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11 views

open ended lab

Uploaded by

arainabuubaida
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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OPEN ENDED LAB

GROUP 4

Name Roll #
Signature of Lab Tutor Date

Half-Wave Rectifier

1. Introduction to Half-Wave Rectifiers


A Half-Wave Rectifier is a circuit that converts AC (Alternating Current) into
pulsating DC (Direct Current) by allowing current to flow through it in only one
direction.

2. Circuit Components
1. AC Source: Provides alternating current of 220v.
2. Step-Down Transformer: 220 primary turns – 12 secondary turns.
3. Diode (1N4007): Allows current flow in only one direction, performing
rectification.
4. Load Resistor (RL) 1k ohms: Represents the device or circuit the rectifier powers.
5. Variable Capacitor (C) 1000uF: Smoothens the pulsating DC.

3. Circuit Diagram
The circuit typically includes:
- Primary and secondary windings of a transformer.
- A single diode connected in series with the load resistor.
- A filter capacitor connected in parallel with the load.

4. Working Principle
1. Input AC Voltage:
- The input is a sinusoidal AC voltage.
- The transformer steps down the voltage from 220 to 12 voltage.

2. Rectification (via Diode):


- During the positive half-cycle of the AC input, the diode is forward-biased, allowing
current to flow through the load resistor.
- During the negative half-cycle, the diode is reverse-biased, blocking current flow.
(VICE VERSA)
3. Filtering ( Capacitor):
- The capacitor charges to the peak voltage during the positive half-cycle.
- During the negative half-cycle, the capacitor discharges through the load,
smoothing the output voltage.

5. Practical Implementation
Required Equipment
- Transformer (220V to 12V step-down).
- Diode (1N4007).
- Resistor (1kΩ).
- Variable Capacitor (1000µF).
- Breadboard and connecting wires.
- Oscilloscope.

Steps
1.Connect the transformer to the house Socket which usually provides
220 v and the secondary winding to the rectifier circuit.
2. Place the diode in series with the load resistor.
3. Connect the capacitor in parallel with the load resistor.
4. Measure the input and output waveforms using an oscilloscope.
5. Analyze the voltage and current at various points.
6. Observations
- Without the capacitor at when value is 0 percent (0uF), the output DC (Red Line in
Oscilloscope graph) is also 0 with visual gaps at the time AC input ( Blue line in
graph) is negative, at the positive half-cycles of the input AC (Blue) the DC output
(RED) is fluctuating.

- With the capacitor at Value at 100 percent (1000uF), the output DC (RED line in
Oscilloscope) becomes smoother, and provides smooth DC current.

- Increasing capacitance reduces the fluctuation and provides pure DC afterwards.


6. Summary
- A half-wave rectifier is a simple circuit that converts alternating current (AC) into
pulsating direct current (DC) by allowing only one half of the AC waveform (positive
or negative) depends on biasing to pass through, while blocking the other half. A
Capacitor can further used to reduce pulsating and provide smoother flow of
current.

7. Applications
- Low-power DC power supplies.
- Signal demodulation.
- Charging circuits.

8. Review Questions:

1. What type of waveform is produced by a half-wave rectifier?


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2. How is a Half Wave Rectifier different from a Full Wave Rectifier?


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3. What are some drawbacks of using a half-wave rectifier?


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