Lesson 6.

Types of Forces

General Physics 11/2

Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics
Legend had it that the eminent scientist Sir Isaac
Newton was hit on his head by an apple that fell
from a tree.

2
It all starts with an apple…
◼One beautiful spring day in 1655, a man named
Isaac Newton was sitting under an apple tree in
his garden, enjoying a glass of tea.

◼Suddenly, one of the apples fell and crashed on

his head.

3
A story about an apple
◼That got Newton thinking (once
the bump had gone down of
course).

◼“Why did the apple fall towards

the Earth?”
◼“Why did it not “shoot upwards''
when it came away from the
branch?”
◼And, “why did I plant that stupid
apple tree anyway?!!'' 4
A story about an apple
◼Newton knew that unbalanced
forces are necessary to move or
change the motion of objects.

◼So, he came up with the idea that

the Earth must attract the apple
towards it with some “unseen force‘’.

◼He named this force gravity.

5
 Gravity
▪ Gravity is a force of attraction between
objects.

▪ The atoms of one object pull on the atoms of

another object.

▪ It's like the Earth pulling on you and keeping

you on the ground.

▪ That pull is gravity at work. 6

All matter is affected by gravity
▪ Definition of matter:
Matter is anything that has mass and volume.

▪ Since all matter has mass, all matter is affected by

gravity.

▪ Gravity (aka: gravitational force) pulls objects

towards each other.

▪ It acts on anything with mass. 7

Gravity on Earth
◼The Earth!
◼Earth has an enormous mass
and thus an enormous
gravitational force.
◼When the Earth spins and
gravity pulls on the clouds,
weather can be affected.
◼The Earth's gravity even holds
the atmosphere close to our
surface. 8
The Law of Universal Gravitation
◼Now that we know what gravity is, let’s go back
to Newton.

◼He generalized his observation in something

called the Law of Universal Gravitation.

◼This law states: All objects in the universe

attract each other through gravitational force.

9
The Law of Universal Gravitation
The size of the gravitational force depends on two things:

1. Mass of the objects

2. Distance between the objects

10
Introduction
Sir Isaac Newton gave many laws of nature.
In his First law of motion, he described the inherent property of
matters, qualitatively:

In his second law, he wrote: “ A force action on a body gives it an

acceleration which is in the direction of force and has a magnitude
given by ma.” So, it describes force quantitatively also.

In his third law, he describes how force are exerted.

Therefore, we can say he discovered “Force”
11
 Force

Force is usually referred to as the pull or push exerted upon

an object as it interacts with another object.

12
 Force

Force is the action of one body

on the another body

Force may be defined as an

action which changes or tends
to change the state of rest or of
uniform motion of body.

13
 Force

● The vector F is distinguished according to (1) its direction,

and (2) its magnitude, or the amount of strength of the
push or pull.

● The magnitude of force is expressed by the SI unit

newton (N).

14
Force

A spring balance is used to measure force.

15
Remember

Force refers to the pull or push

exerted upon an object as it interacts
with another object. The SI unit for
force is newton (N). One newton is
equivalent to 1 kg x m/s2. This means
that it will take 1 N to accelerate 1 kg
at a rate of 1 m/s2.

16
 Contact Forces

Contact Forces

● an interaction that brings about a direct physical contact

between two objects is caused by what is called a contact
force
● has three major types:
1. normal force
2. friction force
3. tension force
17
 Contact Forces

Normal Force
● Normal force n (or N) refers to the force exerted upon an
object by the surface with which it is in contact with.
● This force is perpendicular to the surface, regardless of
its angle.

18
 Contact Forces

Friction Force
● Friction force f refers to the force exerted upon an object
by a surface, such that the force is parallel to it.

19
 Contact Forces

Tension Force
● Tension force T refers to the pulling force exerted upon
an object by a cord it is attached to.

20
 Contact Forces

Other kinds of contact forces include air resistance force,

applied force, and spring force.

21
 Contact Forces

Other kinds of contact forces include air resistance force,

applied force, and spring force.
● Air resistance force is a force opposite the relative
motion of the object as it moves through the air.

22
 Contact Forces

Other kinds of contact forces include air resistance force,

applied force, and spring force.
● Air resistance force is a force opposite the relative
motion of the object as it moves through the air.
● Applied force is a force applied to an object by a person
or another object.

23
 Contact Forces

Other kinds of contact forces include air resistance force,

applied force, and spring force.
● Air resistance force is a force opposite the relative
motion of the object as it moves through the air.
● Applied force is a force applied to an object by a person
or another object.
● The spring force, or sometimes called restoring force,
is a force exerted by a compressed or stretched spring to
an object.
24
 Noncontact Forces

● Noncontact forces, or long-range or action-at-a-

distance forces, act between objects that are distant and
are separated by vacant space.
● Some examples include:
1. Magnetic Force
2. Electric Force
3. Gravitational Force

25
 Noncontact Forces

Magnetic Force
Magnetic force is responsible for the repulsion or attraction
between moving charged particles.

26
 Noncontact Forces

Electric Force
Electric force is the force exerted by one electric charge to
another, both for stationary and moving charges.

27
 Noncontact Forces

Gravitational Force
Gravitational force
refers to the force
responsible for
attracting two objects
that have mass, or
the amount of matter
available in an object.

28
 Fundamental Forces

All the known fundamental forces found in nature are field

or noncontact forces.

1. The strong nuclear force keeps the atoms from

separating together due to the electric force from the
repulsion of the protons.

29
 Fundamental Forces

All the known fundamental forces found in nature are field

or noncontact forces.

2. The electromagnetic forces between electric charges can

either be attractive or repulsive. It explains the
interaction between moving and static charges. They also
act at extremely large distances.

30
 Fundamental Forces

All the known fundamental forces found in nature are field

or noncontact forces.

3. The weak nuclear force is found in radioactive processes.

It is also responsible for the nuclear reactions that
generate the Sun’s energy output.

31
 Fundamental Forces

All the known fundamental forces found in nature are field

or noncontact forces.

4. The gravitational force, as mentioned above, is the force

responsible for attracting two objects with mass. In
astronomical systems, it determines the motion of
moons, planets, stars, and galaxies. It also affects the
nature of time and space.

32
Newton’s First Law of
Motion

General Physics 11/2

Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics
For many years, people held Aristotle’s position
that the natural conclusion of any moving object
is to come to rest.

34
While this might
appeal suitably to the
common sense, it took
thousands of years
and the ingenuity of
Galileo Galilei to
disprove that such is
not the case.
35
He conducted several
experiments on balls
and various surfaces
that eventually led to
the conclusion that
objects possess
“inertia.”
36
In the lesson that follows, we will find out
exactly how another great mind, Sir Isaac
Newton, has kept the ball rolling.

37
How do forces acting on an
object in equilibrium behave?

38
 The First Law of Motion

● Consider a book being slid by a horizontal force across

a horizontal, rough tabletop.
● After it has been released, the book will slow down and
eventually stop.

What force stopped the book?

39
 The First Law of Motion

● What if you slide the same book in a slab of ice. What is

the difference of the outcome when you slide a book in
a table?

● What if you slide the same book in a frictionless

surface with? What do you think will happen?

40
 The First Law of Motion

First Law of Motion

When no net force is acting upon an object, it will remain

at rest, or it will move forward with a constant velocity,
such that no net force is required to sustain its motion.

41
Remember

The first law of motion states that

“every object continues in its state of
rest, or of uniform velocity in a straight
line, as long as no net force acts on it.”

42
 The First Law of Motion

● This tendency of objects to remain in motion is referred

to as inertia, which is also the reason why Newton’s
first law is also called the law of inertia.

● An inertial frame of reference is a perspective

considered to identify whether an object is at rest, or is
moving with a constant velocity.

43
 The First Law of Motion

Inertial Frame of Reference

1. It is a reference frame with constant velocity, i.e., it is at
rest, or it is moving with a constant speed in a linear
direction.
2. It is not accelerating.
3. It is a reference frame in which the first law is
applicable.
4. No fictitious forces arise from it.

44
Remember

Any object viewed from an inertial

frame of reference will obey the first
law and continue to have a constant
velocity, unless acted upon by a
nonzero net force.

45
 The First Law of Motion

Consider a passenger (1) wearing roller skates (2) in the

aisle of the bus that is (3) speeding up on a straight road

If the bus starts moving and speeds up, what will happen to
the passenger?

If the bus slows down and stops moving, what will happen to
the passenger?

46
 The First Law of Motion

As the bus speeds up, the

passenger will move
backward with respect to the
bus.

47
 The First Law of Motion

As it slows down to a halt,

the passenger will move
forward relative to the
vehicle.

48
 The First Law of Motion

Is the first law of motion violated here? Why or why not?

49
Under what conditions is an
inertial frame of reference
applicable?

50
 The First Law of Motion

The notion of relative velocity will tell us that if we have one

inertial frame A that obeys the first law, another frame B will
also be an inertial reference frame if it moves with respect
to the motion of the first frame with a constant velocity.

51
 The First Law of Motion

The notion of relative velocity will tell us that if we have one

inertial frame A that obeys the first law, another frame B will
also be an inertial reference frame if it moves with respect
to the motion of the first frame with a constant velocity.

52
 The First Law of Motion

Based on this equation, how do you think two observers in

separate inertial frame of reference perceive the motion of a
common object?

53
 The First Law of Motion

Based on this equation, how do you think two observers in

separate inertial frame of reference perceive the motion of a
common object?

54
 The First Law of Motion

Imagine a train moving east at 20 m/s (relative

to the ground). A passenger inside the train
walks westward at 2 m/s (relative to the train).
An observer on the ground perceives the
passenger's motion as:

55
 The First Law of Motion

Imagine a train moving east at 20 m/s (relative

to the ground). A passenger inside the train
walks westward at 2 m/s (relative to the train).
An observer on the ground perceives the
passenger's motion as:

56
 The First Law of Motion

A car P is traveling at a velocity of

40 m/s east relative to another car B,
which is moving at 20 m/s east
relative to the ground (A). What is the
velocity of car P relative to the
ground? 57
 Superposition of Forces

Individual forces exerted at a point upon an object will

produce a similar effect as a single force equivalent to the
resultant, or vector sum of the individual forces.

58
 Superposition of Forces

Mathematically, in one dimension,

In two dimensions,

59
 Superposition of Forces

The magnitude of the resultant vector in 2D can be solved

using the Pythagorean theorem.

The direction (angle) can be solved using the tangent

function.

60
Superposition of Forces

Now, let’s consider a laptop on the table.

61
Superposition of Forces

What are the forces that act on it?

62
Superposition of Forces

What are the forces that act on it?

63
 Superposition of Forces

Considering superposition of forces:

No net force acts on an object at rest. We say that

the object is in equilibrium.
64
Remember

For an object to be in equilibrium, either

no force must act upon it, or the
resultant of the individual forces
exerted upon it must have a net force of
zero.

65
What does the first law of
motion state?

66
 Let’s Practice!

What net force is required to keep a 500

kg object moving with a constant velocity
of 10m/s?

67
 Let’s Practice!

You are traveling on an airplane at

constant speed of 650mph. Your
friend is traveling in his car at a
constant speed of 60mph. Who
experiences a larger acceleration?

68
 Let’s Practice!

A 0.020-kilogram block of wood with a constant

velocity slides on a rough horizontal tabletop. If
there is an external force of 2.50 newtons exerted
upon the block of wood, calculate the magnitude of
the friction force acting on it.

69
Try It!

A book that weighs .050 kg has been

pushed at a constant velocity across the
floor. If there is an external force of 1.75
newtons exerted upon the book,
calculate the magnitude of the friction
force acting on it.

70
 Let’s Practice!

A 180-pound cargo is found inside a freight elevator

that heads upward at a constant velocity. The rope of
the elevator snapped which caused it to fall.
Determine the (a) weight of the cargo in N, and (b)
the normal force exerted by the elevator’s floor to
the cargo before and after the rope broke off.

71
 Let’s Practice!

A 250 lb metal slab needed to be moved up inside a

vehicle using a smooth inclined plane with the
following dimensions: l = 0.7 m, H = 0.3 m. What is the
magnitude of the force required to move the slab
with a constant velocity? Ignore the effects of
friction.

72
 Let’s Practice!

A 250 lb metal slab needed to be moved up inside a

vehicle using a smooth inclined plane with the
following dimensions: l = 0.7 m, H = 0.3 m. What is the
magnitude of the force required to move the slab
with a constant velocity? Ignore the effects of
friction.

The magnitude of force required to move the slab up

the inclined plane is 478.29 N.
73
Try It!

A 300 lb rock has to be moved up inside

a vehicle using a smooth inclined plane
with the following dimensions: l = 0.8 m,
H = 0.5 m. What is the magnitude of the
force required to move the slab?

74
Lesson 6.4

Newton’s Second Law of

Motion

General Physics 11/2

Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics
Have you ever wondered why race cars only
have, at most, two seats?

76
Race car
mechanics
remove
unnecessary
masses in the
car in order for
it to accelerate
faster.
77
This concept is based on the second law of motion. In this
lesson, you will know how the quantities force, mass, and
acceleration are related to each other.

78
What determines the
acceleration of an object?

79
 Learning Competencies
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to do the following:

● Solve problems using Newton’s Laws of

Motion in problems such as, but not
limited to, ropes and pulleys, the design
of mobile sculptures, transport of load on
conveyor belts, force needed to move
stalled vehicles, determination of safe
driving speeds on banked curved roads
(STEM_GP12N-Ie38).
80
 Learning Objectives
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to do the following:

● Determine the relationships between force, mass,

and acceleration.

● State the Second Law of Motion.

● Solve problems using the Second Law of Motion.

81
 Newton’s Second Law of Motion

The magnitude of
acceleration (a) is directly
proportional to the
magnitude of the net
external force (ΣF) exerted
on an object of a given mass
(m).

82
Remember

Oftentimes, the concept of external

force is easy to identify intuitively;
sometimes, however, it is not very
obvious. Remember that in identifying
the external forces acting upon an
object, it is necessary to first determine
the system of interest and its
boundaries.
83
 Force and Mass

The direct proportionality between acceleration and

net force leads us to a crucial inference: there is a
constant ratio, specifically referred to as inertial mass
(m) between the net force (ΣF) and, the acceleration’s
magnitude (a).

84
Force and Mass

Relations between force, mass, and acceleration

85
 Force, Mass and Acceleration

The relationship between (m) between the net force

(ΣF) and, the acceleration’s magnitude (a) can be
mathematically expressed as:

or
or

86
Remember

Kilogram is the SI unit of mass. This

standard kilogram is also the basis for
the definition of newton as the amount
of net force yielding an acceleration of 1
m/s2 to an object with a 1-kilogram
mass or 1 N = 1 m/s2.

87
 The Second Law of Motion

If a net external force acts on an object,

acceleration occurs. The direction of which is similar
to that of the net external force. The net force vector
(ΣF) is the product of the body’s inertial mass (m) and
the acceleration vector (a).

Kinematic equations:
1 2
𝑑 = 𝑉𝑜𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡
2 88
What does Newton’s Second Law
of Motion state?

89
 Limitations of The Second Law

1. The Second Law applies only to external forces,

defined earlier as the forces from outside the
system of interest of the object under
investigation.

1. The Second Law is only relevant when the object’s

mass is constant.

90
 Limitations of The Second Law

3. The Second Law may only apply in inertial frames

of references (perspectives where the First Law of
Motion is valid).

91
 Let’s Practice!

What net external force must be applied to make a

vehicle accelerate at 2.5 m/s2 if it has a mass of 3 250
kg?

92
 Let’s Practice!

What net external force must be applied to make a

vehicle accelerate at 2.5 m/s2 if it has a mass of 3 250
kg?

The net external force ΣF needed to accelerate the car

is 8 125 N.
93
Try It!

What net force is required to make an

11.5-kg bowling ball to accelerate down
along an alleyway at a rate of 3.75 m/s2?

94
 Let’s Practice!

A net external force of 7.5 N is exerted upon a 4.65-kg

object. If the object’s initial velocity is 2.3 m/s when
the force is applied, determine its displacement after
6 seconds.

95
 Let’s Practice!

A net external force of 7.5 N is exerted upon a 4.65-kg

object. If the object’s initial velocity is 2.3 m/s2 when
the force is applied, determine its displacement after
6 seconds.

The displacement of the object after 6 seconds is 42.78

m.
96
Try It!

A net external force of 8.35 N is exerted

upon a 5.5-kg object. If the object’s
initial velocity is 7 m/s when the force is
applied, determine its displacement
after 9.0 seconds.

97
 Let’s Practice!

A wind-driven iceboat, initially at rest on a horizontal

ice rink, is pushed by the wind such that 3.5 seconds
after its release, it is travelling eastward at 20 kph.
The boat and its rider has a combined mass of 215.50
kg. Calculate the horizontal force Fw that the wind
exerted on the boat.

98
 Let’s Practice!

A wind-driven iceboat, initially at rest on a horizontal

ice rink, is pushed by the wind such that 3.5 seconds
after its release, it is travelling eastward at 20 kph.
The boat and its rider has a combined mass of 215.50
kg. Calculate the horizontal force Fw that the wind
exerted on the boat.

Thus, the horizontal force Fw that the wind exerted

on the boat is 342.19 N.
99
Try It!

Consider the same iceboat pushed by

the wind, this time, 6.0 seconds after its
release, it is travelling eastward at 35
kph. The boat and its rider has a
combined mass of 215.50 kg. Calculate
the horizontal force Fw that the wind
exerted on the boat.

100
How do we determine the net
force acting on an object using
the Second Law of Motion?

101
 Check Your Understanding

Identify what is being referred to in each of the

following statements.
1. A change in velocity is referred to as __________________.

1. __________________ is the combination of individual

forces exerted on an object.

1. There is a ________________ ratio between the

magnitudes of the net force and acceleration.
102
 Check Your Understanding

Solve the following problems.

Items 1-3. A rope of negligible mass is connected to a 4-kg
block situated on a horizontal frictionless surface. The rope
passes over a pulley with negligible friction and mass,
where a block with mass m hangs from the other side.
When the two blocks were let go, the rope yielded a 15-N
tension force.
1. Draw a free-body diagram for the first block.
2. Draw a free-body diagram for the second block.
3. Solve for the mass of the second block. 103
 Let’s Sum It Up!

● Acceleration refers to change in velocity. When

the net external force (or the combination of
individual forces exerted on an object) is not zero,
acceleration occurs.
● The magnitude of acceleration a is directly
proportional to the magnitude of the net
external force ΣF exerted on an object of a given
mass m.
104
 Let’s Sum It Up!

● The direct proportionality between acceleration

and net force leads us to a crucial inference: there
is a constant ratio, specifically referred to as
inertial mass m, between the net force’s
magnitude ΣF and the acceleration’s magnitude a.

105
 Let’s Sum It Up!

● Kilogram is the SI unit of mass. Newton, the SI

unit for force, is the amount of net force yielding
an acceleration of 1m/s2 to an object with a 1-
kilogram mass or 1 N = 1 m/s2.

106
 Let’s Sum It Up!

● Newton’s Second Law of Motion states that “if a

net external force acts on an object, acceleration
occurs - the direction of which is similar to that of
the net external force. The net force vector is the
product of the body’s inertial mass m and the
acceleration vector.” It is for this reason that this
law is also called The Law of Acceleration.
107
 Key Formula

Concept Formula Description

Use this formula to

Newton’s Second
solve the net external
Law (Law of
where force acting upon an
Acceleration)
● ΣF is the net object when the mass
external force and acceleration are
exerted upon an given.
object
● m is the inertial
mass of the object
● a is the object’s
acceleration
108
Challenge Yourself

Explain why internal forces, or those

that act within the system of interest
of the object under consideration,
are not relevant in solving problems
related to the Second Law of Motion.

109
Lesson 6.5

Friction

General Physics 11/2

Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics
The discovery of fire
by rubbing flint and
pyrite is arguably the
most fundamental
application of the
force of friction which
we benefit until today.
111
What is friction?

112
 Friction

❖ Any force that resists motion

❖It involves objects that are in contact with each
other.
❖This is the force that keeps an object from sliding
down and incline plane.

113
 Friction

❖Friction is a force that resists the motion of two

surfaces that are touching.
❖When a moving object comes in contact with
another object, friction is the opposing force that
slows or stops the moving object.

114
 Friction

Types of Friction
❑ Static – prevents objects
sliding
❑ Sliding - resists objects
while they are moving
❑ Fluid – air or water

115
 Friction

For objects sliding on a

surface, the surface
exerts a contact force on
that object, as shown. The
components of this
contact force are both
perpendicular and
parallel to the surface.
116
 Friction

● Normal force is
the perpendicular
component vector
relative to the surface.

● corresponds to
frictional force. It is
always parallel but
opposite to the
motion. 117
Remember

● Although almost unattainable,

frictional force is zero if the surface is
frictionless, and the only force
available will be the normal force.

● In this discussion, we will treat a

surface as “frictionless” if the friction
is too small that it can be negligible.
118
 Friction

Kinetic Friction

● Kinetic friction force is the type of friction exerted on an

object when it is sliding on a surface, such that the two
surfaces are moving with respect to each other.

● It is denoted by .

119
 Friction

Kinetic Friction
● The magnitude of is directly proportional to the
normal force , and their relation is mathematically
expressed as follows:

● Where:
is the coefficient of kinetic friction
120
 Friction

Coefficient of Kinetic Friction

The coefficient of kinetic friction , (pronounced

mu-sʌb-k) is determined by dividing the magnitudes of
two forces.

It is a pure number and has no units.

121
 Friction

Static Friction

● Static friction is the second type of friction that occurs

when there is no relative motion between two surfaces.

122
 Friction

Static Friction
● For two surfaces, the value of static friction reaches its
maximum value depending on the normal force.
● Their proportionality factor is the coefficient of static
friction.
● In general, the equation can be stated as:

123
 Friction

Static vs. Kinetic Friction

124
 Let’s Practice!

A 2.5-kg crate is moved rightward across a horizontal

surface by a horizontal force such that it has
constant velocity. If the coefficient of the kinetic
friction is 0.25, calculate the magnitude of the kinetic
friction force.

125
 Let’s Practice!

A 2.5-kg crate is moved rightward across a horizontal

surface by a horizontal force such that it has
constant velocity. If the coefficient of the kinetic
friction is 0.25, calculate the magnitude of the kinetic
friction force.

126
 Let’s Practice!

A 2.5-kg crate is moved rightward across a horizontal

surface by a horizontal force such that it has
constant velocity. If the coefficient of the kinetic
friction is 0.25, calculate the magnitude of the kinetic
friction force.

The magnitude of the kinetic friction force is 6.125 N.

127
Try It!

A 5.85-kg crate is moved rightward

across a horizontal surface by a
horizontal force such that it has
constant velocity. If the coefficient of
the kinetic friction is 1.5, calculate the
magnitude of the kinetic friction force.

128
 Let’s Practice!

A 3.45-kg object is situated at rest on a horizontal

surface with a static friction coefficient of 0.45.
Calculate the (a) maximum force of the static friction
and the (b) minimum value of the friction force.

129
 Let’s Practice!

A 3.45-kg object is situated at rest on a horizontal

surface with a static friction coefficient of 0.45.
Calculate the (a) maximum force of the static friction
and the (b) minimum value of the friction force.

130
 Let’s Practice!

A 3.45-kg object is situated at rest on a horizontal

surface with a static friction coefficient of 0.45.
Calculate the (a) maximum force of the static friction
and the (b) minimum value of the friction force.

The maximum force of the static friction, which is also

equivalent to the minimum value of the force, is 15.21
N.
131
Try It!

A 5-kg object is situated at rest on a

horizontal surface with a static friction
coefficient of 0.88. Calculate the (a)
maximum force of the static friction
and the (b) minimum value of the
friction force.

132
 Let’s Practice!

A 2-kg box is sliding down an inclined plane with a 35-

degree angle above the horizontal with a constant
velocity. Determine the coefficient of kinetic friction.

133
 Let’s Practice!

A 2-kg box is sliding down an inclined plane with a 35-

degree angle above the horizontal with a constant
velocity. Determine the coefficient of kinetic friction.

Thus, the coefficient of the kinetic friction is 0.70.

134
 Let’s Practice!

A 5 kg box is on a horizontal surface. A force of 30N is

applied at an angle of 30 degrees above the
horizontal. The coefficient of kinetic friction between
the box and the surface is 0.2.

Calculate the normal force acting on the box.

Determine the kinetic friction force.
Find the net acceleration of the box.

135
How do we calculate the kinetic
and static friction forces acting
on an object?

136
 Fluid Resistance

● One important application of friction is in the concept

called fluid resistance, or the force that a fluid exerts on
an object moving through it.

● We note that fluids, i.e., liquids and gases, are anything

that can flow from one place to another.

137
 Fluid Resistance

Viscosity
● The resistance of a fluid to flow is
known as viscosity.

● If the fluid is sticky and thick, then

the fluid is viscous.

Honey is an example of a
viscous fluid.
138
Remember

● Fluid resistance exerts a force that is

in the opposite direction of the
object’s velocity relative to the fluid.

● The magnitude of the force of the

fluid resistance increases as the
object’s speed through the fluid
does.
139
How does fluid resistance affect
the motion of an object?

140
 Check Your Understanding

Identify what is being referred to in each of the

following statements.

1. Friction is an object’s _________________ to motion

relative to a surface it is sliding against.
2. If you _________________ the mass of an object, less force
is needed to start its motion.
3. _________________ is the force that a fluid exerts on an
object moving through it.
141
 Check Your Understanding

Solve the following problem.

A 10-kg crate is at rest on a surface inclined at a 45-degree
angle. Suppose that the static friction coefficient between
the crate and the inclined surface is 0.50.

1. Draw a free-body diagram of the situation.

2. Calculate the minimum force necessary so the crate will
stay at rest.
3. Calculate the maximum force that can be exerted
without causing the crate to slip. 142
 Let’s Sum It Up!

● Friction refers to the object’s resistance to motion

relative to the surface it is sliding against.
● The component vector parallel to the surface and
perpendicular to the normal force is the friction
force.
● Kinetic friction force is the type of friction exerted
on an object when it is sliding on a surface, such
that the two surfaces are moving with respect to
each other. It is denoted by . 143
 Let’s Sum It Up!

● The coefficient of kinetic friction, (pronounced

mu-sʌb-k) is determined by dividing the
magnitudes of two forces, thus, it is a pure
number and has no units.
● Static friction is the second type of friction that
occurs when there is no relative motion between
two surfaces.
144
 Let’s Sum It Up!

● For two surfaces, the value of static friction

reaches its maximum value depending
on the normal force, i.e., is directly
proportional to . Their proportionality factor
is the coefficient of static friction.

145
 Let’s Sum It Up!

● One important application of friction is in the

concept called fluid resistance, or the force that a
fluid exerts on an object moving through it.

146
 Key Formula

Concept Formula Description

Use this formula to

Kinetic Friction
solve the kinetic
Force
where friction force exerted
● is the magnitude of on an object.
kinetic friction force;
● is the coefficient of
kinetic friction; and
● is the magnitude of
the normal force

147
 Key Formula

Concept Formula Description

Use this formula to

Static Friction
solve for the
Force
where magnitude of the
● is the magnitude of static friction force.
the static friction force;
● is the coefficient of
static friction; and
● is the magnitude of
the normal force

148
Challenge Yourself

What does a zero static friction

coefficient imply?

149