nq
dq and dγ = 1 for ɸ < 10°
dq, dγ = 1 +0.1 Df / B * √Nq for ɸ >10°

7. EFFECT OF WATER TABLE FLUCTUATION

The basic theory of bearing capacity is derived by assuming the water table to be at great depth below and
not interfering with the foundation. However, the presence of water table at foundation depth affects the
strength of soil. Further, the unit weight of soil to be considered in the presence of water table is
submerged density and not dry density. Hence, the reduction coefficients RW1 and RW2 are used in
second and third terms of bearing capacity equation to consider the effects of water table.

8. FACTORS INFLUENCING BEARING CAPACITY

Bearing capacity of soil depends on many factors. The following are some important ones.
1. Type of soil
2. Unit weight of soil
3. Surcharge load
4. Depth of foundation
5. Mode of failure
6. Size of footing
7. Shape of footing
8. Depth of water table
9. Eccentricity in footing load
10. Inclination of footing load
11. Inclination of ground
12. Inclination of base of foundation

9. UNCERTAINTY CLAUSE
1) The Soil exploration and Geotechnical Investigation was carried out at described site to identify and
evaluate the soil parameters.
2) Site condition and Soil strata may differ and variate during the execution of actual work due to
uncertainty. This ambiguity may exist due to the difference between location of Soil Exploration and
Construction Site. Moreover, It may due to the weather condition, selection of sampling method, Methods
of soil exploration, field test parameter and Test conducted.

Page 12
Bhajan InfraTech Private Limited Report No.: BIPL/AMNSI_Yard/02

Summary of Allowable Safe Bearing Capacity

Table 6: Summary of Suggested Allowable Bearing Capacity of Soil

Safe Bearing Allowable Bearing
Safe Bearing Capacity
Depth Below Capacity based on Capacity suggested for
based on Settlement
Size of Footing Ground Level Shear Criteria C and 2 25mm settlement
2 Criteria (t/m )
(m) ɸ value (t/m ) (Minimum Value of 1
(2) 2
(1) and 2) (t/m )
1.50 10.1 5.7 5.7
3.00 13.4 11.6 11.6
Square footing
4.50 17.2 16.4 16.4
(2m x 2m)
6.00 29.8 28.0 28.0
7.50 66.6 37.6 37.6
1.50 9.9 5.0 5.0
3.00 12.5 10.8 10.8
Square footing
4.50 15.6 14.9 14.9
(3m x 3m)
6.00 26.7 23.8 23.8
7.50 58.5 30.5 30.5

Page 13
Bhajan InfraTech Private Limited Report No.: BIPL/AMNSI_Yard/02

CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATION

1). All The Borelog reveals mostly Non Plastic soil characteristics and primarily consisting of Loamy and
Alluvial type Soil.
2). The S.B.C. are worked out for various size of footings at various Depths are suggested in Summary of
Soil Safe Bearing Capacity.
3). The results of the Laboratory tests are incorporated in the form of table at the later part of the Report.
4). S.B.C. is Recommended by considering all the parameters affecting to soil At the field as well as in the
Laboratory
5). After completion of work, Extra care should be taken to prevent water percolation below footing by
plinth coverage.
Note:-
1) The Soil exploration and Geotechnical Investigation was carried out at described site to identify and
evaluate the soil parameters.
2) Site condition and Soil strata may differ and variate during the execution of actual work due to
uncertainty. This ambiguity may exist due to the difference between location of Soil Exploration and
Construction Site. Moreover, It may due to the weather condition, selection of sampling method, Methods
of soil exploration, field test parameter and Test conducted.
3) The Safe Bearing Capacity (SBC) of the soil strata at various depths has been calculated and presented
in above Table. The following methods were used to determine the SBC of the soil strata:
a). Shear Criteria: Calculation of Safe Bearing Capacity based on Shear Criteria C and ɸ value according
to IS 6403.
b). Settlement Criteria-I: Calculation of Bearing Pressure based on Settlement Criteria from SPT result
according to IS 8009.
c). Settlement Criteria-II: Calculation of Bearing Pressure based on Settlement Criteria from
Consolidation Settlement according to IS 8009.
d). IRS Sub Structure Code: Presumptive Safe Bearing Capacity of Soil according to Table-6 in the IRS
Code of Practice for the Design of Sub-Structures and Foundations of Bridges.
Therefore, it is recommended that the SBC values to be used appropriately according to the type of
structures, Application of loading conditions, As per foundation depth, and the characteristics of the soil
strata at that depth.

Page 14
Bhajan InfraTech Private Limited Report No.: BIPL/AMNSI_Yard/02

ANNEXURE 1: BORELOG DATA SHEET

Name of Work: Service for the Development of AMNSI Rail Yard, including conducting a comprehensive soil investigation
and preparation of a soil report for the proposed AMNSI Railway Yard.
Client Name: Arcellor Mittal Type of Boring:
Report No.: BIPL/AMNSI_Yard/02 Water Table: 2.50 m
Nippon Steel India Ltd. Hand Auger
Borehole No: Bore-2 Termination Depth: 10 m SPT: N Value

Depth Thickness
Description Symbol/ Sampling Sample N
from of N1 N2 N3
of Sample Hatching Type Depth (m) = N2 + N3
EGL (m) Strata(m)
0.00
Filled up Material 0.50 DS 0.00 --- --- --- ---

SPT 1.50 2 3 4 7
1.00

2.00
Dark Brownish colored
Inorganic Clay with High CH 4.00 UDS 3.00 --- --- --- ---
Plasticity
3.00

SPT 4.50 2 2 3 5
4.00

Black colored, Non

5.00
Plastic, Inorganic Silt
with Low Plasticity mix ML 1.50 UDS 6.00 --- --- --- ---
with fine Sand (Loose
6.00 soil)

SPT 7.50 3 7 9 16
7.00

Black colored, Non

8.00
Plastic, Fine grain Silty SM 4.00
Sands (Alluvial Soil) UDS 9.00 --- --- --- ---

9.00

SPT 10.00 6 8 11 19
10.00
Abbreviation: EGL-Existing Ground Level, SPT-Standar Penetration Test, DS-Disturbed Sample, UDS-Undisturbed Sample, WS-Wash
Sample, NA-Not Applicable
Note:- 1) The Soil exploration and Geotechnical Investigation was carried out at described site to identify and evaluate the soil
parameters. 2) Site condition and Soil strata may differ and variate during the execution of actual work due to uncertainty. This ambiguity
may exist due to the difference between location of Soil Exploration and Construction Site. Moreover, It may due to the weather
condition, selection of sampling method, Methods of soil exploration, field test parameter and Test conducted.

Page 15
Bhajan InfraTech Private Limited Report No.: BIPL/AMNSI_Yard/02

ANNEXURE 2: LABORATORY TEST RESULTS

Name of Work: Service for the Development of AMNSI Rail Yard, including conducting a comprehensive soil investigation and preparation of a soil report for the proposed AMNSI
Railway Yard.
Client Name: Arcellor Mittal
Borehole No: Bore-2 Termination Depth: 10 m Type of Boring: Hand Auger Water Table: 2.50 m
Nippon Steel India Ltd.
Grain Size Analysis Atterberg's Limits Consolidation Test of Soil
Field Data Shear Parameter of Soil
( IS:2720, P-4 ) ( IS:2720, P-5 ) ( IS:2720, P-15 )

Bulk Density (Yb)

Sample Depth
Sampling Type
Specific Gravity (G)
I.S. Soil Classification
( IS:1498)

SPT Value Number

Dry Density (Yd)
Moisture Content
Gravel (G)
Sand (S)
Silt (M) & Clay (C)
Liquid Limit (LL)
Plastic Limit (PL)
Plasticity Index (PI)
Type Of Shear Test
Cohesion (C)
Angle Of Int.
Friction, (Փ)
Coefficient of
Compressibility (av)
Coefficient of
Volume Change (mv)
Compression index
(Cc)

(m) - - - (gm/cm3) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) - - (Kg/cm2) (⁰) (cm2/Kg) -
1.50 SPT 7 --- --- --- --- 0.0 4.7 95.3 51.5 22 29.5 CH --- --- --- --- ---

3.00 UDS --- 2.56 1.75 1.12 56.0 0.0 0.4 99.6 52.1 21 30.7 CH 0.23 14 0.133 0.044 0.304

4.50 SPT 5 --- --- --- --- 0.0 1.7 98.3 51.8 21 30.8 CH --- --- --- --- ---

6.00 UDS --- 2.56 1.80 1.36 32.0 0.0 29.2 70.8 24.1 NP NP ML 0.16 20 --- --- ---
TUU / DST

7.50 SPT 16 --- --- --- --- 0.0 86.0 14.0 25.4 NP NP SM --- --- --- --- ---

9.00 UDS --- 2.55 1.79 1.47 21.5 0.0 75.0 25.0 24.7 NP NP SM 0.09 28 --- --- ---

10.00 SPT 19 --- --- --- --- 0.0 63.0 37.0 25.1 NP NP SM --- --- --- --- ---

Page 16
Bhajan InfraTech Private Limited Report No.: BIPL/AMNSI_Yard/02
ANNEXURE 3: SUMMARY OF SPT VALUES

Field Investigation Data

Name of Work: Service for the Development of AMNSI Rail Yard, including conducting a comprehensive
soil investigation and preparation of a soil report for the proposed AMNSI Railway Yard.
Client Name: Arcellor Mittal Nippon
Water Table: 2.50 m Type of Boring: Hand Auger
Steel India Ltd.
Borehole No: Bore-2 Termination Depth: 10 m
Nos. of blow to drive sample for
Depth (m) SPT: N Value
penetration of SPT Curve
0-150 150-300 300-450 blows per last Plot of Depth vs N-Value
From To (mm) (mm) (mm) 300 mm
N1 N2 N3 N = N2 + N3
Penetration Value "N"
0 20 40 60 80 100
0.0 1.50 2 3 4 7 0.0

1.5

3.0 4.50 2 2 3 5 3.0

4.5

6.0 7.50 3 7 9 16 6.0

7.5

9.0
8.5 10.00 6 8 11 19
10.5
* SPT Correction is not applied in cohesive soil

Observed & Corrected N-Values

Correction
Depth Y Effective Over Burden Corrected
Sr. No. N Factor
(m) (gm/cm3) Pressure(σ') (kN/m2) N-value
Cn
1 1.50 7 1.80 27.00 --- 7

2 4.50 5 1.80 81.00 --- 5

3 7.50 16 1.80 135.00 0.90 14*

4 10.00 19 1.80 180.00 0.81 14*

* SPT correction are applied as per IS-2131

Page 17
Bhajan InfraTech Private Limited Report No.: BIPL/AMNSI_Yard/02

Depth vs Corrected SPT -N Graph

Penetration Value "N"

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
0.0

1.5

3.0

4.5

6.0

7.5

9.0

10.5

Page 18
Bhajan InfraTech Private Limited Report No.: BIPL/AMNSI_Yard/02

ANNEXURE 4: SAFE BEARING CAPACITY OF SOIL

Calculation of Net Safe Bearing Capacity based on shear parameters as per IS 6403(I)-1981

Shape of Footing Square Angle of Internal friction ɸ = 14.00 °

Depth of Footing D = 3.00 m ( from Note) ɸ' = 9.49 °
Width of Footing B = 3.00 m Correction Factor for Water Table W' = 0.50
3
Length of Footing L = 3.00 m Bulk Unit Weight of foundation soil γ = 1.75 gm/cm
2 3
Cohesion C = 0.23 kg/cm = 0.0018 kg/cm
Factor of Safety F = 2.50
void ratio e = 1.29

Note: The type of failure used for bearing capacity analysis depends upon the value of void ratio (see IS
6403 : 1981, Page No. 9, Table No. 3).
from above void ration value, > 0.75 then Local shear failure.

The ultimate net bearing capacity in case of general shear failure is given by (from IS 6403 : 1981, page No. 8)
qd = c Nc sc dc ic + q (Nq-1) sq dq iq + (1/2) γ B Nγ sγ dγ iγ w']

The ultimate net bearing capacity in case of local shear failure is given by (from IS 6403 : 1981, page No. 8)
q'd = (2/3) c N'c sc dc ic + q (Nq'-1) sq dq iq + (1/2) γ B N'γ sγ dγ iγ w'

For, Intermediate shear failure as per IS 6403:1981, page no. 9, Table no. 3, results are interpolated values of bearing
capacity obtained from general and local shear failure criteria.

Bearing Capacity Parameters (IS 6403:1981, page no. 8, Table-1),

For General Shear Failure For Local Shear Failure
Nc = 10.37 Nc' = 8.13
Nq = 3.59 Nq' = 2.36
Nγ = 2.29 Nγ' = 1.12

Note:- As per IS 6403:1981 Table-1, for Local Shear Failure taken ɸ' in place of ɸ.
-1
ɸ' = tan (0.67 tanɸ)

Shape Factor (IS 6403:1981, page no. 8, Table-2), Inclination Factors (IS 6403:1981, page no. 9),
Sc = 1.30 ic = 1.00
Sq = 1.20 iq = 1.00
Sγ = 0.80 iγ = 1.00

Depth Factor (IS 6403:1981, page no. 9),

dc = 1.26
dq = 1.13
dγ = 1.13

Page 19
Bhajan InfraTech Private Limited Report No.: BIPL/AMNSI_Yard/02

The ultimate net bearing capacity in case of general shear failure is given by (from IS 6403 : 1981, page No. 8),
qd = c Nc sc dc ic + q (Nq-1) sq dq iq + (1/2) γ B Nγ sγ dγ iγ w'
2
= 6.00 kg/cm
2
= 60.03 T/m
Safe Bearing Capacity = qd / FOS
2
= 24.01 T/m

The ultimate net bearing capacity in case of local shear failure is given by (from IS 6403 : 1981, page No. 8),
q'd = (2/3) c N'c sc dc ic + q (Nq'-1) sq dq iq + (1/2) γ B N'γ sγ dγ iγ w'
= 3.13 2
kg/cm
2
= 31.32 T/m
Safe Bearing Capacity = q'd / FOS
2
= 12.53 T/m

For, Intermediate shear failure from above values,

2
Safe Bearing Capacity = --- T/m

Thus,
2
Recommended Soil safe bearing capacity based on Shear criteria is 12.53 T/m .

NOTE: The type of failure used for bearing capacity analysis depends upon the value of void ratio
(see IS 6403 : 1981, Page No. 9, Table No. 3).

Page 20
Bhajan InfraTech Private Limited Report No.: BIPL/AMNSI_Yard/02

Calculation of Bearing Pressure based on Settlement Criteria from

Consolidation Settlement

Following parameters are adopted,

Depth of pressure bulb shall be taken as,
2.0 X B = 2.0 X 3
= 6 m below foundation level
2
initial void ratio e = 1.29 Initial effective stress p0 = 5.25 t/m
2
Compression index CC = 0.305 considering, q = 10.80 t/m
2
poisson's ratio u = 0.5 Change in effective stress Δp = 2.70 t/m
2
modulus of elasticity E = 3370 t/m
Influence factor I = 1.0
Consolidation settlement (Sc),

S c = 1.5 x 0.305 log10 [ (5.25 + 2.7) / 5.25 ]

1 + 1.286

= 36.07 mm

Immediate settlement (Si),

10.8 x 3 x (1 - 0.5^2) x 0.95

Si =
3370

= 6.85 mm

Total settlement = Si + Sc
= 36.07 +6.85
= 42.92 mm

as per IS:8009 apply depth factor and rigidity factor,

depth factor = 0.726
rigidity factor = 0.8

Corrected settlement = 42.92 x 0.726 x 0.8

= 24.93 mm

Hence bearing pressure is 11 t/m2 for permissible settlement of 25 mm.

2
Then, Recommended Bearing Capacity (minimum Value) is 10.80 T/m .

Page 21
Bhajan InfraTech Private Limited Report No.: BIPL/AMNSI_Yard/02

ANNEXURE 5: PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION GRAPH

Name of Work: Service for the Development of AMNSI Rail Yard, including conducting a comprehensive
soil investigation and preparation of a soil report for the proposed AMNSI Railway Yard.
Client Name: Arcellor Mittal Nippon Steel India
Borehole-1
Ltd.
Borehole No: Bore-2 Termination Depth: 10 m

1.50 m

3.00 m

4.50 m

6.00 m

7.50 m

9.00 m

10.00 m

Page 22
Bhajan InfraTech Private Limited Report No.: BIPL/AMNSI_Yard/02

SITE PHOTOGRAPHS

Br No.:- Bore-2

Page 23
Bhajan InfraTech Private Limited Report No.: BIPL/AMNSI_Yard/02
FIELD BORELOG SHEET

Page 24
Bhajan InfraTech Private Limited Report No.: BIPL/AMNSI_Yard/02

Page 25