“Technology makes people evil

or
People makes technology Evil”
INTRO to Computers
and
Applications
Basic concept and principles
of
Computer Technology
Computer Fundamentals
Learning Objective:

◼ At the end of this Lesson the students can be

able to:
 Define concisely what is computer.
 Identify the basic functions of computer.
 Discuss the evolution of computer.
 Discuss the different generation of computer.
 Classify and differentiate computer types.
 Definition
Is an electronic device that:

5+2
5+2

5+2=7 5+2=7
Computer: Basic Function

◼ A device that:
1. accepts input
◼ input – whatever is put into the computer system.
◼ ex. words, symbols, numbers, pictures, audio signal,
instructions from a computer program.
◼ needs an input device

2. process data
◼ data – refers to symbols that represent facts, objects, and
ideas.
◼ process – a way in which a computer manipulates data
◼ this process is controlled by a computer program.
◼ processing takes place in a CPU (brain of computer)
Computer
◼ A device that:
3. stores data
◼ Types of Data Storage
1. Memory – (volatile)
◼ ex. memory card, CMOS
2. Storage Device –(non-volatile)
◼ ex. hard disk, floppy disk, usb flash disk, CD’s etc.,
3. Why is it important for a computer to have a data
storage?
4. produces output
◼ output – is the results produced by a computer.
◼ ex. reports, documents, music, pictures, videos, etc.,
◼ needs output devices
 Evolution
of
Computer Age
First Generation - 1940-1956: Vacuum Tubes

◼ first computers used vacuum tubes for circuitry,

and were often enormous, taking up entire rooms
◼ Magnetic drums as primary storage device
◼ Uses machine languages for instr.
◼ Input punched cards and paper tape
◼ output →printouts.
Examples of First Generation Computers

◼ UNIVAC – the first commercial computer delivered to a

business client.
➢ First seen….
◼ ENIAC – the first computer used for scientific studies.
◼ EDVAC – the first computer to hold both stored
program as well as data
“BUG” Literally
Second Generation - 1956-1963: Transistors

◼ Transistors replaced vacuum tubes

◼ smaller, faster, cheaper, more energy-efficient and
more reliable.
◼ Computers could handle an enormous amount of
data.
◼ used in business, universities, and government
from companies.
Third Generation - 1964-1971: Integrated Circuits

◼ Drastically increased the speed and efficiency of

computers.
➢ Uses keyboards and monitors and interfaced with an
operating system.
➢ Computers been able to run different application
program.
Fourth Generation - 1971-Present: Microprocessors

◼ Microprocessor or processor is an integrated circuit

designed to process instructions.
◼ CPU is the most important element of a computer
system
Assignment

1. Search the internet for the name of the first

UNIVAC, ENIAC and EDVAC created.
2. Search for the first computer program developed
for commercial use.
3. Search for different brands of processor and
compare the price of the processors with the
same specification. (example 2.4 GHz)
4. Search for significant contributions of the “Age of
Connectivity” – 1991 to present. Ex: WI-FI
Capabilities and Scalability
of
Computer

10/24/2023 16
Capabilities of Computer

◼ Capabilities of the computer is defined by its

hardware and the software.
◼ Capability of computer is endless and limitless
we cannot put boundary to its ability.
◼ Qualities that defines computer capability:
1. Speed
2. Repetitiveness
3. Accuracy
4. Logic operation
5. Store and recall operation
6. Self checking
7. Self operation

10/24/2023 17
Scalability of Computer
◼ Scalability is the ability of the system to improve
its performance with the additional hardware,
proportional to the additional load.
◼ Dimension of Scalability:
➢Load scalability:
The ability of a machine to adjust its operation to
accommodate changing load.
➢Geographic scalability:
The ability to maintain performance when there
geographic growth.
➢Functional scalability:
The ability to enhance the system by adding new
functionality at minimal effort.
10/24/2023 18
General Applications of Computer
◼ Scientific Research
➢ Ex. Cloning, weather forecasting, etc..
◼ Business / Commerce
➢ Ex. Banking, online shopping, etc..
◼ Entertainment
➢ Ex. Movie effects, gaming, etc..
◼ Education / Information Gateway
➢ Ex. World wide web, e-learning, etc..
◼ Connectivity/Communication
➢ Ex. Email, web conferencing, blue tooth etc..
◼ Aviation
➢ Air Traffic Control, Satellite, etc..
◼ Military Operations
➢ Ex. Nuclear weapon, GPS (Global Positioning System), etc..
◼ Programming
➢ VBasic, Java, Perl, C++, Delphi, etc..
◼ Artificial Intelligence
➢ Robotics, Speech Recognition, etc..

10/24/2023 19
CLASSIFICATION OF
COMPUTER
Classification of Computer
◼ How do we classify computer?
1. Technology
2. Function
3. Physical Size
4. Performance
5. Cost
◼ Computer Categories
1. Mainframe
2. Minicomputer
3. Microcomputer
4. Supercomputer
5. Server
Mainframe

 Large, fast and expensive

 Centralized storage, processing, distribution, and
management of large amount of data.
 Reliable and secured.
 used by businesses and government.
 Mainframe usually comes in 3 units
 overall operations
 handles communication with all users.
 finding data requested.
IBM System/360 (S/360)

◼ speed from 0.034 MIPS

to 1.700 MIPS
◼ designed to cover the
full range of
applications, from small
to large, both
commercial and
scientific.
◼ The design is
considered by many to
be one of the most
successful computers in
history.
Minicomputer

minicomputer is a system capable of supporting from 4 to

about 200 users simultaneously
smaller, less expensive, and less powerful machines
Perform -> all terminals; business applications
Still existing?
The PDP-8 (1960’s)

◼ the first successful

commercial minicomputer
◼ built with discrete
transistors
◼ Built 60’s – distribute ’65
◼ Digital Equipment
Corporation (DEC)
Microcomputers

◼ general-purpose computer useful for individuals,

and which is intended to be operated directly by an
end user
◼ Also called personal computers, PC
◼ ex. desktop, notebook, laptops, PDA
ALTAIR 8800

◼ microcomputer design
from 1975,
◼ based on the Intel
8080 CPU
◼ sold thousands in the
first month.
◼ recognized as the
spark that led to the
personal computer
revolution: computer
bus designed.
Apple II

◼ 1977 - one of the first

highly successful mass
produced
microcomputer
◼ among the first home
computers on the
market, and became
one of the most
recognizable and
successful.
◼ Sold between 5 and 6
million until 1993
Supercomputers

➢ Fastest and most expensive (1M – 100M)

➢ “Compute-intensive” tasks
❖ Molecular modelling
❖ Code breaking
❖ Weather prediction
❖ physical simulations
Speed -> Complex processing
 Movement of thousands of particles in a tornado
 Creating realistic animation
Illiac IV

◼ one of the most

infamous
supercomputers ever
built.
◼ 256 processors –
parallel processing
The Cray 1

◼ In 1975 the 80 MHz

Cray-1 was
announced.
◼ designed by a team
including Seymour
Cray for Cray
Research.
◼ design to use
integrated circuits
(ICs)
IBM Roadrunner

◼ world's fastest
computer
◼ US$133-million
◼ U.S (DoE) National
Nuclear Security
Administration.
◼ development since
2002, and went online
in 2006.
◼ Feb 2009 – starts
development of
“Sequia” – 20 petaflops
Server

➢ A special type of computer that is configure to “serve” the

computers on a network.
➢ store and distribute data and/or allow clients to exchange
files or access a centralized resources.
➢ can be personal computer, a mainframe or a supercomputer.
Rear View Server
Compare and Contrast
Components of A Computer
System
Learning Objective:

◼ At the end of this lesson, the student should be

able to:
➢Identify the different components of the computer
system.
➢Discuss the role and importance of each
component in the computer system.
➢Differentiate input devices from output devices.
➢Enumerate common input and output devices.
➢Define software and discuss its importance in the
system.
➢Enumerate the different types of software and their
functions.
◼ Hardware
➢System Unit
Motherboard
Processor
Memory
Power Supply
➢Devices
Input
Output
Communication
Components of a Computer System

End User

Software
Hardware
Physical Components of the
Computer System
System Unit
Components
 Learning Objective

◼At the end of this lesson, the students should

be able to:
➢ Identify the components of the System Unit
➢ Enumerate the components of the motherboard
➢ Explain the function of the processor: the Control Unit, Arithmetic
and Logic unit.
➢ List and briefly explain the various types of memory.
➢ Explain the function of buses and list different types of buses.
➢ Explain the various types of ports and connectors.
➢ Discuss the functions of expansion slots and adapter cards.
➢ Differentiate internal and external bays.
➢ Explain the function of power supply.
➢ Define ‘bit’ and describe how a series of bits are used to represent
data.

ext: Definition of System Unit

 The System Unit

◼ the main body of a computer.

➢Consist of:
motherboard
cooling fans,
internal disk drives
memory modules
expansion cards
power supply

ext: System Unit w/ labeled parts

 The System Unit

ext: Rear view

 Rear View of the system unit

ext: System Unit for portable

 System Unit for Laptops and PDA

keyboard and
pointing device
are on top of the
system

display is part
of the unit

ext: Motherboard
 The Motherboard
◼ Also known as the system board.
➢main circuit board of the system unit.

◼ Components attached
to the motherboard
➢ processor
➢ memory
➢ buses
➢ system clock
➢ expansion slots and
adapter cards
➢ ports

ext: Function of motherboard

 Function of the Motherboard
➢ provides means of communication between processor
and memory.
➢ controls the flow of information through all the
components.
bus is a subsystem that transfers data between
computer components inside a computer or between
computers.

PCI Express bus card slots

(from top to bottom: x4, x16, x1
and x16), compared to a
traditional 32-bit PCI bus card
slot (bottom).

ext: Function in figure

 bus provides
means of
transportation

bus stops are the

memory, the
processor and other
peripheral devices

bus carries data and

instruction from one
stop to another and
drop them off as
these stops
ext: Old Motherboard
 Old Motherboard

Specifications
◼ An old IBM 8088
Processor Intel 8088 motherboard
Speed 4.77 MHz
RAM 16K-640K
ROM Unknown
Cassette Tape,
optionally 5.25"
Storage
floppy drives, hard
disks
Expansion 5 expansion slots
Industry Standard
Bus
Architecture (ISA)
Initially CGA
(320x200x16
color, 640x200x2
Video
color) or
monochrome
(80x25 text only))
I/O Parallel, Serial

ext: Modern Mboard

 Modern motherboards include, at a
minimum:
◼ sockets (or slots) in which one or more microprocessors
are installed
◼ memory slots into which the system's main memory is
installed
◼ a chipset which forms an interface between the CPU's
front-side bus, main memory, and peripheral buses
◼ non-volatile memory chips containing the system's
firmware or BIOS
◼ a clock generator which produces the system clock signal
to synchronize the various components
◼ slots for expansion cards
◼ power connectors flickers, which distribute electric power
to the CPU, chipset, main memory, and expansion cards.[

ext: Figure
 Modern For Motherboard

ext: Processor
Processor
 The Processor

◼ central processing unit (CPU)

◼ brain of the computer
◼ most important and most
expensive
◼ various sizes and speed
➢ Two basic Components
1. Control Unit
2. Arithmetic and Logic Unit
(ALU)

➢ Functions of the processor

1. execute instructions
❖ instructions from program
2. process data

ext: Device communication

 How device communicates with
processor to complete a task

Processor

instruction
data
information

data information

instruction
data
input devices
information

output devices

ext: Control unit

Storage device
 The Control Unit

◼ components of the processor that manages all of the

computer resources.
➢ control and directs the flow of data through the
processor and to and from other devices.
➢ interprets the instructions for a program and executes
necessary actions to carry out the instruction.

ext: ALU
 The Arithmetic And Logic Unit

◼ performs arithmetic related operations,

comparison operations and logical operations.

➢Functions of Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)

Arithmetic
❖ addition, subtraction, multiplication, division
Comparison
❖equal to, greater than, less than, greater or equal to, lesser
or equal to
Logical
❖AND, OR, NOT

ext: Machine cycle

 The Machine Cycle

◼ The repetition of series of steps for every

instruction the processor executes.
Machine Cycle
Instruction Cycle Execution Cycle

Fetching Decoding Executing Storing

Retrieves Translates Carries out Writes (stores)

(fetches) a (decodes) (execute) the results to
command/data instructions into commands listed memory.
from the memory signals the in the instructions
computer can
understand

ext: performance
 Performance Factors of Processor
A. Registers
➢ small, high-speed temporary storage located in
the ALU.
 The amount of data which the computer can work
with at any given time is referred to as the word
size.
 word size is measured in bit
❖ a 64-bit processor can process data twice as much as
32-bit.
 Functions of Registers
❖ store the locations where instructions were fetched from.
❖ store an instruction while the instruction is being decoded
by the control unit.
❖ store data while the ALU computes the data.
❖ store the results of calculations

ext: System clock

 Performance Factors of
Processor
B. System Clock
➢ timer that times the processing operations of the
computer.
➢ sets the pace for executing instructions.
➢ Clock cycle
 Measured in hertz, cycles per second.
❖ 2.4 GHz means ~ 2.4 billion cycles per second.
 processor can be able to execute instruction in
every cycle.
 the speed of processor to carry out an instructions
depends on the speed of the system clock.

ext: Cache Memory

 Performance Factors of
Processor
C. Cache Memory (“cash”)
➢ sometimes called “RAM cache” or “cache
memory” – measured in KB or MB
➢ Special high-speed memory that allows a
microprocessor to access data rapidly than from
memory located elsewhere on the motherboard.
 Level1 cache(L1) – built into the processor chip.
 Level2 cache(L2) – located on a separate chip and
takes little more time to get data to the processor.
❖ used in motherboard, but was later built into the CPU
➢ Usually tied with the processor brand and model –
non-upgradeable.

ext: Method of processing

 Performance Factors of Processor
D. Method of processing
➢ Processors are basically designed to process one
instruction at a time, this refers to as Serial
Processing.
❖ process must complete all of the steps of machine cycle
before it begins to process a new instruction.

 Pipelining
❖ a technology that allows a processor to begin a new
instruction before it completes the previous one.
➢ Parallel Processing
 new technology for new generation processors
 allows simultaneous multi-processing.
❖ pizza analogy

ext: Fast processor

• Fast Processor

Clock QPI Memory

Processor
Processor Speed Price Speed Cache Speed TDP
Generation
(GHz) (GT/sec) Support

Intel® Core™ i7-

965 Extreme 3.20 $999 6.4
Edition
New Intel® Core™
DDR3- 130
Intel® Core™ i7- 8 MB Microarchitecture
2.93 $562 4.8 1066 W
940 (Nehalem) 45nm
Intel® Core™ i7-
2.66 $284 4.8
920
Primary Data Storage

Memory
Memory

◼ Memory is an electronic components in your

computer that stores:
➢instructions waiting to be executed
➢data needed by the instructions and
➢the results of processed data.

◼ How does computer finds requested data?

 A1 B1 C1 D1
A2 B2 C2 D2
01101100 10001011
A3 B3 C3
01100111 10001100
D3 #9 Wilson St

Memory are virtual

location inside your
the content of each
computer
memory address is
each location
called byteshas
unique
identification called
address
ext: Memory Arcihtecture
 common memory architecture within
most modern computers.

ext: Units of memory

 Memory And Storage Size
Term Abbreviation Approximate Exact Amount Approximat
Size e Pages of
Text
Kilobyte KB or K 1 thousand 1,024 bytes ½
bytes
Megabyt MB 1 million bytes 1,048,576 bytes 500
e
Gigabyte GB 1 billion bytes 1,073,741,824 500,000
bytes
Terabyte TB 1 trillion bytes 1,099,511,627,776 500,000,000
bytes
stated in terms of the number of
bytes available for storage in the chip
or device

ext: Types
 Types of Memory

Volatile Non-volatile
◼ Temporary memory ◼ Permanent memory
➢ Contents are lost when the ➢ Contents can be preserve
computer is turned off. even if the computer is off.

◼ Common Type ◼ Common Types

➢ RAM ➢ ROM
 Random Access Memory  Read-only memory
 Flash memory
 CMOS

ext: RAM
 RAM
◼ Main memory or primary storage
➢ RAM is considered "random access"
because you can access any
memory cell directly
➢ holds operating system files,
program files and data files needed
for processing.
➢ can handle multiple programs
simultaneously.
➢ Ram is volatile.
The process of copying items from RAM
to a storage device is known as saving.
➢ What are the different types of ram
and which one is on your pc?
 Types of Ram Chips

DRAM – Dynamic RAM SRAM – Static RAM

◼ Needs to refresh ◼ Doesn’t need to refresh
thousands of times to keep
contents
◼ Slower ◼ Faster

◼ Less Expensive than ◼ More expensive

SRAM

◼ Used for large amount of ◼ Used to create the CPU’s

temporary storage. cache memory.

ext: DRAM
How Dynamic RAM Works
◼ DRAM mainly consists of millions capacitors
and transistors
◼ Transistor acts as a switch that control the
flow of electrons to the capacitors.
◼ To store 1, the bucket is filled, to store 0 the
bucket is emptied.
➢ 0 and 1 represent bit, the smaller unit of
information in a computer.

◼ The problem with the capacitor's bucket is

that it has a leak.
◼ In a matter of a few milliseconds a full bucket
becomes empty.
◼ Therefore, for dynamic memory to work,
either the CPU or the memory controller has
to come along and recharge all of the
capacitors holding a 1 before they discharge.
 How Static RAM works

◼ Static RAM uses flip-flop technology that holds each

bit of memory permanently while there is electric
current.
◼ Using flip-flop for a memory cell doesn’t require
refreshing but requires a lot of wiring
➢ This makes static RAM significantly faster than dynamic
RAM but takes up a lot more space on a chip than a
dynamic memory cell.
➢ Therefore, you get less memory per chip, and that
makes static RAM a lot more expensive.
➢ used to create the CPU's speed-sensitive cache, while
dynamic RAM forms the larger system RAM space

ext: Types of RAM

 Common Types of RAM
◼ SRAM: ◼ DDR SDRAM:
➢ Does not need refreshing, ➢ Double data rate
but requires several wiring synchronous dynamic
connected to the transistors, RAM is just like SDRAM
used primarily for cache. except that is has higher
◼ DRAM: bandwidth, meaning greater
speed.
➢ type of memory that requires
constant refreshing. ◼ RDRAM: Rambus
◼ SDRAM: dynamic random access
memory
➢ Synchronous dynamic
random access memory ➢ use of a special high-speed
data bus called the Rambus
➢ faster than DRAM because channel that makes memory
they are synchronous with chips work in parallel to
the system clock. achieve a data rate of 600
➢ the most common form in MHz, or 1,600 MBps.
desktops today. ➢ Speed versus heat

ext: Memory module

 Memory Modules

◼ SIMM, which stands for

single in-line memory
module.
➢ 30-pin connector, 3.5 x .75
inches in size – max 32 MB
➢ In most computers, you had to
install SIMMs in pairs of equal
capacity and speed.
➢ This is because the width of
the bus is more than a single
SIMM.
➢ Later 4.25 x 1 – max 256 MB

ext: DIMM and RIMM

 Memory Modules

◼ DIMM, which stands for dual

in-line memory module.
➢ 168-pin or 184-pin connector, 5.4
x 1 inch in size
➢ 8 MB to 1 GB
◼ RIMM, which stands for
Rambus in-line memory
module
➢ comparable in size and pin
configuration to DIMM but uses a
special memory bus to greatly
increase speed
➢ 800 MHz, or 1,600 MBps data
rate
◼ Can we use it for portable pc?

ext: SODIMM
 Memory Modules

◼ SODIMM, which stands for

small outline dual in-line
memory module
➢ 144 or 200 pins, 2 x 1 inch
➢ 16 MB to 1 GB per module.
➢ used in notebooks and
laptops.
➢ some notebook uses smaller
DIMMs, known as
MicroDIMM.

ext: Most common memory type

 Other Memory Modules

Top L-R, DDR2 with heat-spreader, DDR2 without heat-spreader, Laptop

DDR2, DDR, Laptop DDR

ext: Access Time

 Access Time

◼ The amount of time it takes for the processor to read

data, instructions, and information from memory.
➢ usually expressed in ns (nanoseconds).
➢ Newer memory have speed expressed in MHz.

RAM TYPE RAM Speed

EDO 16 MHz (60 ns)

SDRAM 66 MHz (15ns) – 133 MHz (7.5ns)

RDRAM 600 MHz (1.7 ns) – 800 MHz (1.3 ns)

ext: How much do we need?

 How much RAM do you need?

◼ The amount of RAM for your system varies

depending on several factors.
1. The Operating System you’re putting in to your
computer.
❖ Windows 95/98, min of 32 MB, 64 MB is recommended.
❖ Windows NT/2000 min 64 MB, 128 MB is recommended.
❖ Windows XP, min 128MB, 256MB is recommended.
❖ Windows Vista, min 256, 512 is recommended
2. How you’re going to use your pc.
 High-end user vs. basic user.
➢ Does adding more RAM makes your computer
faster?

ext: Other Primary Storage

 ROM

◼ Read-only memory
➢ also known as firmware, is an
integrated circuit programmed
with specific data when it is
manufactured.
➢ ROM chips are used not only in
computers, but in most other
electronic items as well.

ext: Characteristics of ROM

 Characteristics of ROM

◼ Data stored in these chips is nonvolatile -- it is not

lost when power is removed.
◼ Data stored in these chips is either unchangeable or
requires a special operation to change, unlike RAM.
◼ Ideal memory for storing the BIOS
➢ Basic Input Output System

ext: Types of ROM

 Types of ROM

◼ ROM

➢ROM uses a diode to its control circuit.

➢ROM chip works necessitates the programming of
perfect and complete data when the chip is created.
➢ROM are disposable.
➢They use very little power, are extremely reliable and,
in the case of most small electronic devices, contain
all the necessary programming to control the device.

ext: PROM
 Types of ROM

◼ PROM
➢ programmable read-only memory
➢ Blank chips that can be coded by anyone with a
special tool called a programmer.
➢ Mainly consists of wires and fuses that needs to
be burn to embed program.
 This process is known as burning the PROM.
➢ PROMs can only be programmed once.
➢ Blank PROMs are inexpensive and are great for
prototyping the data for a ROM before
committing to the costly ROM fabrication
process.

ext: EPROM
 Types of ROM

◼ EPROM
➢Erasable programmable read-only
memory
➢Can be rewritable many times but needs
to be erased.
➢Erasing an EPROM requires a special
tool that emits a certain frequency of
ultraviolet (UV) light
➢Erasing requires removing into the
device and exposure under UV light for
several minutes.
ext: EEPROM
 Types of ROM
◼ EEPROM
➢Electrically erasable programmable read-only
memory.
The chip does not have to removed to be rewritten.
The entire chip does not have to be completely
erased to change a specific portion of it.
Changing the contents does not require additional
dedicated equipment.
Instead of using UV light, you can return the
electrons in the cells of an EEPROM to normal with
the localized application of an electric field to each
cell.
The process of rewriting is versatile but slow.

ext: FLASH
 Types of ROM
◼ Flash memory
➢type of EEPROM that uses in-circuit wiring to
erase by applying an electrical field to the entire
chip or to predetermined sections of the chip called
blocks.
➢Flash memory works much faster than traditional
EEPROMs because it writes data in chunks,
usually 512 bytes in size, instead of 1 byte at a
time.

ext: FLASH
 FLASH
◼ A portable storage devices that use a type of
electronic memory called flash memory.
➢ also known as a solid state storage device, meaning
there are no moving parts instead purely electronic.
➢ Here are a few examples of flash memory:
Your computer's BIOS chip
CompactFlash (most often found in digital cameras)
SmartMedia (most often found in digital cameras)
Memory Stick (most often found in digital cameras)
PCMCIA Type I and Type II memory cards (used as
solid-state disks in laptops)
Memory cards for video game consoles

ext: Flash vs HDisk

 Advantages of using flash memory
over hard disk
◼ There are a few reasons
to use flash memory
instead of a hard disk:
➢ It has no moving parts, so
it's noiseless.
➢ It allows faster access.
➢ It's smaller in size and
lighter.
➢ Why can’t we just use
flash memory for
everything?

ext: CMOS
CMOS

◼ Complementary Metal Oxide

Semiconductor."
◼ Technology used in some ROM chips, flash
memory chips and other types of memory.
➢run efficiently and fast but using up very little
power.
➢You may also find CMOS memory in your
computer, which holds the date and time and
other basic system settings.
➢The low power consumption of CMOS allows
the memory to be powered by a simple
Lithium battery for many years.
Computer
Buses
 Computer Bus

◼ a subsystem that transfers data between

computer components inside a computer or
between computers.
➢allows the travel of bits from one destination to
another
bit is the smallest unit of data that computer can
process and store.
bit is represented by 0 and 1
0 and 1 are typically referred to as the machine
language.
❖8 bits = 1 byte

ext: Buses Diagram

 Computer buses
•FSB or frontside bus
The backside bus is a is a physical
eparate connection connection that
etween the processor actually connects the
nd the Level 2 cache. processor to most of
This bus operates at the other
faster, usually at the components.
ame speed as the • usually operates at
rocessor, so all that 400-MHz, with newer
aching works as systems
•PCI busrunning at
ficiently as possible. 800-MHz.
• These slower buses
connect to the system
bus through a bridge,
which is a part of the
computer's chipset
and acts as a traffic
cop, integrating the
data from the other
buses to the system
ext: Types bus.
 Types of Buses
Internal Buses External Buses
◼ also known as the system ◼ also known as expansion
bus or the local bus. bus.
◼ reside on the ◼ connect external devices
motherboard and into the main circuit
connects the processor to
other devices on the main board.
circuit board. ➢ used by keyboard, mouse,
monitor and printer
➢ Data bus – used to send
and receive data between
devices
➢ Address bus – connects
processor and ram,
responsible for addressing
of requests.

ext: Factors
 Factors That Affects the Speed of
data transfer
◼ Bus Width
➢The number of bits that the computer can transmit
at one time.
32-bit bus can transmits 32 bits (4 bytes)
64-bit bus can transmits 64 bits (8 bytes)
◼ Bus Speed
➢The speed that the bus could transfer data from
one device to another.
Measured in MegaHertz (MHz)
current bus speed is 400 MHz – 800 Mhz newer

ext: Standard Bus

Standards for Different Buses

1. ISA – Industry Standard Architectural Bus

2. VESA/VL Bus – Video Electronics Standard
Association Local Bus
3. PCI – Peripheral Component Interconnect Bus
4. AGP – Accelerated Graphic Port Bus
5. PCI Express– Peripheral Component
Interconnect Express Bus
6. USB – Universal Serial Bus
7. IEEE 1394 – Firewire
8. PC Card
9. Express Card
ISA

◼ computer bus standard for IBM compatible

computers.
◼ still used to connect slower devices, such as
modems and input devices to the processor.
➢Later on replaced by 32-bit EISA

Five 16-bit and one 8-bit ISA slots on a motherboard

VESA

◼ Video Electronic Standard Association Local Bus

➢A VLB slot itself was an extension of an existing
ISA slot. Indeed, either a VLB or an ISA card could
be plugged into a VLB slot.
◼ Bus width 32 bits
◼ Compatible with 8 bit ISA, 16 bit ISA, VLB
PCI
◼ Peripheral Component Interconnect
◼ The PCI Local Bus developed by Intel is common in
modern PCs, where it has displaced ISA and VESA
Local Bus as the standard expansion bus, and it also
appears in many other computer types
◼ Offer past transfer speeds and a 32-bit or 64-bit data
bus.
◼ Typically house a graphics card, sound card, video
card, video capture card, modem, or network interface
card.
AGP
◼ Accelerated Graphics Port
➢ a high-speed point-to-point channel for attaching a
video card, primarily to assist in the acceleration of 3D
computer graphics.
◼ The primary advantage of AGP over PCI is that it
provides a dedicated pathway between the slot and
the processor rather than sharing the PCI bus.
➢ Number of devices: 1 device/slot Capacity up to 2133
MB/s
Specs for each generation per lane
PCI Express

◼ a computer expansion card standard designed to

replace the older PCI and AGP standards.
◼ Introduced by Intel in 2004, PCIe is the latest
standard for expansion cards that is available on
mainstream personal computers.

Specs for each generation per lane

Clock Transfer
Data rate
speed rate

1.x 1.25 GHz 2.5 GT/s 250 MB/s A PCI Express x16 slot

2.0 2.5 GHz 5 GT/s 500 MB/s

3.0 4 GHz 8 GT/s 1 GB/s A PCI Express x1 slot

USB
◼ Universal Serial Bus (USB)
◼ USB was designed to allow many peripherals to be connected
using a single standardized interface socket and to improve
plug and play capabilities by allowing hot swapping
➢ hot swapping allows devices to be connected and disconnected
without rebooting the computer or turning off the device.
◼ USB can connect computer peripherals such as mice,
keyboards, PDAs, gamepads and joysticks, scanners, digital
cameras, printers, personal media players, flash drives, and
external hard drives. For many of those devices, USB has
become the standard connection method.
◼ Supports up to 127 devices connected in a daisy chain
IEEE 1394 - FIREWIRE

◼ The IEEE 1394 interface is a serial bus interface

standard for high-speed communications and real-
time data transfer, frequently used by personal
computers, as well as in digital audio, digital video,
automotive, and aeronautics applications.
◼ It remains the primary transfer mechanism for almost
all high end professional audio and video equipment.
◼ Used by Mac but now available to IBM-compatible
pc.
PC Card
◼ PC Card (originally PCMCIA Card)
➢ PCMCIA - Personal Computer Memory Card
International Association
◼ form factor of a peripheral interface designed for
laptop computers.
◼ PC Card was originally designed for computer storage
expansion, but later on become the form for attaching
network cards, modems, and hard disks.
➢ Allows attach/detach without affecting the computer.
 Express Card
◼ ExpressCard is a
hardware standard
expansion slot,
commonly found in
laptop computers,
replacing older and
bigger PC Card slots.
◼ Uses of E-Card
➢ audio/video adapters,
➢ storage modules
➢ storage adapters
➢ wireless adapters
➢ TV tuners
➢ various memory card Some popular ExpressCard®
readers. applications include TV Tuners,
eSATA, FireWire, wireless WAN and
wireless networking.
Expansion
Ports
 Expansion Port

◼ Expansion Port
➢Any connector that passes data in and out of a
computer or peripheral device.
could be housed on an expansion card.
could be built into the system unit.

➢How to figure out which connector for which port?

ext: Port Diagram

 Typical System Unit Ports

ext: USB
 Universal Serial Bus (USB)
◼ A serial bus standard to
connect devices to a host
computer.
◼ sends data over single data
line.
➢ 1.0 – speed from 1.5Mbit/s to
120Mbit/s
➢ 2.0 – speed 480 Mbit/s
◼ SB is a standard port
designed to improve plug and
play capabilities by allowing hot
swapping.
➢ hot swapping allows devices to
be connected and disconnected
without rebooting the computer
or turning off the device.

ext: Firewire
 IEEE 1394 interface (FireWire)

◼ A serial bus interface

standard for high-speed
communications and
real-time data transfer.
◼ Since 2003 many
computers intended for
home or professional
audio/video use have
built-in FireWire.

ext: Ethernet
 Ethernet Port

◼ Ethernet is a family of
frame-based computer
networking technologies
for local area networks
(LANs).
◼ It defines a number of
wiring and signaling
standards for the
Physical Layer of the
OSI networking model.

ext: Serial
 Serial Port

◼ A serial communication
physical interface
through which
information transfers in
or out one bit at a time
(contrast parallel port).
◼ Sends data over a
single data line one bit
at a time at speeds of 56
kbps.
◼ Use to connect earlier
mouse or modem.

ext: Parallel
 Parallel Port

◼ A parallel port is a type

of interface for
connecting various
peripherals. It is also
known as a printer port.
◼ Sends data
simultaneously over 8
data lines at speeds o
12,000 Mbit/s.
◼ Printer, external CD-
ROM drive, Zip drive,
external hard disk.

ext: PS/2
 PS/2 Connector
◼ The PS/2 connector is
used for connecting some
keyboards and mice to a
PC compatible computer
system.
◼ Its name comes from the
IBM Personal System/2
series of personal
computers,
◼ Replaced the older "serial
mouse" and keyboard
connector (but not
interchangeable)
◼ Serial data at 10 to 16 kHz

ext: VGA
 VGA Port

◼ Video Graphics Array

(VGA) refers specifically
to the display hardware
first introduced with the
IBM PS/2 line of
computers in 1987
◼ also known as RGB
connector, D-sub 15,
mini sub D15 and mini
D15
◼ Used to connect an
analog monitor to the
system unit.

ext: DVI
 DVI Port
◼ The Digital Visual
Interface (DVI) is a video
interface standard
designed to provide very
high visual quality on
digital display devices
such as flat panel LCD
computer displays and
digital projectors.
◼ It is partially compatible
with the High-Definition
Multimedia Interface
(HDMI) standard in digital
mode (DVI-D), and VGA in
analog mode (DVI-A).

ext: SCSI
SCSI - (pronounced scuzzy),
◼ Small Computer System
Interface
◼ A set of standards for physically
connecting and transferring
data between computers and
peripheral devices.
◼ sends data simultaneously over
8 or 16 lines at speeds between
40Mbit/s and 640Mbit/s.
◼ Supports up to 16 devices.
◼ SCSI is most commonly used
for hard disks and tape drives,
but it can connect a wide range
of other devices, including
scanners and CD drives.
Drive Bays
 Computer Drive Bays

◼ Refers to a location in a system unit where a hard

or floppy disk drive, CD-ROM drive or tape drive
can be installed.
◼ A drive bay is a standard-sized area for adding
hardware to a computer.
➢Thus, the number of drive bays in a computer
determines how many mass storage devices can
be internally installed.
◼ Commonly used to store disk drives, although
they can also be used for front-end USB ports, I/O
bays, card readers, fans, tool storage, and other
uses.

ext: Type: Internal

 Internal Bay

◼ Also referred to as
hidden bays
◼ There is no physical
outside access.
◼ Cannot be used for
removable media,
such as floppy drives,
and USB.

ext: Type External

 External Bay

◼ Also referred to as
exposed bay
◼ There is a need for
physical outside
access.
◼ Floppy, drives and
CD-ROMs slide into
external bays and can
be seen (and
accessed) from the
front of your system
case.

ext: Pow Supp

 Power supply unit (computer)

◼ A power supply unit

(PSU) is the component
that supplies power to the
other components in a
computer.
◼ Designed to convert (AC)
electric power to usable
low-voltage DC power for
the internal components of
the computer.
◼ Some have power selector
while some have auto
power detection.

ext: Connector
 Typical Connectors for the PS
◼ PC Main power connector is the connector that goes to the motherboard to
provide it with power.
➢ The connector has 20 or 24 pins.
◼ 4-pin Peripheral power connectors (usually called Molex for its
manufacturer) that goes to the various disk drives of the computer.
◼ 4-pin Berg power connectors (usually called Mini-connector or "mini-
Molex"): This is one of the smallest connectors that supplies the floppy drive
with power.
◼ Auxiliary power connectors: There are several types of auxiliary connectors
designed to provide additional power if it is needed.

ext: Digital Rep

Types of Backup

➢ Full-system backup
contains a copy of every program, data, and system file on a
computer.
Advantage:
❖ Easy restoration of system
Disadvantage
❖ Takes a lot of time
❖ requires large capacity storage backup device
➢ Selective Backup
contains only your most important data file.
Advantage
❖ easy to restore
Disadvantage
❖ You must manually reinstall all your software and programs
Backup Devices

➢ Factors in selecting a backup device

1. Value of your data
2. Current equipment
3. Budget
 What is the easiest way to back up important data?
 Through the use of CD or DVD.
 Disadvantage
 Writing process is slow
 Requires special backup software.
 Monitor the backup process
 Switch disks occasionally