HTML

i
About the Tutorial
HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language, which is the most widely used language
on Web to develop web pages.
HTML was created by Berners-Lee in late 1991 but "HTML 2.0" was the first standard
HTML specification which was published in 1995. HTML 4.01 was a major version of
HTML and it was published in late 1999. Though HTML 4.01 version is widely used but
currently we are having HTML-5 version which is an extension to HTML 4.01, and this
version was published in 2012.
Audience
This tutorial is designed for the aspiring Web Designers and Developers with a need to
understand the HTML in enough detail along with its simple overview, and practical
examples. This tutorial will give you enough ingredients to start with HTML from where
you can take yourself at higher level of expertise.
Prerequisites
Before proceeding with this tutorial you should have a basic working knowledge with
Windows or Linux operating system, additionally you must be familiar with:
Experience with any text editor like notepad, notepad++, or Edit plus etc.
How to create directories and files on your computer.
How to navigate through different directories.
How to type content in a file and save them on a computer.
Understanding about images in different formats like JPEG, PNG format.

Copyright & Disclaimer

Copyright 2015 by Tutorials Point (I) Pvt. Ltd.
All the content and graphics published in this e-book are the property of Tutorials Point
(I) Pvt. Ltd. The user of this e-book is prohibited to reuse, retain, copy, distribute or
republish any contents or a part of contents of this e-book in any manner without written
consent of the publisher.
We strive to update the contents of our website and tutorials as timely and as precisely
as possible, however, the contents may contain inaccuracies or errors. Tutorials Point (I)
Pvt. Ltd. provides no guarantee regarding the accuracy, timeliness or completeness of
our website or its contents including this tutorial. If you discover any errors on our
website or in this tutorial, please notify us at [email protected] HTML
ii
Table of Contents
About the Tutorial .................................................................................................................................... i
Audience .................................................................................................................................................. i
Prerequisites ............................................................................................................................................ i
Copyright & Disclaimer ............................................................................................................................. i
Table of Contents .................................................................................................................................... ii
1. HTML – OVERVIEW .............................................................................................................. 1
Basic HTML Document ............................................................................................................................ 1
HTML Tags ............................................................................................................................................... 2
HTML Document Structure ...................................................................................................................... 3
The <!DOCTYPE> Declaration .................................................................................................................. 3
2. HTML – BASIC TAGS ............................................................................................................. 4
Heading Tags ........................................................................................................................................... 4
Paragraph Tag ......................................................................................................................................... 5
Line Break Tag ......................................................................................................................................... 5
Centering Content ................................................................................................................................... 6
Horizontal Lines ...................................................................................................................................... 6
Preserve Formatting ................................................................................................................................ 7
Nonbreaking Spaces ................................................................................................................................ 8
3. HTML – ELEMENTS .............................................................................................................. 9
HTML Tag vs. Element ............................................................................................................................. 9
Nested HTML Elements ........................................................................................................................... 9
4. HTML – ATTRIBUTES .......................................................................................................... 11
Core Attributes ...................................................................................................................................... 12
Internationalization Attributes .............................................................................................................. 13
The xml:lang Attribute .......................................................................................................................... 15
HTML
iii
5. HTML – FORMATTING ....................................................................................................... 17
Bold Text ............................................................................................................................................... 17
Italic Text .............................................................................................................................................. 17
Underlined Text .................................................................................................................................... 18
Strike Text ............................................................................................................................................. 18
Monospaced Font ................................................................................................................................. 19
Superscript Text .................................................................................................................................... 19
Subscript Text ....................................................................................................................................... 20
Inserted Text ......................................................................................................................................... 20
Deleted Text .......................................................................................................................................... 21
Larger Text ............................................................................................................................................ 21
Smaller Text .......................................................................................................................................... 22
Grouping Content .................................................................................................................................. 22
6. HTML – PHRASE TAGS ....................................................................................................... 24
Emphasized Text ................................................................................................................................... 24
Marked Text .......................................................................................................................................... 24
Strong Text ............................................................................................................................................ 25
Text Abbreviation ................................................................................................................................. 25
Acronym Element .................................................................................................................................. 26
Text Direction........................................................................................................................................ 26
Special Terms ........................................................................................................................................ 27
Quoting Text ......................................................................................................................................... 27
Short Quotations ................................................................................................................................... 28
Text Citations ........................................................................................................................................ 28
Computer Code ..................................................................................................................................... 29
Keyboard Text ....................................................................................................................................... 29
Programming Variables ......................................................................................................................... 30
HTML
iv
Program Output .................................................................................................................................... 30
Address Text ......................................................................................................................................... 31
7. HTML – META TAGS .......................................................................................................... 32
Adding Meta Tags to Your Documents .................................................................................................. 32
Specifying Keywords ............................................................................................................................. 32
Document Description .......................................................................................................................... 33
Document Revision Date ....................................................................................................................... 33
Document Refreshing ............................................................................................................................ 34
Page Redirection ................................................................................................................................... 35
Setting Cookies...................................................................................................................................... 35
Setting Author Name ............................................................................................................................ 36
Specify Character Set ............................................................................................................................ 36
8. HTML – COMMENTS .......................................................................................................... 38
Valid vs Invalid Comments .................................................................................................................... 38
Multiline Comments .............................................................................................................................. 39
Conditional Comments .......................................................................................................................... 40
Using Comment Tag .............................................................................................................................. 40
Commenting Script Code ....................................................................................................................... 41
Commenting Style Sheets ...................................................................................................................... 41
9. HTML – IMAGES ................................................................................................................ 43
Insert Image .......................................................................................................................................... 43
Set Image Location ................................................................................................................................ 44
Set Image Width/Height ........................................................................................................................ 44
Set Image Border................................................................................................................................... 45
Set Image Alignment ............................................................................................................................. 46
Free Web Graphics ................................................................................................................................ 46
HTML
v
10. HTML – TABLES ................................................................................................................. 47
Table Heading ....................................................................................................................................... 48
Cellpadding and Cellspacing Attributes ................................................................................................. 49
Colspan and Rowspan Attributes .......................................................................................................... 50
Tables Backgrounds............................................................................................................................... 50
Table Height and Width ........................................................................................................................ 52
Table Caption ........................................................................................................................................ 53
Table Header, Body, and Footer ............................................................................................................ 54
Nested Tables ........................................................................................................................................ 55
11. HTML – LISTS ..................................................................................................................... 57
HTML Unordered Lists ........................................................................................................................... 57
The type Attribute ................................................................................................................................. 58
HTML Ordered Lists ............................................................................................................................... 60
The type Attribute ................................................................................................................................. 60
The start Attribute ................................................................................................................................ 64
HTML Definition Lists ............................................................................................................................ 64
12. HTML – TEXT LINKS ............................................................................................................ 66
Linking Documents ................................................................................................................................ 66
The target Attribute .............................................................................................................................. 66
Use of Base Path ................................................................................................................................... 67
Linking to a Page Section ....................................................................................................................... 68
Setting Link Colors ................................................................................................................................. 69
Download Links ..................................................................................................................................... 69
File Download Dialog Box ...................................................................................................................... 70
13. HTML – IMAGE LINKS ........................................................................................................ 71
Mouse-Sensitive Images ........................................................................................................................ 71
HTML
vi
Server-Side Image Maps ........................................................................................................................ 72
Client-Side Image Maps ......................................................................................................................... 73
Coordinate System ................................................................................................................................ 74
14. HTML – EMAIL LINKS ......................................................................................................... 75
HTML Email Tag ..................................................................................................................................... 75
Default Settings ..................................................................................................................................... 75
15. HTML – FRAMES ................................................................................................................ 76
Disadvantages of Frames ...................................................................................................................... 76
Creating Frames .................................................................................................................................... 76
The <frameset> Tag Attributes .............................................................................................................. 78
The <frame> Tag Attributes ................................................................................................................... 79
Browser Support for Frames ................................................................................................................. 80
Frame's name and target attributes ...................................................................................................... 80
16. HTML – IFRAMES ............................................................................................................... 83
The <Iframe> Tag Attributes .................................................................................................................. 84
17. HTML – BLOCKS ................................................................................................................. 85
Block Elements ...................................................................................................................................... 85
Inline Elements ..................................................................................................................................... 85
Grouping HTML Elements ...................................................................................................................... 85
The <div> tag ......................................................................................................................................... 85
The <span> tag ...................................................................................................................................... 87
18. HTML – BACKGROUNDS .................................................................................................... 88
Html Background with Colors ................................................................................................................ 88
Html Background with Images .............................................................................................................. 89
Patterned & Transparent Backgrounds ................................................................................................. 90
HTML
vii
19. HTML – COLORS ................................................................................................................ 92
HTML Color Coding Methods ................................................................................................................. 92
HTML Colors - Color Names ................................................................................................................... 92
W3C Standard 16 Colors ........................................................................................................................ 93
HTML Colors - Hex Codes....................................................................................................................... 93
HTML Colors - RGB Values ..................................................................................................................... 95
Browser Safe Colors .............................................................................................................................. 96
20. HTML – FONTS .................................................................................................................. 99
Set Font Size .......................................................................................................................................... 99
Relative Font Size ................................................................................................................................ 100
Setting Font Face ................................................................................................................................. 101
Specify alternate font faces ................................................................................................................. 101
Setting Font Color ............................................................................................................................... 102
The <basefont> Element: .................................................................................................................... 102
Example of the <basefont> Element .................................................................................................... 103
21. HTML – FORMS ............................................................................................................... 104
Form Attributes ................................................................................................................................... 104
HTML Form Controls ........................................................................................................................... 105
Text Input Controls.............................................................................................................................. 105
Single-line text input controls ............................................................................................................. 105
Attributes ............................................................................................................................................ 106
Password Input controls ...................................................................................................................... 106
Attributes ............................................................................................................................................ 107
Multiple-Line Text Input Controls ........................................................................................................ 107
Attributes ............................................................................................................................................ 108
Checkbox Control ................................................................................................................................ 109
Attributes ............................................................................................................................................ 109
HTML
viii
Radio Button Control .......................................................................................................................... 110
Select Box Control ............................................................................................................................... 111
Attributes ............................................................................................................................................ 111
File Upload Box ................................................................................................................................... 112
Button Controls ................................................................................................................................... 113
Hidden Form Controls ......................................................................................................................... 114
22. HTML – EMBED MULTIMEDIA ......................................................................................... 115
The <embed> Tag Attributes ............................................................................................................... 116
Supported Video Types ....................................................................................................................... 116
Background Audio ............................................................................................................................... 117
HTML Object tag ................................................................................................................................. 118
23. HTML – MARQUEES ......................................................................................................... 120
The <marquee> Tag Attributes ............................................................................................................ 120
24. HTML – HEADER .............................................................................................................. 123
The HTML <title> Tag .......................................................................................................................... 123
The HTML <meta> Tag ......................................................................................................................... 124
The HTML <base> Tag.......................................................................................................................... 125
The HTML <link> Tag ........................................................................................................................... 125
The HTML <style> Tag ......................................................................................................................... 126
The HTML <script> Tag ........................................................................................................................ 127
25. HTML – STYLE SHEET ....................................................................................................... 128
External Style Sheet ............................................................................................................................ 129
Internal Style Sheet ............................................................................................................................. 130
Inline Style Sheet ................................................................................................................................ 131
26. HTML JAVASCRIPT ........................................................................................................... 133
External JavaScript .............................................................................................................................. 133
HTML
ix
Internal Script ..................................................................................................................................... 134
Event Handlers .................................................................................................................................... 135
Hide Scripts from Older Browsers ....................................................................................................... 135
The <noscript> Element ....................................................................................................................... 136
Default Scripting Language .................................................................................................................. 136
27. HTML – LAYOUTS ............................................................................................................. 138
HTML Layout - Using Tables ................................................................................................................ 138
Multiple Columns Layout - Using Tables .............................................................................................. 139
HTML Layouts - Using DIV, SPAN ......................................................................................................... 141
28. HTML – TAG REFERENCE ................................................................................................. 143
HTML <comment> and <!--....--> Tag ................................................................................................... 150
Browser Support ................................................................................................................................. 151
HTML <doctype> Tag ........................................................................................................................... 151
HTML <a> Tag ...................................................................................................................................... 153
Global Attributes ................................................................................................................................. 153
Specific Attributes ............................................................................................................................... 153
Event Attributes .................................................................................................................................. 155
HTML <abbr> Tag ................................................................................................................................ 156
HTML <acronym> Tag .......................................................................................................................... 157
HTML <address> Tag ........................................................................................................................... 158
HTML <applet> Tag ............................................................................................................................. 159
HTML <area> Tag................................................................................................................................. 161
HTML <article> Tag .............................................................................................................................. 164
Global Attributes ................................................................................................................................. 165
Event Attributes .................................................................................................................................. 165
Browser Support ................................................................................................................................. 165
HTML <aside> Tag ............................................................................................................................... 165
HTML
x
Description .......................................................................................................................................... 165
HTML <audio> Tag ............................................................................................................................... 166
HTML <b> Tag ..................................................................................................................................... 167
HTML <base> Tag ................................................................................................................................ 168
HTML <basefont> Tag .......................................................................................................................... 169
HTML <bdo> Tag ................................................................................................................................. 171
HTML <bdi> Tag................................................................................................................................... 172
HTML <bgsound> Tag .......................................................................................................................... 173
HTML <big> Tag ................................................................................................................................... 174
HTML blink Tag.................................................................................................................................... 175
HTML <blockquote> Tag ...................................................................................................................... 176
HTML <body> Tag ................................................................................................................................ 177
HTML <br> Tag .................................................................................................................................... 178
HTML Button Tag ................................................................................................................................ 179
HTML <canvas> Tag ............................................................................................................................. 181
HTML <caption> Tag ............................................................................................................................ 182
HTML <center> Tag ............................................................................................................................. 184
HTML <cite> Tag .................................................................................................................................. 184
HTML <code> Tag ................................................................................................................................ 185
HTML <col> Tag ................................................................................................................................... 186
HTML colgroup Tag ............................................................................................................................. 188
HTML <comment> and <!--....--> Tag ................................................................................................... 190
HTML <datalist> Tag ............................................................................................................................ 191
HTML <dd> Tag ................................................................................................................................... 192
HTML <del> Tag ................................................................................................................................... 193
HTML <dfn> Tag .................................................................................................................................. 194
HTML <dialog> tag .............................................................................................................................. 195
HTML
xi
HTML <dir> Tag ................................................................................................................................... 196
HTML div Tag....................................................................................................................................... 198
HTML <dl> Tag..................................................................................................................................... 199
HTML <dt> Tag .................................................................................................................................... 201
HTML <em> Tag................................................................................................................................... 202
HTML <embed> Tag............................................................................................................................. 203
HTML <fieldset> Tag ............................................................................................................................ 204
HTML Figcaption Tag ........................................................................................................................... 206
HTML Figure Tag.................................................................................................................................. 207
HTML <font> Tag ................................................................................................................................. 208
HTML Footer Tag ................................................................................................................................. 209
HTML <form> Tag ................................................................................................................................ 210
HTML <frame> Tag .............................................................................................................................. 212
HTML <frameset> Tag ......................................................................................................................... 214
HTML <h1> to <h6> Tag ....................................................................................................................... 216
HTML <head> Tag ................................................................................................................................ 217
HTML Header Tag ................................................................................................................................ 218
HTML <hr> Tag .................................................................................................................................... 219
HTML <html> Tag ................................................................................................................................ 220
HTML <i> Tag ....................................................................................................................................... 221
HTML <iframe> Tag ............................................................................................................................. 222
HTML <ilayer> Tag ............................................................................................................................... 224
HTML <img> Tag .................................................................................................................................. 227
HTML <input> Tag ............................................................................................................................... 229
HTML <ins> Tag ................................................................................................................................... 233
HTML <isindex> tag ............................................................................................................................. 235
HTML <kbd> Tag .................................................................................................................................. 236
HTML
xii
HTML keygen Tag ................................................................................................................................ 236
HTML <label> Tag ................................................................................................................................ 238
HTML <layer> Tag ................................................................................................................................ 239
HTML <legend> Tag ............................................................................................................................. 242
HTML <li>Tag ...................................................................................................................................... 243
HTML <link> Tag .................................................................................................................................. 245
HTML Main Tag ................................................................................................................................... 248
HTML <map> Tag................................................................................................................................. 249
HTML Mark Tag ................................................................................................................................... 250
HTML <marquee> Tag ......................................................................................................................... 251
HTML <menu> Tag .............................................................................................................................. 253
HTML <menuitem> tag ........................................................................................................................ 254
HTML <meta> tag ................................................................................................................................ 256
HTML <meter> Tag .............................................................................................................................. 257
HTML <multicol> tag ........................................................................................................................... 259
HTML <nav> Tag .................................................................................................................................. 260
HTML <nobr> Tag ................................................................................................................................ 261
HTML <noembed> Tag ........................................................................................................................ 262
HTML <noframes> Tag......................................................................................................................... 263
HTML <noscript> Tag ........................................................................................................................... 264
HTML <object> Tag .............................................................................................................................. 265
HTML <ol> Tag..................................................................................................................................... 267
HTML <optgroup> Tag ......................................................................................................................... 269
HTML <option> Tag ............................................................................................................................. 270
HTML <output> Tag ............................................................................................................................. 272
HTML <p> Tag ..................................................................................................................................... 273
HTML <param> Tag ............................................................................................................................. 274
HTML
xiii
HTML <plaintext> Tag ......................................................................................................................... 276
HTML <pre> Tag .................................................................................................................................. 276
HTML Progress Tag .............................................................................................................................. 278
HTML <q> Tag ..................................................................................................................................... 279
HTML Rp Tag ....................................................................................................................................... 280
HTML Rt Tag ........................................................................................................................................ 281
HTML Ruby Tag ................................................................................................................................... 282
HTML <strike> Tag ............................................................................................................................... 283
HTML Phrase Elements ........................................................................................................................ 284
HTML <script> Tag ............................................................................................................................... 286
HTML Section Tag ................................................................................................................................ 288
HTML <select> Tag .............................................................................................................................. 289
HTML <spacer> Tag ............................................................................................................................. 291
HTML <small> Tag ............................................................................................................................... 292
HTML <source> tag .............................................................................................................................. 293
HTML <span> Tag ................................................................................................................................ 294
HTML <strike> Tag ............................................................................................................................... 295
HTML <strong> tag .............................................................................................................................. 296
HTML <style> tag ................................................................................................................................. 297
HTML <sub> Tag .................................................................................................................................. 298
HTML Summary Tag ............................................................................................................................ 299
HTML <sup> Tag .................................................................................................................................. 300
HTML <table> Tag ............................................................................................................................... 301
HTML <tbody> Tag .............................................................................................................................. 303
HTML <td> Tag .................................................................................................................................... 306
HTML textarea Tag .............................................................................................................................. 309
HTML <tfoot> Tag ................................................................................................................................ 311
HTML
xiv
HTML <th> Tag .................................................................................................................................... 314
HTML <thead> Tag .............................................................................................................................. 316
HTML <time> tag ................................................................................................................................. 319
HTML <title> Tag ................................................................................................................................. 320
HTML <tr> Tag ..................................................................................................................................... 321
HTML <track> tag ................................................................................................................................ 323
HTML <tt> Tag ..................................................................................................................................... 324
HTML <u> Tag ..................................................................................................................................... 325
HTML <ul> Tag..................................................................................................................................... 326
HTML <var> Tag .................................................................................................................................. 328
HTML <video> Tag ............................................................................................................................... 328
HTML <wbr> Tag ................................................................................................................................. 330
HTML <xmp> Tag ................................................................................................................................. 331
29. HTML – ATTRIBUTE REFERENCE ...................................................................................... 333
Global Attributes ................................................................................................................................. 333
Language Attributes ............................................................................................................................ 334
30. HTML EVENTS REFERENCE .............................................................................................. 335
Window Events Attributes .................................................................................................................. 335
Form Events ........................................................................................................................................ 336
Keyboard Events ................................................................................................................................. 337
Mouse Events ...................................................................................................................................... 337
Media Events ...................................................................................................................................... 338
31. HTML – FONTS REFERENCE ............................................................................................. 341
Fonts for Microsoft Systems ................................................................................................................ 342
Fonts for Macintosh Systems .............................................................................................................. 343
Fonts for Unix Systems ........................................................................................................................ 344
HTML
xv
HTML ASCII Codes ............................................................................................................................... 344
7-BIT Printable ASCII Characters .......................................................................................................... 344
7-BIT ASCII Device Control Characters ................................................................................................. 348
32. ASCII TABLE LOOKUP ....................................................................................................... 351
7 Bit ASCII Codes ................................................................................................................................. 351
Extended ASCII Codes .......................................................................................................................... 356
33. HTML – COLOR NAMES ................................................................................................... 363
34. HTML – ENTITIES ............................................................................................................. 370
Other Entities Supported by HTML Browsers ...................................................................................... 375
35. MIME MEDIA TYPES ........................................................................................................ 377
36. HTML – URL ENCODING .................................................................................................. 393
ASCII Control Characters Encoding ...................................................................................................... 394
Non-ASCII control characters encoding ............................................................................................... 395
Reserved Characters Encoding ............................................................................................................ 402
Unsafe Characters Encoding ................................................................................................................ 403
37. LANGUAGE ISO CODES .................................................................................................... 405
Language Codes: ISO 639, Microsoft ................................................................................................... 405
Language Codes: ISO 639, Macintosh .................................................................................................. 412
38. HTML – CHARACTER ENCODINGS .................................................................................... 420
39. HTML – DEPRECATED TAGS ............................................................................................. 422
HTML Deprecated Attributes............................................................................................................... 422
HTML
16
1. HTML – OVERVIEW

HTML stands for Hypertext Markup Language, and it is the most widely used language
to write Web Pages.
Hypertext refers to the way in which Web pages (HTML documents) are linked
together. Thus, the link available on a webpage is called Hypertext.

As its name suggests, HTML is a Markup Language which means you use HTML to
simply "mark-up" a text document with tags that tell a Web browser how to structure it
to display.

Originally, HTML was developed with the intent of defining the structure of documents
like headings, paragraphs, lists, and so forth to facilitate the sharing of scientific
information between researchers.
Now, HTML is being widely used to format web pages with the help of different tags
available in HTML language.
Basic HTML Document
In its simplest form, following is an example of an HTML document:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>This is document title</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>This is a heading</h1>
<p>Document content goes here.....</p>
</body>
</html>
Either you can use Try it option available at the top right corner of the code box to
check the result of this HTML code, or let's save it in an HTML file test.htm using your
favorite text editor. Finally open it using a web browser like Internet Explorer or Google
Chrome, or Firefox etc. It must show the following output: HTML
17
HTML Tags
As told earlier, HTML is a markup language and makes use of various tags to format the
content. These tags are enclosed within angle braces <Tag Name>. Except few tags,
most of the tags have their corresponding closing tags. For example, <html> has its
closing tag</html> and <body> tag has its closing tag </body> tag etc.
Above example of HTML document uses Description
the following tags: Tag
<!DOCTYPE...> This tag defines the document type and
HTML version.
<html> This tag encloses the complete HTML
document and mainly comprises of
document header which is represented
by <head>...</head> and document
body which is represented by
<body>...</body> tags.
<head> This tag represents the document's
header which can keep other HTML tags
like <title>, <link> etc.
<title> The <title> tag is used inside the
<head> tag to mention the document
title.
<body> This tag represents the document's body
which keeps other HTML tags like <h1>,
<div>, <p> etc.
<h1> This tag represents the heading.