"Welcome To Ashok IT"

"Oracle Database"
Topic : Introduction To PL/SQL
Date : 16/01/2023
(Session - 39)
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Important Information
*********************
>> Oracle Class Notes ::: https://github.com/ashokitschool/ORACLE_CLASS_NOTES

>> Class Recording ::: Will be available through Ashok IT Portal

>> Class Related Updates "Join In WhatsApp Group" check with Admin Team.
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Last Session
============
* We Just Completed SQL Part.

* Views and Types of Views

1) Simple view

2) Readonly view

3) Complex view

4) Maternalized View

* Normal View (vs) Maternalized View

Normal Views >>> By using the normal views always select query will
executed on base tables directly.

>>> If base table is modified with some data automatically

view will be reflected.

Maternalized Views >>> By using this kind of views always executing the
selecting query on base table + Holding output of an
select query.

>>> If Base table is modified with some data automatically

maternalized view data (or) output can't be reflected.

>>> As DB Programmer we need to refresh maternalized view

manualy with help of below command

exec dbms_mview.refresh("emp_mat_vw");
Today Session : PL/SQL
======================
* PL/SQL Stands "Procedural Language by Structured Query Language".

* PL/SQL is an extension of SQL Language.

* SQL is an Declarative Programming Language where PL/SQL is not a Declarative

Programming language.
Ex: select * from emp;
* SQL Language we can execute only one SQL Command at a time but where as in PL/SQL
we can execute group of statements as Single unit at atime.

* SQL Language can't support for control structures but where as in Pl/SQL allows
the programmer to implement the different control structure.

* Pl/SQL provides most important concepts related to OOPS (Reusability) through

"Stored Procedure and Stored Functions".

* Pl/SQL Plays central role through

cursors,Exceptions,Procedures,Functions,Triggers etc.,

cursors >>>>>>>>>> Holding the data and retrieving the data same as
ResultSet Object in Jdbc

Exceptions >>>>>>>>>>>>>> Handling the runtime exceptions

Stored Procedures & Stored Functions >>>>>>>>>>>>> Reusable components in

Database

Triggers >>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Auditing

* PL/SQL is an programming approach to execute the SQL Statements

**************************
Block Structure of Pl/SQL
**************************

1 --------------------------------- Declaration Section ------------------------

Optional Section

...................

...................

2---------------------------------- Begin---------------------------------------
Mandatory Section

....................

....................

3----------------------------------Exception------------------------------------
Optional Section

......................

......................

4--------------------------------- End------------------------------------------
Mandatory Section

5--------------------------------- / -------------------------------------------

1) Declaration Section
======================
 * It is optional section (or) optional block.

* In this section we can declare variables constants,cursors,exceptions etc.,

* We can declare only one variable at atime through out plsql block.

2) Begin
========

* It is a mandatory section and it contains all executable statements of SQL and

PL/SQL.

* Every executable statement in PLSQL block must be terminated with semicolon(;)

* Every assignment operations must be follow as ":="

a := 10;

3) Exception
============
* It is an Optional section and it contains the code recording the error handling
occured during the Program execution.

4) End
======
* It is a mandatory section and it indicates the termination of plsql program it
must be end with semicolon.

ex: end;

5) /
====
* It is used to run the script file (or) plsql block and it is an Mandatory block

Example
======
begin
// block of statements
dbms_output.put_line('Welcome To AshokIT PL/SQL Programming.........');
end;

NOTE
====
* If the above PLSQL block doesn't having any errors then you will receive a
message from server as "PL/SQL Procedure Successfully Completed"
otherwise you will get errors list on the console.

* To See the output statements on the console we need to enable PLSQL

environment by providing the below command

set serveroutput on

* Re-execute the PL/SQL block by using "/" then we can see the below message

Welcome To AshokIT PL/SQL Programming.........

 * dbms_output.put_line() is an output statement which can be used to display
some message on the console

dbms_output >>>>>>>>>>> Predefined package

put_line() >>>>>>>>>>> Function

|| >>>>>>>>>>> Concation

Example
=======
declare
uname varchar2(50) := 'Mahesh'
begin
dbms_output.put_line('Welcome To Ashok IT For Oracle Sessions By.....' ||
uname);
end;
/

Example
=======
declare
a number := 10;
b number := 20;
c number;
begin
dbms_output.put_line('Sum of two numbers:::::' || c);
end;
/

OUTPUT
======
Sum of two numners::::: 30

PL/SQL procedure succesfully completed.

DataTypes
=========
* The Datatypes same as SQL in PLSQL.

Operators
=========
* Same as SQL operators.

* Assignment will be using ":=".

Output Statement
================
dbms_output.put_line('message');

Input Statement
===============
* There is no predefined input function given by plsql for this we need to use &
to read values from enduser.

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