9

Partial Differential Equations

and Their Applications

9.1 INTRODUCTION
The notion of partial differential equations has already been introduced in
Section 1.2.1. These equations play a crucial role in most sciences dealing with
wave motion, for example, heat, light, electromagnetism, radar, radio, television
and weather. In this chapter, we shall give a brief theory of partial differential
equations and their applications.
Let x and y represent the independent variables and z the dependent variable
so that z = f(x, y). We will also use the notations

S, =t
dy dxdy

9.2 FORMATION AND SOLUTION OF PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL

EQUATIONS
In Chapter 1, we have seen how an ordinary differential equation was obtained uy
the elimination of arbitrary constants; but unlike ordinary differential'equation, a
partial differential equation can be obtained either by the elimination of arbitrary
constants or by the elimination of arbitrary functions involving two or morc
variables. We illustrate the method with the
help of the following examples
Example 91 By eliminating the constant, obtain the partial differential equation
from the/relation

()

Solution Differentiate the given equation partially with respect to x

a
to obtain

392
 Dilferential Equations and Their Applications 393
Partial

1/a and
1/52 in Eq. (1), we obtain the required partial
Substitutin, these lues of
values

itlenental cquaton as

2z=px + qy

differential equation by eliminat the constants

a
partial
ample 9.2
Form
-
h + ( y -k)
+ z = C".
from (r
& to and
equation partially with respect
x
hand Differentiating the given
Solution

.We
obtain
= 0 and (y- k) + zq = 0
x - h)+ zp
from these equations in the given
values of (x -

h) and (y
-

k)
the
Substituting
equation, we get
p + + 1) =
c
differential equation.
as the desired partial
differential
obtain the partial
arbitrary functions,
Example 9.3By eliminating the ct).
f l + y), b)z flx + ci) 8x
+
-

=
from () z
equattons =

to x and y to get
Solution a) Differentiate partially with respect

P f W + y ) 2x
x

= q =fx + y) 2y
differenttal
On dividing the required
obtain p/lq =
xly or yp - xq = 0 as
In
equation.
(b) Differentiate the given equation partially with respect tox
and 1, to oblain

f'lx + c) + 8'x - c)

f"x + ct) + g'"x - ct)

cf'a + ct) -

cg'lx - ci)

cr"(x + ct) + cs"a -

c) =c°
 394 Differential Equations and Their
Applications
Thus, the required partial differential
equation is

Example 94 By
a eliminating the
partiál differential equation. arbitrary function from z =
e"o(x- y). ohtobtuin
Solution Differentiating with respect to y, we get
q ne" o(x y)
e" ¢'(x y)
-
-

and, therefore, q =
nz p, i.e. p + q nz
-

From these -

= 0 as the
both from the examples, it is clear that
a required
partial differential equation.
elimination of arbitrary
arbitrary functions. constants and from equation can result
the elimination
A solution of of
between the
a
partial differential
variables which satisfies
the
equation is a non-differential
equation. The solution relation
fa, y, z, a, b) = 0
of first order
a
partial differential 2)
is called a equation which contains two
by
complete integral, and the solution obtainable arbitrary constants
assigning particular values to from a complete
If we
put b the constants is
called integral
Ja,
=
o(a) in Eq. (2), we find the solution. particular
y, z, (a)) =
0 and we the envelope of
called the get a the family of surfaces
general solution having
The solution. one
arbitrary constant, which is

IS envelope of the family of surfaces

called a
singular integral (2) with
not
obtainable from the
and it differs from the parameters a and b, if it exiss,
constants. complete particular integral in that it
integral by assigning
particular
values o the

9.3 EQUATIONS
EASILY INTEGRABLE
Some of the
partial
we shall illustrate thedifferential
method
equations can be solved by direct
Or integration consists by the integration and
during the integration. of an arbitrary following examples. Here, the usual
function of the variable
nstant

considered co
Example 9.5 Solve
oxay+18 xy* sin
+18 xy sin (2x
(2x + -
-

y) 0.
==

Solution
Keep y fixed and
integrate the given equation
equation twice to btain

Oxdy 9x -

cos
(2x -y) =fo)
 Cllal
quations and Their Applications 395
3x
dy -sin (2x -y) =xf(y) 395
+
Now keep fixed and integrate w.r.t. y, we g(y)
get
-+
cos(x- y) =x
f(y)dy
eoting ftv)dy =
uG), dy
+
s(y)dy +
h()
=
v{y), we can
write the
cos
4
(2x -

y) -

x'y +
required solution as
xu(y) +
My) +
shere u, v and h are h()
arbitrary functions.

Example 9.6 Solve y = 4.xy.

3xdy dx

Solution The given equation can be written as

OP +p Axy
ay
AIC 1S a
linear
Its solution is differential eauation of the first order if x is taken as a constans

Or py 2xy+ u(x)

y = 2xy+ «x)
dx
integrating it (keepingg y constant), we get
z=x*y + (x)+ v{x)
where 4,x) =
Sulx)dx and v(x) are arbitrary functuon

Example 9.7 Solve x 0, z =

e and
= l.

*+
z="0
= when

sin x + C2
is
=
Cj
Solution
COS x, If z is functio of x Since, z alone, then
the
solution

of r
z
and y, Ci
and c2

where c and a function

is a

c2 a C O n s t a n t s .
 and Their Applications
396 Differential Equations
the solution of the given equation is
are functions of y. Hence,
z My) sin x + 8(y) cos x

f(y) cosx -

8(y) sin x

when
x = 0, z =e, i.e. e= 8()
and

=0.=1,
dx
i.e. 1
=ff()
Hence, the required solution is
Z Sinx + e cos x

9ALINEAR EQUATIONS OF THE FIRST ORDER

A linear partial differential equation of the first order is of the form
Pp +Qq =R (3)
where P, Q and R are functions of x, y, z. This equation is known as Lagrange's
linear partial differential equation and the solution is o(u, v) = 0 or u = fv)
To obtain the solution of Eq. (3), we have the following rule.
(a) Write Eq. (3) in the form

(6) Solve these simultaneous equations by the method of Section 2.12,

giving u =a and v = b as its solutions.
(c) Write the solution as o(u, v) =
0, or u =
f(v)
n the same way, we can obtain the solution of the linear partial differental

equation involving more than two variables.

+ 31R
t+P=R (4)
First find the
equations
d (5)

and obtain an n
independent solution of Eq. (5). Let these solutions D

C 1 u2 C2 , n Cn
Then o(4, 42 4,)=0 is the solution of Eq. (4), where ction.

Equation (5) is called the subsidiary o is any arbiuy

equation.
 0.artial Differential Equations and Their
Applications 397

solve (y + 2)p + (r + 3)q = x + y.

Aiumpe9S

equation is
The subsidiary
Solution

dx dy_d
y +Z X+Z x+ y

wrilten as

can
be
which
dx +dy +dz dx-dydr-dz
2x+2y +2z -(x- y) -(x- z)
are
of these equations
The solutions
log (x + y + z) + 2 log (x - y) = a

r + y + ) ( t - y)* = C

and
log (x- ) - log (x -2) =
a

X y = C2lx - z)

Hence, the required solution is

(x +y+z)(x-y)°

+ ) r-y9
X-y =
(r -

) flr + y

Umple 9,9 Solve (mz - ny)p + (nx - lz) 4 = y -n

Solution The subsidiary equation 1s

dy dz
dx nx-lz y-mx
mz - ny

Using multipliers x, y, z, we have

xdx + ydy + zdz

each fraction =

zdz = 0
+
which gives xdx + ydy

++z'=a

Again, usi get

altipliers , m, n, we
= 0
+ ndz
ldx + mdy
 398 Differential Equations and Their Applications
which on integration yields
Ix+my+ nz = b
Therefore, the required solutiona =f(b) is
+y+ =flx + my + nz)
Example 9.10 Solve (- y dp
-

+ 2xyg =
2x
Solution The subsidiary equation is

dx

From the last two fractions, have

we dy/y =
dzz which on
integration yields
ylz = a.
Now, using multipliers x, y, z, we have

2x dx+2ydy + 2zdz dz
++2
which on integration yields (+
s
y+lz b. Hence, the required solution a =f{b
=

Example 9.11 Solve

(w+y+z)+(w+x+
dx )+(w+x+ y)=x+ y+z.
Solution The subsidiary equation is

dw dx
dy dz
X+y+Z y+z+ W z + w+ Xx |w+*+ y
which gives
dw+ dx + dy + dz dw dx
-
3(w+x + y+ 3) W

Integrating this equation, we get

-w) (w +x+ y + z) =
c
Similarly, the other two solutions are
(y w) (w +x + y +
z)1/3 =
C2
(z w) (w+x + y + /3
C3
Therefore, the required solution is
o[(r w)4, (y - wu, (z - w)u} = 0

where u = (w + x + y +2)1/3
 Partial Diferential Equations and Their Applications 399

OF THE FIRST ORDER

5 NONLINEAR EQUATIONS
called than in the first degree are
The equations which
involve p and q other
the
nonlinear partial
diferential equaftons of the first order. For such equations,
consists of only two arbitrary constants (i.e. equal to the
number
complete solution obtained by
variables involved) and the particular integral is
af independent
values to the constants.
assigning particular standard forms. We shall now discuss
are reducible to some
Many equations
these standard forms.

i.e. equations containing onlyp and q.

Form I f(p. q)= 0,
A complete solution of
such an equation is
Z ax + by + C (6)

where a and b are such that

Fla, b) = 0 (7)
solution
and use it in Eq. (6) to obtain the required
Write Eq. (7) as b =
Ù(a)
(8)
z = ax + O(a) y + c
constants.
where a and c are arbitrary in Eq. (8) so that
solution, we put c =fla)
To know the general
9)
z = ax + Ù(a)y + fla)
obtained
and the equation [0 = x+ o'a)y +fla)]
Now eliminate a from Eq. (9),
to a.
by differentiating with respect

Example 9.12 Solve p +Vq =1.

solution is
Solution The complete (10)
+ C
z = ax + by
becomes
Therefore, Eq. (10)
b (1- Va)'.
Vb
=

where va +
=
1, or
Va)y+c
ax +(1-
solution.
which is the required
m.
9.13 Solve p + q =

Example is
solution

Solution
The
complete
+C
(11)
ix + by

solution from Eq. (11) is

m-a.Thus, the desired
a+=m, orb=.
where m-a y
+ c
(12)
z ax +
400 Differential Equations nd Their ApplicationN

Note n order to get the general solulion, put c = fla) in kq. (121
that
+m-ay +Sla)
Differentiating it with respect to a, we get

0 x- y+f(a)
n-a
Now, from these two equations, eliminate a. In particular, if we choose c ar
as zero, then by the elimination of a, we obtain fla)

which represents a cone.

Example 9.14 Solve xp + y' = ?.

Solution We write the given equation as

that it reduces
( (13)

so to the standard Form I. Now set

du, a dv, d dw
So that log
u =
x, v =log y, w =log z and Eq. (13) becomes

1.e. P+Q=1, where P =Owlôu, O =Ôwlôv. The complete solution of this cquau
uation
is

W = au + bv + C
(14

where b=
1-&. Thus, Eq. (14) becomes
W = au + l - a C
or

log z = a log x + 1 - a log y + C

which is the
required solution.
 Partial Dilferetial Equations nd Their Applicatioms 401

Form 1 fp. q) containing

=0, 1.C. equations x and y.
To solve such equations we use the following steps:
Set =*+ ay and put p = dzldu, q = aldz/du) in the given equation.

i) Solve the resulting ordinary differential equation inz and u.

(ii) Replace u by x + ay.

Example 9.15 Solve p(1 + q) =

qz.

Let ax + y so that p =
dz/du and q =
a(dz/du). With these, the
Solution u =

equation can be written as

given

Separate the variables and integrate to get

1) + b =x + ay +b
log (az - = u

as the required solution.

Example 9.16 Solve zp ++1) =c.

that the given equation
Solution Put u = ax + y, p
= dz/du, q =a(dz/du) so
takes the form

obtain
variables, we
Separating the
zdz
du

- a
Integrating, we get
- 1 + 2 - 2 =u+b

solution is
desired

ye-2 =ax+y+
Thus, the
+a
I.
+ ) =

Solve
ztp'r
17 as
Example 9
written
can
be
equation

The given
Solution
 Differential Equations and Their Applications
402

Putting X = log r and (ozldX) = d2/0X in this equation, we obtain

Form II. Now, let

which is of the standard

u = X + ay,

equation takes the form

so that the above

the variables and integrating, we get

Separating

(1 = 2u +b =
+2(X+ ay) + b

Therefore, the required solution is

b
+a =
+2(log r + ay) +

variables z does not

Form Ill fx. p) =
F(y, q),i.e. the equations in which the
those containng
appear and the terms containing x and p can be separated from
y and q.
of such equation, we proceed as follows: Let flt P
To obtain a solution an

= F(y. q) = a and solve these for p and q to get

P= 9T, a), 9= Vy, a)

Since
9z dy
dt =
+dy =
p dr + q
dx dy
we have

Or

b
Joa, adr+ vy.a)dy
+
=
a
and b.
Constants

which is the desired complete solution containing two cons

Example 9.18 Solve q - p + X - y = .

Solution The given equation can be written as

4-y = P -X
 Partial Differential Equations and Their
Applications 403
t =4 -V = a so a t p = * * a and q = y + a, and the complete solution

=r+a)dr + (y+ ady +b

2 (x+ a) + (y +a) b
Example 9.19 Solvep + q =x+ y.

Solution The given equation can be written as

p x =y - =a
so that p: a+x
and q = y
-a. Substituting these values in dz =p dx +
q dy and integrating, we obtain

la2 -a2+b
which is the required complete solution.
Example 9.20 Solve(p*+ q) =* + y.
Solution We write the
given equation as

=x*+
(15)
Put zdz =
dZ, so that

Ox z Ox

dy z dy
and Eq. (15) takes the form

p + =+ y or P -x*= - 0 =a

Thus, P =
+ a and Q = and
-a,
dz = Pdx + Qdy which on
integration
gives the relation

Z a+5aloe .

--on(y-a).
 404 Diferential Equations and Thelr Applications

Therefore, the completc solution is

x + a +yy - a +alog d*v+a +b

y+y-a
Form IV z = px + qy + f(p, q), i.e. equations analogous to Clairaut's equation
e f . Eq. (24), Chapter 3]
The complete solution for such an equation is z = ax + by +fla, b), which
is obtained by writing a for p and b for q in the given equation.

Example 9.21 Solve z = px + qy + p4.

Solution Putting a =p and b = q in the given equation, we get the complete

solution as
Z = ax + by + ab

9.6 CHARPIT'S METHOD

We will now give a general method for obtaining the complete solution of a
nonlinear partial differential equation. This method is due to Charpit and is
applicable to all partial differential equations of the first order.
Consider the equation
F(x, y, z, p, q) = 0 (16)
Since z depends on x and y, we have

d=d+dy= pdx+ qdy (17)

3y
Now, if we can find another relation between x, y, z, p, q such that
Sa, y, z, p, q) = 0 (18)
then, we can solve Eqs. (16) and (18) for p and q and substitute them in Eq. (17)
This will give the solution provided Eq. (17) is integrable.
To determine f, differentiate Eqs. (16) and (18) with respect to x and y so that

p + dp, OF Oa 0
dq ox
(19)

f . 1 , f dp , df d4 -0 (20)
ox Op dx dq dx

OF OFF aFdp dE d9 -o (21)

dy dp dy 0y

(22)
dy Op dy dq dy
 Partial Differential Equations and Their Applications
405

from Eqs. (19) and (20), and dgloy from Eqs. (21) and (22)
Eliminate

oblain

dq dp dq dp) d

(F f. aF af af aF OP =o
P dg p Oq)dy
two equations and using
Adding these

ax ax dy y
rearrangement, w e
find that
after

(23)

Equation (23) is Lagrange's equation with x, y, z, p, q as independent variable and

fas the dependent variable. Its solution will depend on the subsidiary equations
dx dz dp dq df
-OF-F aF OF 0
0p -P dy z
ntegral of these equations, involving p or q or both, can be taken as the
d relation (18), which alongwith Eq. (16) will give the values of p and
to make Eq. (17)
integrable.
Example 9.22 Solve (p q)y 2y z4 - 2 *

qz + =

Solution Let
Fx, y, z, p. q) = ( p + q y - qz = 0 (24)
The
subsidiary equations aree

dx dy d dpdq
The last two fractions -2py z 2qy -q7
- P4

nsyield p dp + q da 0, = which on integration gives

(25)
rder to p+q=
w solve Eqs. (24) and cin Eq. (24) thatg=c*v/t
(25), put p? +g
so

substitute
bstituteS.
this value of q in Eq. (25) to get
=

P
406 Diferential Equations and Their Applications

Hence

pds + qdy = V-cyJdr+ CYdy

or

zdt - eydy = c y - e ds
or

(1/2)d(-cy)_..
=c dx

Integrating, we get the required solution as

( a +cx) + c f +2-6

Example 9.23 Solve p(q* + 1) +(b - z)4 = 0.

Solution Here

dp = dz dx dy
p4 3pqs +p+(b-z)g q +1 -z+b+2pq
(From the given equation, the third fraction reduces to dd2 pa ). From the first two
fractions, after integration, we get
9 ap
where a is an arbitrary constant. This and the given equation determine tne vauo
of p and q as

p yalz-b)-1 g= a(z-b) -1
a

Substituting these values in dz = p dx + q dy, we obtain

Vatz -b)-1
Separating the variables and integrating, we get the solution as

2a(z-b) - 1 = x + ay + b

97 HOMOGENEOUS LINEAR EOUATIONS WITH CONSIAANT

COEFFICIENTS
An
equation of the form

(26)
'2 F(x.y
dy
 Dartial Differential Equations and Their
Applications 407
, are constants, is called a linear homogcneous partial differential
where. k..
with coefficients.
constant
order n
cquation be written as
Equation (26) can
(D" + k,D'D' + +k, D")z = F(x, y)
(27)
f(D, D') = F(x, y)

where

D" =

oy"
t h e Case of ordinary linear differential equations with constant coefficients,
e also the complete solution of Eq. (26) consists of the complementary
function (C.F) and particular integral (P.I). The complementary function is the
complete solution of f(D, D')z 0 which contains n arbitrary constants. The
particular integral is the particular solution of Eq. (27).
We shall now illustrate the methods of finding the complementary function
and particular integral by considering a second order partial differential equation

which in symbolic form is

kax 3y (28)

(D+ kDD' +kD) = 0 (29)

The auxiliary equation is
D+ k,DD' + kD = 0
and let the
roots be DID' =
m1, m. We then have
Case 1: If the roots
are real and distinct then Eq. (29) is equivalent to
(D-mDD - m2D')z = 0
which will be (30)
Lagrange'Satisfied by the solution of (D m,D')z 0, i.e. p
IS a
s linear equ =
m4 = 0. Ihis
- -

quation and the subsidiary quations are

where y + -mz
Eq. (30) willmx*=a andz= b.
Hence, the comalso be satisfied by 'herefore, ¢(y + mr). Similarly,
its solution is z =

the solution of (D m,D')z -

=
0, i.e. z =f(y + nm,x).
complete solution of Eq. (28) is
f y + mx) + ¢(y + mr)

Example 9.24 Solve 2+50z,2 =0.

o 2 0 .

Solution dxdy
fhe
iven cquation can be written as

(2D+5DD' + 2D*)z =0
 and Their Applications
408 Diferential Equations
+ 2 0 has the roots
auxiliary equation 2m* + Sm - 2, -1/2. Hen
=
m =
The the
complete solution is

= (y-2) +Ja|
Case l1: If the roots are cqual (i.e. nm, = ma), then Eq. (29) is equivalent to

(D m,D)z = 0
(31)
Putting (D - m,D)z =u in (31), we have (D - m,D')u = 0 which gives

u = Ù(y + m)
Thus, Eq. (31) becomnes
(D m,D')z = ¢y + m ) or p - m,g D 0 + m . )

This is again Lagrange's linear equation and the subsidiary equations are

dy dz
m2 (y+mmx)
which gives y + mx = a, and dz = o(a)dx, i.e., z = Ùa)x + b.
Thus, the complete solution of Eq. (28) is

z- xoy + m) = fo + m)

Z =f0+ m,) +xo0 + m,x)

M,

Example 9.25 Solve+6+9=0.

= *3,
SOLuion The auxiliary equation m + 6m + 9 =0 has the roots m

3, and the complete solution is

= fiy -

3x)+ fy -

3x)

I n d the particular integral, consider the second order parua

differential equation

Or
(D+k,DD+ kD =Fa. y)
fD, D')3 = Fla, y)
Then

and we have the

P.l.F(D,F(x.
D') y)
following cases.
 Partial Differential Equations and Their Applications 409

e " Y Since
F(x, y)
=

When
Case (a) Death = a+br D'e = bethy

we have
D = dea+br D' = b°e+by and DD'+by aber+by

Thus k,D)E*" =
(a + kab + k,b^jertby
(D +k,DD' +

of
fD, D')e"*y =
f(a, b)ex+y

Operating both sides by 1/f(D, D'), we get

Fx, y) = 1 +by

P..f(D, D') fla, b)

(mx + ny). Here

Case (b): When Fx, y) = sin (mx + ny) = cos

P.I. = sin (mx +ny)

f(D, DD, D'?)
sin (mx +ny)
f - m , -mn, -n*)
and

1 cos (mx +ny)

P.I. =
f(-m,- mn, -n)
Case When are constants.
Here
Fx, y) =
x"y", m, n

x"y [f(D, D')]'r"y"

P.1.F(D, D')
=

the
it expand [f(D, D')] in ascending powers of D
or
D' using
bitcnaluate term by term.
orem and then perate o n x"y"
Case (d): Here
"CFx, y) is any function of x and y.
P.I. = f(D, D') F(x, y)
and to
evaluate it, fractions considering
f(D, D') as

a
functi of D
resolve 1/f(D
f(D, D') into partial
on F(x, y) noting that
only and op
operate each partial fraction

mx)dr
|F(x, c
-

F(x, y) =

where c is
D-mD
D-mD
Note The replaced by
d
yy +* mr afterintegration.
auxiliary quation of (26) is
(32)
+kn+ + k, = 0
 and Their Applications
410 Differential Equations

i)If the roots of Eq. (32) are all distinct, then

C.F. =fy + mx) +fAy + mx) +

(i) If Eq. (32) has two equal roots, then

C.F. f i y +m,x) + y + m,x) + Jsy + m ) + .

If three roots of Eq. (32) are equal, then

(ii)
C.F. =f(y + m) + x/f0y + m) + xAy + mr) +

Example 926 Solve

+
Solution The auxiliary equation of the given equation has the roots m =
- 1, 2, 2. Thus

C.F. = f(y-)+ f{y + 2x) + xf(y + 2)

1
P.I.
D-3pt.4n3e2 (Put D =1, D' =2)
D-3DD'+4D

+2y

Therefore, the complete solution is

Z h y ) + fly + 2x) + xfs(y + 2x)+e

27

Example 917 Solve dz,= cOS x cos 2y.

Oxdy
ation 1s
Solution The roots of the auxiliary equation of the given c
m =
0, 1. Therefore,
C.F. = f(y) + fly + )
and

P.I. = coS x cos

2y
D- DD

2 D- DD cos (x + 2y) + cos (r - 2y))

Putting D= I, DD' = -2 and

D =
-1, DD' = 2, we get
PI.
=cos (x +2y) cos (x -
-

2y)
 and Their
Partial Differential Equations Applirations 411

solnion is
complete
the
Thus.

x)+cos (r + 2) cos (x- 2y)

= fv)+ J{y + 2

_2 2 = 2e2+3x*y.
Erample 9.28
Solve

oy
The auxiliary equation m -
2m* 0 has the roots m =0, 0,2.
Solution

Therefore C.F. S(V) + xfly) + S(y + 2x)

and

2+3)
PL.p-2DD =25-20-D -2o

2-2-2 (0)
4D2

3y 45t24:56 -|S(frmalan las

20 60
Thus, the
plete solution is

f y ) + afy) + Sslr + 2) + 4 * 20 60
60

Example 9,29 Solve ,

412 Differential Equations and Their Applications

Solution The roots of the auxiliary equations are m = 2, 2. Hence

C.F. f ( y + 2) + y + 21)
and

P.I.
(D 2D')

Now, for D =2 and D' =1,

(D 2D')* 0 and the usual rule cannot be applied,
-
=

and to obtain the P.I. we find the solution from (D -2D")u = * " and (D -2D
u = xe", so that

u
Fla.c-maydr |e*te-3 dr =

x e = xe* as y = C nir = C - 2r
and

as y = c mr = C - 2r

Therefore. the complete solution is

= fy + 2r)+ xfly + 2)+ r a *

2

Exgmple 9.30 Solve + y coS x.

Oxdy
Solution The roots of the auxiliary equation are -3 and 2. Thus
C.F. Sy - 3x) + ( y + 2x)
and

P.I. = y COS r
(D-2D'(D+3D')
which is obtained from (D 3D')u
+ =
y cos as

1=
c +3t) cos x dr

( c +3x) sin x +3 cos r

y Sin r + 3 coS x, as y = C m.r = C+ 3r

and from (D -

2DE= u =
y sin x + 3 cos x as

2x) sin x+ 3 cos x\dr

=
(C -

Zr)(-cos x) -

(-2(-sin x) + 3 sin x

= Sin X -y cos x, Since y = c - mx = C - 2r

 Partial Diferential
Hence. the complete solution is
Equations and Their
Applications 413
fiy3x) +Sly +
2x) + sin
9.8 NONHOM
x -

y cos x
EQUATIONSs LINEAR PARTIAL
If in Eq. (27), the polynomial
fD, D') is not
DIFFERENTIAL
a nonhomogeneous linear
consists of a
partial
plementary differential equation and Eq. (27) is called homogeneous, then
function and its
complete
mentary function, we integral are the same as inparticular
a
finding the particula solution
Section integral. The methods
factorize f(D, D') into factors of the9.7, and to obtain complefor
to find the solution of
(D mD c)z -
form
0, we write it as D mD'-c. Now,
- -
=

P mq = cz
The subsidiary equation is
(33)
dxdy-dz
Its integrals are CZ

y+mx = a, Z be
Taking b O(a),=
we get the solution of Eq. (33)
various factors, when added e"O(y the
as z + mx). The solutions =
corresponding to the
up, give
funçhion of the complementary
nonhomogeneous linear partial differential equation.
Example 9.31 Solve (D? + 2DD' +D2- 2D- 2D')z sin (x + 2y). =

Solution Here, f(D, D') =(D +D'D +D' -2). The solution corresponding
10 the
factor D mD' -c is e"o(y + mx). Theretore,
-

z =

and C.F ,(y-)+ **Ay-

P.I.= sin (r +2)
D +2DD+ D - 2D - 2D' eq

sin (r +2y)
-I+2(-2) + (-4) -2D-2D
sin (r + 2y)
2(D+ D') +9

2D+D')-9 sin ( +2,v)

4(D+2DD'+ D*) -81
2(D+D')-9sin(r + 2y)
4-1+ 2(-2) -41-81
(r + 2y}
(r+2y)|-9sin
+ 2 cos

172cos (r + 2y)

+ 2y)
sin (x
2392 cos (r +2v) 3
-
14 Diffcrential Equations and Their Applicatious

Thus. the complete solution is

:=o, (r- x) + e*"0,(y-x) + 2 cos(r+ 2y) -3 sin (r +2y