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Experiment 3 Notes

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4 views

Experiment 3 Notes

Experimental

Uploaded by

rdarshan094
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Basic architecture of 8085

The architecture of the 8085 microprocessor consists of several key components, including
the accumulator, registers, program counter, stack pointer, instruction register, flags register,
data bus, address bus, and control bus.

8085 is an 8-bit, general-purpose microprocessor. It consists of the following functional units:

Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU):


It is used to perform mathematical operations like addition, multiplication, subtraction,
division, decrement, increment, etc. Different operations are carried out in ALU: Logical
operations, Bit-Shifting Operations, and Arithmetic Operations.

Flag Register:
It is an 8-bit register that stores either 0 or 1 depending upon which value is stored in the
accumulator. Flag Register contains 8-bit out of which 5-bits are important and the rest of 3-
bits are “don’t Care conditions”. The flag register is a dynamic register because after each
operation to check whether the result is zero, positive or negative, whether there is any
overflow occurred or not, or for comparison of two 8-bit numbers carry flag is checked. So
for numerous operations to check the contents of the accumulator and from that contents if
we want to check the behavior of given result then we can use Flag register to verify and
check. So we can say that the flag register is a status register and it is used to check the status
of the current operation which is being carried out by ALU.
Different Flags are: Carry Flag, Parity Flag, Auxiliary Carry Flag, Zero Flag, Sign Flag

Accumulator:
Accumulator is used to perform I/O, arithmetic, and logical operations. It is connected to
ALU and the internal data bus. The accumulator is the heart of the microprocessor because
for all arithmetic operations Accumulator’s 8-bit pin will always there connected with ALU
and in most-off times all the operations carried by different instructions will be stored in the
accumulator after operation performance.

General Purpose Registers:


There are six general-purpose registers. These registers can hold 8-bit values. These 8-bit
registers are B, C, D, E, H, L. These registers work as 16-bit registers when they work in
pairs like B-C, D-E, and H-L. Here registers W and Z are reserved registers. We can’t use
these registers in arithmetic operations. It is reserved for microprocessors for internal
operations like swapping two 16-bit numbers. We know that to swap two numbers we need a
third variable hence here W-Z register pair works as temporary registers and we can swap
two 16-bit numbers using this pair.

Program Counter:
Program Counter holds the address value of the memory to the next instruction that is to be
executed. It is a 16-bit register.

Stack Pointer:
It works like a stack. In stack, the content of the register is stored that is later used in the
program. It is a 16-bit special register. The stack pointer is part of memory but it is part of
Stack operations, unlike random memory access. Stack pointer works in a continuous and
contiguous part of the memory. Whereas Program Counter (PC) works in random memory
locations. This pointer is very useful in stack-related operations like PUSH, POP, and nested
CALL requests initiated by Microprocessor. It reserves the address of the most recent stack
entry.

Temporary Register:
It is an 8-bit register that holds data values during arithmetic and logical operations.

Instruction register and decoder:


It is an 8-bit register that holds the instruction code that is being decoded. The instruction is
fetched from the memory.

Timing and control unit:


The timing and control unit comes under the CPU section, and it controls the flow of data
from the CPU to other devices. It is also used to control the operations performed by the
microprocessor and the devices connected to it. There are certain timing and control signals
like Control signals, DMA Signals, RESET signals and Status signals.
Data bus, Address bus, Control bus:
The data bus is an 8-bit bus that is used to transfer data between the microprocessor and
memory or other devices. The data bus is bidirectional, which means that it can be used to
read data from memory or write data to memory.

The address bus is a 16-bit bus that is used to address memory and other devices. The
address bus is used to select the memory location or device that the microprocessor wants to
access.

The control bus is a set of signals that controls the operations of the microprocessor,
including the read and write operations. The control bus includes signals such as the read
signal, write signal, interrupt signal, and reset signal. The read signal is used to read data
from memory or other devices, the write signal is used to write data to memory or other
devices, the interrupt signal is used to signal the microprocessor that an interrupt has
occurred, and the reset signal is used to reset the microprocessor to its initial state.

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