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Module 1_foundations of Biochemistry

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Module 1_foundations of Biochemistry

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Min Yoongi
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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BIOCHEMISTRY

“THE CHEMISTRY OF LIFE”

BEVERLY B. SANTOS-BENTRES
WHAT IS BIOCHEMISTRY?
❑ The study of the chemistry of
biological organisms.
(Rye, et.al., 2017, p26)
❑ The study of the chemistry and
different compounds and
processes occurring in living
organisms such as the
structures and functions of
biomolecules.
Dean.clas.ufl.edu
THREE PRINCIPAL AREAS OF
BIOCHEMISTRY
1.STRUCTURAL

2. METABOLISM

3. CHEMISTRY OF PROCESSES
AND SUBSTANCES
BRANCHES OF
BIOCHEMISTRY
ANIMAL AND PLANT
BIOCHEMISTRY
❑ This branch of
Biochemistry deals with all
the chemical
manifestations of
metabolism of plants and
animals.
COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY

❑ This branch of
Biochemistry deals the
relationship between
the different forms of
life and how they
evolved from their
original structure.
MICROBIAL BIOCHEMISTRY

❑ This branch of Biochemistry


deals with the metabolism of
microorganisms such as
bacteria.
PATHOLOGICAL BIOCHEMISTRY

❑ This branch of Biochemistry is


concerned with the
abnormalities of metabolism
found in diseases. Genetics has
been receiving attention because
abnormalities in metabolism are
also inherited.
Significance of Biochemistry (Murray, 2009):
SIGNIFICANCE IN NURSING

❑It is very essential that a nurse being a


medical professional, study and
understand biochemistry in order to care
for their patients.
❑Knowing the normal processes that
occur within the body will helps us to
identify the alterations that can occur
during disease conditions so that an
effective medical treatment can be
facilitated

❑Biochemistry teaches about homeostasis


and electrolyte balance and a nurse
should understand the importance of it
in the body.
❑The various biochemical tests like blood
test, kidney function test, liver function
test, lipid profile, will help the nurse to
diagnose diseases and the test results
will help in assessing the needs of the
patient to provide an effective care.

❑Every drug has a biochemical action and


this knowledge will help in selecting the
appropriate doses and the duration of
treatment a patient requires
❑Nutritional biochemistry teaches the relation
between health, diet and disease.
❑It focuses on how each nutrient functions
metabolically and biochemically.
❑Using biochemical tools nutritional deficiency
diseases can be diagnosed.

In a nutshell, Biochemistry is important in


nursing because it gives knowledge about normal
chemical process within the living cells and any
change in it helps in the diagnosis of disease,
thereby helping the nurse to provide an effective
care to the patient.
DEVELOPMENT OF
BIOCHEMISTRY
PREHISTORIC ANCIENT TIMES
Earlychurchhistory.org
❑ Dyes, which are pure
compounds isolated from
plant and animal sources
were used by Romans,
Egyptians, and the
Phoenicians.
❑ They created alcohol
through fermentation of
sugars
❑ Animal fat was converted
into soap.
BERZELIUS (1837)
Sciencehistory.org
❑ He postulated the
catalytic nature of
fermentation and
identified lactic acid as
the product of muscle
activity.
MATTHIAS SCHLEIDEN AND THEODOR SCHWANN
(1838)
Stevegallik.org
❑ Botanist Matthias Schleiden
and zoologist Theodor Schwann
studied tissues and proposed
the Unified Cell Theory.
❑ The cell theory can be
considered as one of the
important developments in
biomedical history, since all
functions of the body are now Britannica.com
considered as the effects of
cellular functions.
UNIFIED CELL THEORY states that:

En.Wikipedia.org
a.All living things are
composed of one or more
cells
b.The cell is the basic unit of
life
c.All new cells arise from
existing cells (This was
later contributed by
RUDOLF VIRCHOW)
JUSTUS (JUSTIN) VON LIEBIG
(Germany, 1840)
❑ He was a German
chemist who pioneered
early plant growth
studies and was the
first to point out the
chemical makeup of
carbohydrates, fats
and proteins.
❑Isolated Tyrosine
FREDERICK GOWLAND
• Together with his
student Cole,
discovered
tryptophan
LOUIS PASTEUR (1854-1864)
❑ He developed the process of Britannica.com
pasteurisation to kill microbes and
to prevent spoilage of milk, beer,
and other food products. Hence, he
proved that fermentation is caused
by microorganisms.
❑ Through his “Germ Theory of
Disease”, he was also able to
develop vaccines for cholera,
anthrax and rabies.
*Spontaneous Generation X
FRIEDRICH MIESCHER (1869)

❑ He discovered DNA En.Wikipedia.org

❑ “Nuclein”
WILHELM KUHNE (1877)

❑ Proposed the term En.Wikipedia.org

“enzyme”
BUCHNER (1897)
Nobelprize.org
❑ Discovered alcoholic
fermentation in cell-
free yeast extract
CARL NEUBERG (1903 – 1912)

Geni.com
❑ He proposed pathway
for fermentation
❑ He first used the term
“Biochemistry”
DR. CASIMIR FUNK (1912)
❑ He was a Polished –
born biochemist who
proposed the “vitamin
hypothesis
❑ He coined the term
“vitamins”
FOLIN AND DENIS
• Proved that simple
amino acids are
absorbed into the
bloodstream by
direct chemical
analysis.
COHNHEIMER AND LOEWI
• Demonstrated the
intestinal
breakdown of
proteins to amino
acids which
reformed body
proteins.
HANS ADOLF KREBS (1937)

❑ He discovered the Britannica.com

Citric Acid
Cycle/Krebs Cycle
FRITZ LIPPMANN (1940)

❑The role of ATP in Noberprize.org

biological systems
ERWIN CHARGAFF (1950-1953)

❑ He discovered the Sites.google.com

base composition of
DNA
ROSALIND FRANKLIN

❑ She discovered the Britannica.com

molecular structure
of DNA, which is
double helix.
JAMES WATSON AND FRANCIS
CRICK

❑ In 1953, they Sciencehistory.org

created the double


helix or spiral
staircase structure of
DNA.
COLIN PITCHFORK (1980s)

❑ He was the first Darkideas.net

person convicted of
murder through
DNA as an
evidence. This led
to the growth of
Forensic Science.
REFERENCES:

Bengao, C. (n.d.). Biochem Book. College of Arts and Sciences, University of the
Cordilleras.

Bernardino, G. (n.d.). Introduction to Biochemistry. College of Nursing, University of


the Cordilleras.

Hoefnagels, M. (2016). General Biology (Books I and II). McGraw Hill Education.

Saladin, K. (2002). Anatomy and Physiology (2nd). New York. McGraw Hill.

Derrickson, B. and Tortora, J. (2014). Principles of Anatomy and Physiology (14th).


NJ. John Wiley &Sons.

Rye, C., et.al. (2017). Biology. https://openstax.org/details/books/biology-2e

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