10.1 The time period of a simple pendulum is 2s, What will be its length on Earth? What will be its length on the moon if gm = ge/ 6? Where ge = 10ms?. Solution: Given Data: ‘Time period of simple pendulum = 1 = 2 sec. The gravitation all acceleration on earth as well as on 100n should be included in given data. Required: (i) Length of pendulum on earth (Gi) Length of pendulum on moon = /m Formula: T=2" iE & Solution: @ — ForEarth T=2n By taking square on both sides, we have P=49¢* a & or By putting the values, we have 1 = 2h x10 4xG.4y 4x10 P9286 b= 1.02m ( ~~ For Moon _ 4a, Bn Tg. axe By putting the values, we have rResult: Length of pendulum on earth = Ie Length of pendulum on moon = = 0.17 m 10.2 A pendulum of length 0.99 m is taken to the moon by an astronaut. The period of the pendulum is 4.9s. What is the value of g on the surface of the moon? Solution: Given data: Length of pendulum on moon, Time period = Ty, = 4.9sec 0.99m ‘To Find: Value of g on moon = gm ate | Sn 4.9se¢ = 23.14 x Formula Squaring, 9, — 2*3.14)' «0.99 (49) 8m = 1.63 ms* Result: Value of g on moon= g = 1.6 ms? 10.3. Find the time periods of a simple pendulum of 1 meter length, placed on Earth and on moon. The value of g on the surface of moon is 1/6" of its value on Earth, When ge is 10ms?. Solution: Given data: Length of pendulum = /= Im Value of g on earth = 10 ms® Value of g on moon = 1.62 ms*To find: ‘Time period on earth = T. =? Time period on moon = T, Formula: Calculation: pada fe g 7, =2(3, wf a 10 Te = (6.28) 0.1 Te = (6.28) (0.316) Te = 1.985 see. At Ea ss Te=2sec, Ans At Moon: 1, = 1, , da (3.14) 0.6172 .9 sec Results: Time period on earth = T, = 2 see Time period on moon = Tm = 4,9 see 10.4 A simple pendulum completes one vibration in two seconds. Caleulate its length when g= 10.0 ms?, Solution: Given data: Time period = T=2 see g=10 ms? ‘To Find: Length of simple pendulum = L =? Calculation: rent gSquaring on both sides Tea eh g = He ae (2 x10 4x(3.14)) Axd0 © AX98S 1=1.02m Result: Length of simple pendulum 1.02 m 10.5 If 100 waves pass through a point of a medium in 20 seconds, what is the frequency and the time period of the wave? If its wavelength is Gem, calculate the wave speed. Solution: Given data: No. of waves = 100 ‘Time = T= 208 Wavelength = 4 = 6em = 0.06 m Required: Wave speed = Formula: L fr 100 Toy f=5Hz10.6 A wooden bar vibrating into the water surface in a ripple tank has frequency of 12Hz. The resulting wave has a wavelength of 3cm. What is the speed of the wave? Solution: Given data: Frequenc Wavelength = 7. 2M 3em = 0.03 m Required: Speed of wave Formula: vaat Calculations: v= (0.03) (12) v=0.36 mis Results: Speed of wave is 0.36 m/s 10.7 A transverse wave produced on a spring has a frequeney of 190 Hz and travels along the length of the spring of 90m, in 0.5s. (a) What is the period of wave? (b) What is the speed of the wave? () What is the wavelength of the wave? Solution: Given data: Frequency = f= 190 HZ Length = 7= 90 m Time =1 = 0.5s Require (Time period of wave (ii) Speed of wave = (iii) Wavelength of wave= 4 =? Calculations: @ Time period: T=VE T=1/190 T=0.005 T=0.01s (ii) Speed of wave:Gil) Wavelength: Weal A. = 180/190 4 = 095m Results: Time period is 0.01s; speed of wave is 180 m/s and wavelength of wave is 0.95 m 10.8 Water waves in a shallow dish are 6.0 cm long. At one point, the water moves up and down at a rate of 4.8 oscillations per second. (a) What is the speed of the water waves? (b) What is the period of the water waves? Given data: Length of wave = d = 6.0 cm = 0.06 m Frequency = f= 4.8 Hz Required: Speed of waves 2 Gi period of waves =? ‘Calculations: @ Time period: T21f Vas T=0.21s Gi) Speed of waves: V=dit V=0.06/0.21 V=0.29m's Results: Time period is 0.21 and velocity is 0.29 m’s 10.9. At one end of a ripple tank 80 em across, 5 Hz vibrator produces waves whose wavelength is 40mm. Find the time the waves need to cross the tank. Solution: Given data: Length = 1 = 80 em =0.8 m Frequeney = WavelengthRequired: Time taken = Calculation: As we know that vf J V = (5) (0.04) =0.2 mis And vedi So, t=div 1=0.8/0.02 t=4s Results: ‘Time taken is 4s. 10.10: What is the wavelength of the radio waves transmitted by an FM station at 90 MHz? Where 1M = 10%, and speed of radio wave is 3 x 10°ms*. Solution: Given data: Frequene )0 MHz = 9 x 10” Hz Speed =v =3 « 10°m/s Required: Wave length — 4? Formula: As we know that v=fh A=wif Putting values: Calculation: 4. =3.333m Results: Wavelength is 3.333m at: [email protected] reeilm.com11.1 A normal conversation sound intensities of about 3.0 x 10 Wm, What is the decibel level for this intensity? What is the intensity of the sound for 100 dB? (a) Given Data of sound = J = 3.0 x10 war* of faintest sound = 1, =10? wai? Requir Intensity level = L-1, =? Solution As we know that = 10log (3x10) dB = 10log (310°) dB (b) Given Data level L-L, = 100 dB of faintest audible sound =, = 10- wm Required Intensity of given sound =/ =? Solution We know that L-ly =1010g- a 100,28 = 10log — > AE O08100 _ L TO 10 wm 10= log “10? 10 = log 10" x Taking antilog on both sides Antilog 10 = Antilog [Tog (10” «1)] 1x10” = 1=0.0Wn? 11.2 Ifat Anarkali bazaar Lahore, level of sound there? 1e sound level is 80 dB, what will be the intensity Given Data Sound level =L=Z, =80dB Intensity of faintest audible sound =, =10™ wm? Required Intensity of sound =/ =? Solution We know that ££ =10 10g ae 80.0% = Mi lees AE 10 wm 90 pg 10 10? wm? 8=log(10"x7) Taking antilog on both sides Antilog 8 = Antilog [log (10 «1)] 10° = 10"? xJ 10° 10 1=10°Wm11.3 At a particular temperature, the speed of sound in air is 330ms1, If the wavelength of a note is Sem, calculate the frequency of the sound wave. Is this frequency lies in the audible range of the human ear? Given Data Speed of sound = v =330 ms" s z, Wavelength = 2 =Sem=——m =0.05m 100 Required Frequency = f =? Solution We know that yes, this frequency lies in the range of human ear. 11.4 A doctor counts 72 heartbeats in min, Calculate the frequency and period of the heartbeats. Given Data No of heartbeats = n = 72 Time == 1 min =1 x 60sec = 60sec Required Frequency ~f Time period = T =? Solution We know that n 1 2 60see 1.257 =12Hz ?11.5 11.6 rel f pele 1287 T =0.833see A marine survey ship sends a sound wave straight to the sea bed. It receives an echo 1.5s later. The speed of sound in a sea water is 1500 ms". Find the depth of the sea at this position. Given Data: Time taken t= 1.5 s Speed = v = 1500ms" Required: Depth of sea water=h=? Solution: As we know that s =v 1500) (1.5) =2250m For hearing echo, the minimum depth from sea bed to ship must be half of this depth (2250m) A student clapped his hands near a cliff and heard the echo after 5s. What is the distance of the cliff from the student if the speed of the sound, v is taken as 346 ms"? Given data: ‘Time taken = t= Ss Speed = v= 346 ms! Required: Distance Solution: As we know that So = =346 x 5 S =1730mFor hearing echo, the minimum distance from obstacle to the source of sound must be half of this distance (1730m). S 2 = 1730 2 d =865m 11.7 A ship sends out ultrasound that returns from the seabed and is detected after 3.42s. If the speed of ultrasound through seawater is 1531 ms!, what is the distance of the seabed from shi Given data: Time taken = t = 3.428 Speed = v= 1531 mst Required: Depth of sea water =h =? Solution: As we know that, Ss =u = 1531 x 3.42 = 5236.02 m mum depth from sea ship must be half of For hearing echo, the n this distance (5236.02) h=2618m 11.8 The highest frequency sound humans can hear is about 20,000 Hz. What is the wavelength of sound in air at this frequency at temperature of 20°C? What is the wavelength of the lowest sounds we can hear of about 20 Hz? Assume the speed of sound in air at 20°C is 343 ms". Given Data Highest frequency Lowest frequency ~ Speed of sound = Required Wavelength of highest frequency = Wavelength of lowest frequencySolution: We know that ¥, = >A 20,0005" A= 0.01T1Sm=1.7%10?m Jy =17.15m 11.9 A sound wave has frequency of 2 kElz and wavelength 35cm. How long will it take to travel 1.5 km? Given Data: Frequency = f= 2KHz. > 2x10? Hz RV avelene Se See ren 100 .5x1000m=1500Km Distance =s=15Km= Required: Tim Solution We know that Veafa = 2x10" Hz «035m i = 700ms" As S=vxt 1500m = 7100ms xt at : [email protected]12.1 An object 10.0 cm in front of a convex mirror forms an image 5.0 cm behind the mirror. What is the focal length of the mirror? Solution: Given that: Distance of object p= 10. em Distance of image q~-5 em (For convex mirror) ‘To Find: Focal length 2 Calculations: Using the formula eal ae foPp4@ By putting the values 12.2 An object 30.0 cm tall is located 10.5 em from a concave mirror with focal length 16.0cm, (a) Where is the image located) (b) How high is it? Solution: Give hat Object height hy = 30 cm Distance of object p = 10.5 em Focal length f =160m To Find (a) Distance of image a=? hi (b) Image height Calculations:(a) Using the formula ae fop4 By putting the values tue 1 q 16em 10.5em i 1 10 gq 16cm 105em 105-160 © C6x105}em tibiae (16\105)em q=30.54em Ans. (b) we know that image height ‘object height p Or Ag by putting the values 12.3 An object and its image in a concave mirror are of the same height, yet inverted, when the object is 20.0 em form the mirror. What is the focal length of the mirror? Solution: Given that Distance of object p= 20m Distance ofimage — q=20 em To find: focal length f Calculations: using the formula 1 fopa@ By putting the valuesplese eee f 20cm 20cm ith em 2 ‘20cm 20cm 2 f=10cm Ans. a mirror of 12.4 Find the focal an object placed at 34.4 ¢ Solution Given Data: Distance of the image form the mirror = q = 5.66 em p=344om Distance of object form the mirror Required Data: Find out the focal length of'the mirror =? Formula: Calculations: By using the above formula ae —_—_ As the image is formed behind the mirror, so it would be convex mirror, so q and fare all negative, q=- 5.66 em +3440m By substituting values in above equation, we get; 12.5 An image of a statue appears to be 11.5 cm behind a convex mirror with focal length 13.5 em. find the distance fr the statue to the mirror. Solution:Given that Distance ofimage — q=-11.5em (For convex mirror) Focal length f To Find: Distance of object p=? Calculations: Using the formula By putting the values 11.Som 115+13.5 ~ (3.5\11 Sem 25 135.25em $5.25em p=6.2lom Ans. 12.6 An image is produced by a concave mirror of focal length 8.70cm. The object is 13.2 em tall and at a distance 19.3 cm from the mirror. (a) Find the location and height of the image. (b) Find the height of the image produced by the mirror if the object is twice as far from the mirror. Solution: Given that Focal length Object height tance of object p= 19.3 em To Find: (@) @ Location of image (ii) Height ofimage Calculation: (0 Using the formulaBy putting the values 1 1 ~ Stem" 930m __ 193-87 © &7M19.3)em __ 106 © 167.9em _167.9em ~ 106 q=15.83cm Ans (ii) using the formula fh =10.83cm (>) When the object is twice as far from the mirror, then p=19.3cm x 2=38.6cm Now again using the formula By putting values 15.84em Se eenx13.20m _ 209.09em h-“Sg6 h =5.42em12.7 Nabeela uses a concave mirror when applying makeup. The mirror has a radius of curvature of 38.0 cm. (a) what is the focal length of the mirror? (b) Nabeela is located 50cm from the mirror. Where will her image appear? (c) Will the image be upright or invited? Solution: Given that Radius of curvature R= 38 em Distance of object p= 50cm ‘To Find (a) Focal length f=? (b) Distance of image (©) Nature ofimage Calculation (a) Using the formula 1 1 q Wem 50cm 50-19 © (19S0)em 31 © 950em 950em 31 q=30.64em Ans (©) Because magnification m= Lis positive. so image will be upright. P 12.8 An object 4em high is placed at a distance of 12cm form a convex lens of focal length Sem. Calculate the position and size of the image. Also state the nature of the image.Solution: Given that, Height of object hy = 4em Distance of object p= Focal length f= ‘To Find @ Position of image of image Gi) Nature of the image Calculations: (@ Using the formula 12em Sem ? By putting the values L_ 1.‘ q 8cm | 12em 12-8 (8\12)}cm 4 96cm a 96cm ena q=24em Ans (i) Weknow that Or fen, P By putting the values 24cm oy 12cm h=8cm Ans therefore, image formed is real, inverted and magnified ce the lens in convex and size of image is larger than the size of the object,12.9 An object 10cm high is placed at a distance of 20cm from a concave lens of focal length 15cm high is placed at an instance of 20 cm from a concave lens of focal length 15em. Caleulate the position and size of the image. Also state the nature of the image, Solution: Given that Size of object hy = 10 em Distance of object p= 20cm Focal length -15 em (for concave lens) ‘To Find (i) Politico of image (ii) Size of image (iii) Nature of image Calculations: (@. Using the formula af PR By putting the values 1 gal 1 Som) 20cm -8.57em Ans. (ii) We know that By putting the values =8.5Tem 200m fh =4.28cm Ans. 10cm ii) Since the lens is concave and object is larger in size than the size of the image, therefore, the image in virtual, erect and diminished.12.10 A convex lens of focal length 6cm is to be used to form a virtual image three times the size of the object. Where must the lens be placed? Solution: Given that Focal length Distance ofimage — q Distance of object. p=? £ =6 em (For virtual image) Pp ‘To Find: Calculations: Using the formula om 3p ene 2s Gem 3p 3p = 12cm 2em 3 p=4em Ans. P 12.11 A ray of light from air is incident on a liquid surface at an angle of incidence 35°. Calculate the angle refraction if the refractive index of the liquid is 12.5. Also calculate the critical angle between the liquid air inter-face. Solution: Given that Angle of incidence i=35° Refractive index n= 1.25 ‘To Find (Angle ofrefaction r=? (ii) Critical angle C= Calculation: ‘@ Using Snell's law sin fsi Or sinp =! By putting the values r=sin* (0.456) r= 27.13° (i) For eritical angle. We know that sinc =(4) n or cesiw'{4) a By putting the values e=sn'(3) 1.25 =sin 0.8) C=52.13°_Ans. 12.12 The power of a convex lens is SD. At whit distance the object should be placed from the lens so that its real and 2 times larger image is formed. Solution: Given that Power of thelens p= SD? Size of image q=2p ToFind: Distance of object p=? Calculations: Using the formula Power of lens p= or Se Or f Or f =0.2mNow using the formula 1 1 fop4 By putting the values Loi op 20cm p 2p 1 _ 241 20cm 2p 1 20cm 2p at: [email protected] [Want to get all subject notes ?} visit: freeilm.com13.1.1 The charge of how many negatively charged particles would be equal to 100nC. Assume charge on one negative particle is 1.6 x 101 C2 Solution: Give hat Total Charge 100 nC = 100 x 106 Charge on an electron =e=16x10"%C Tofind: No. of negatively charged particles n =? Calculations: Using the formula Q=ne Or @ By putting the values 00 x10°C 6x10 °C 10? x10 # «10” 1.6 10-¢ x10" TS = Los 16 Lio’ = 0.0625 x10" 16 n=6,25x10" Ans 13.1.2 Two-point charges q1=/0uC and 2 = 5uC are placed at a distance of 150 cm, what will be the coulomb’s force between them? Aiso find the direction of the foree. Solution: Given that First point charge =, =10C =10x10° =1x10°C Second point charge SC =5x10"C Distance = r=150cm= 150em 9x10" NC? Proportionality constantTo find (i) Magnitude of coulomb’s force F=? (ii) Direction of coulomb’s force =" Caleulations: According to coulomb’s law raph r By putting the values = 9x10? NPC? x1 104 x5x10°C F (sm) 9x10? Nm? x10 x5x10* ‘ 2.250 45x107N 2B F=02N Ans The direction of coulomb’s force is direction of repulsion 13.1.3 The force of repulsion between two identical positive charges is 0.8 N, when the charges are 0.1 m part. Find the value of each charge. Solution: Given that, Force Distance between the charges . Proportionality constant x 10° NC? To Find: Value of each charger = q Calculations: Using Coulomb's law de 7 F= Since the charges are identical, therefore, qi = qz = q, thus Or F xr? =9x10° NC? xg? Fx 9x10 NaC By putting the values _0.8Nx(O.Imy © 9x10" NnkC* 0.80.01 9.10” Oo ¢ g0.008 9x10” 7 (0.00810 No q=94x10"C Ans co 13.1.4 Two charges repel each other with a force of 0.1 N when they are Scm apart. Find the forces between the same charges when they are 2 cm apart. Solution: Given that, Force Distance between the charges .05 m ‘To Find: Forces between the charge when they are 2 cm or 0.02 m apart F =? Calculations: According to coulomb’s law. poke , By pulling the values 0.1 = 9x10°NmeC* x —S — (0.05my Or 0.1x(0.05Y° oe Now force between the charge pap hh By pulling the values (O.1)x(0. 1 F=9x10°NmiC? ane 10 (0.02my F=062N Ans. The potential lat a point in an electric field is 10! V. Ifa charge of +1000C° is brought from infinity to this point. What would be the amount of work done on it? Solution: Given that, Electric potential = V = 10'V Charge q +100 wC = 100 x 10C=1 x 104C To Find: Work done =W=?Calculations: Using the formula Ww q Or W=aV By putting the values W=104C x 10°C W= LJ Ans. y 13.1.6 A point charge of +2C is transferred from a point at potential 100V to a point at potential 50V, what would be the energy supplied by the charge? Solution: Given that, Charge 4 = 120 Potential at point A Va =100V Potential at point B Va =50V To Find: Energy supplied by the charge E =? Calculations Using the formula E=q(Va- Va) By putting the values E=2C(100V —SOV) E=100J Ans. 13.1.7 A capacitor holds 0.06 coulombs of charge when fully charged by a 9-volt battery. Calculate capacitance of the capacitor. Solution: Given that, Charge 0.06. € Voltage ov ‘To Find: Capacitance C =? Calculations: Using the formula Qecv C= 6.67 x 10° F Ans.13.1.8 A capacitor holds 0.03 coulombs of charge when fully charged by a 6-volt battery. How much voltage would be required for it to hold 2 coulombs of charge? Solutio Given that Charge =Q=0.03C Voltage ov ‘To Find: Voltage to hold 2C of charge V =? Calculations: Since 0.03 C=6V Or 1g- 2 0.03 ‘Therefore _ © 0.03 _ 12007 3 V= 400 V Ans. 2c x2 13.1.9 Two capacitors of 6F and 12,F are connected in series with 12V battery, Find the equivalent capacitance of the combination. Find the charge and potential difference across each capacitor. Solution: hat, Capacitance = Ci-6uF=6 x 10°F Capacitance = C2 = 12uF = 12 x 10°F Voltage -¥s12¥ To Find: @ Equivalent capacitance Coq=? Gi) Charge on each capacitor Qo Gil) Potential difference across one capacitor V, Potential difference across second capacitor ~ V2 ~? Calculations: (i) Since the capacitors are connected in series, therefore, equivalent capacitance will beoc, =2eF sf 3 C,=4uF Ans. Gi) Since the capacitor are connected in series, therefore, charge on capacitor will be a-cv Or Q=4x 10°F x 12V Q=48 x 10° FV Q=48 uC Ans. Gi) Potential difference across capacitor of capacitance C1 will be eo s ° or 4 = BH Ley ans. uF ilarly, potential difference across capacitor of capacitance C2 will be CiN2 Q Or V2.= = ie: 12a 13.1.10 | Tow capacitors of capacitances 6uF and 124F are connected in parallel with a 12V battery. Find the equivalent capacitance of the combination. Find the charge and the potential difference across each capacitor Solution: Given that, Capacitance = C) = 6uF Capacitance = C)=12yF Voltage =V=12V Equivalent capacitance Charge on one capacitor Charge on second capacitor = Q: Potential difference across each capacitor V =? Calculations: (i) Since the capacitors are connected in parallel, therefore, equivalent capacitance will be Coq = C1+@ = 6uF + 12uFCoq = 18uF Ans. Gi Charge on capacitor Cy will be a-av Or Qi=6uF x 12V Qu=72uC Ans. Charge on capacitor C2 will be Qe av Q=12HPxI2V Qo= 144. C Ans Gv) Since the capacitors are connected in parallel, therefore, potential difference across each capacitor will be 12V, at : freeilm786@ gmail.com Visit: freeilm.comQ.14.1 A current of 3mA is flowing through wire for 1 minute, What is the charge flowing through the wire? Solution Given Data: Current mA 1= 3x 109A (+ milli =m= 10-5) Time = t= Imin T= 1x 60 = 60sec Required Charge = Q Formula: 1-2 fn, =| (Q=att Q=3x 10" x 60 Q= 180 x 107°C Ans you touch the terminals of a 1000 ©, how much current Q.142. At 100,000 0 how much current flows through your body 12-Y battery? If your skin is wet, so that your resistance is ‘would your receive from the same battery? Solution: Given Data: R, = 100,000 V= 12 volts R, = 10000 Required: @) (b) (a) Formula: V=R v => Istot 1 100,000 12 — i age I= 12x 105A =12x107#A Ans (b) Formula: V=IR > ~~ 1000 1, =12x 10-9 A L=12x10A Ans Q.143 The resistance of a conduetor wire is 10 MO. Ifa poter across its ends. Then difference of 100 volt is applied the value of current passing through it in mA. Solution: Given Data: Resistance = R= 10 M0 = 10 x 1069. ( M= 10%) Potential Difference = V = 1000 volts Required: Current Formula: > 100 110x106 10x 10-6 10-54, I= 10? x 107A 4 l=7e mA 1 I=— mA 100 = 0.01 mAQ.14.4 By applying potential difference of 10 V through it. How much energy would be obt Solution Given Data: V = 10 volts I= 15 Amp time 120 see Required: Energy = W =? Formula: W=PRt w 1.5)(10)(120) W= 1800] Ans Q.14.5 Two resistances of 2kO. 8kO. are joined in series, if a 10V battery is connected across the ends of this combination, find following quantities (a) The equivalent resistance of the series combination. (b) Current passing through each of the resistances, (© The potential difference across each resistance. Solution Given Data: Value of first resistance =R, = 2K=2x 1050 Value of second resistance = R, = 8K = 8x 1030. Potential of battery =V =10V Required (@) Equivalent resistence in series (b) Current through each resistence (©) Potential difference across first resistance Potential difference across second resistance = V; =? Formula: @) Equivalent resistence =R, = Ry + Ry Re K+ 8K. = 10K Hence equivalent resistance is 10K.(b) Ashe circuits is in series so same value of eurrent will pass through each resistance. I=h=h V=IR, By putting value eo) ~ 10x10? I= 1x 103 I= 1ma (© Potential difference across first resistance = V, = IR, = 1x 107% x 2x 10% =2V Potential difference across second resistance V, = IR, =1x 10 x8x 108 By Hence current through cach resistance is ImA and potential difference across first resistance is 2V and potential difference across second resistance is 8V. Q.14.6 Two resistance of 6kA and 12k are connected in parallel. A 6V battery is connected across its ends, find the values of the following quantities: (a) Equivalent resistance of the parallel combination. (b) Current passing through each of the resistances, (©) Potential difference across each of the resi Solution Given Data R, = 6KN =6x 1050. Ry = 12K0= 12x 1050 Vv =o6v Required: (a) Equivalent resistence = -Re =? (b) Potential difference across R, = V; = ? Potential difference across R= Vz = ? (© Current through resistance Ry = iy Current through resistance RR, = fp = ? @) 6x108 | 12x08 244 12x08 3 12x105 1 1 R wa?R= ako Hence equivalent resistance is 4K (b) As the circuit in parallel so potential difference across cach resistance is equal to the potential of battery, = 6v (©) Quantity of current through first resistance = 107 = 05x 1-3 1, =0.5mA Hence quantity of current is ImA and 0.5m. Q.14.7 An electric bulb is marked with 220V, 100W. Find the resistance of the filament of the bulb. If the bulb is used 5 hours daily, find the energy in kilowatt-hour consumed by the bulb in one month (30 days). Solution: Given Data: Voltage ofbulb = V =220V Power of bulb r 100 W Daily use of bulb t =5h No. of days for bulb 30 days Required: Resistance of bulb filament = R=? Energy consumed by bulb E Formula: P=PR But according to Ohm’s law v Lia So p=( PR ve P=ExRav R Vo Reo By putting values _ (220)? R= 100 saaao 100 R= 4840 ‘Times in 30 days = 30 « 5 = 150 hours Energy in lowat hour = POwer vate hous) 50% 100 1000 = 15kWh Q.148 An incandescent light bulb with an operating resistance of 95.2is labeled “1S0W”. Is this bulb designed for use in 120 V circuit or a 220 V circuit? Explain with calculations. (it has been designed for 120 V as is evident form the power formula i. P= VI) Ans Solution: Given Data: R= 950 Power = P= 150 W Required: For which voltage bulb is designed 2 (120V or 220V) Formula: P=PR 150 = (95) 2 _ 150 et aa P= 15784 VP = vI578 T= 1.2565 V=IR V = (1.2565)(95) V = 119.37 volt V= 120 volt This bulb is designed for 120 V.(a) 10 bulbs of 60 W each of which are used 5 hours daily. (b) 4 fans of SW each of which run 10 hours daily (©) One T.V. of 100 W which is used 2 hours daily. (@) One electric iron of 1000 W which we used hours daily. ity is Rs. 4. Find the monthly expenditure of electricity If the cost of one unit of electri (one month =30 days) Solution Given Data: Power of 10 bulbs = 60 x 10 Power of 4fans = 75x 4 Power of Lion = 1000 x1 Power of 1T.V = 1001 Price perunit = Rs. Required: Monthly cost of electricity of house Formula: Power (watt)xtime(hour) 1000 _ 600%5%30 _ 90000 ~"“qo00 1000 = 90 unit Energy consumed by fans = “over (wat stimethour) — 30010530 — 60x 1000 a 1000 1000 = 60 units 0x5%30 _ 100150 1000 =~——«1000 = 15 units: Energy consumed by bulb = Energy consumed by T.V = Total consumed energy in units = 90 +90 + 60+ 15 = 255 Units Price of electricity = 255 x 4= 1020 Rs, Hence total price of electricity is 1020 rupees. Q.14.10 4 100 W lamp bulb and a 4-kW water heater are connected to a 250 V supply. Calculate @) — Theeu ) The resist: Solution: -nt which flows in each appliance and ce When in use ce of each appli Given Data:Require @ &) Formula: @ (b) © Power Power RB 100W (amp) AKW (heater) 4x10W V = 250 Volts Current in lamp; (11) P=VL, Ans Current in Heater; (12) P=VI P, = Vip Laz 4x10 LR a 250 I, = 0.016 x 103A. 1, =16A ‘Ans Resistance of Lamp; (R1) V=IR VELR 250 = (0.4)R, Ans Resistance of Heater; (Ro) V=IR V=LR, 250 = (16)R, 250 Fe — Re 15.6252 = Ry AnsQ.14.11 A resistor of resistance 5.6 @ is connected across a battery of 3.0 V by means of wire of negligible resistance. Current of 0.5 A passes through the resistor. Calculate the (a) __ power dissipated in the resistor (b) total power produced by the battery (©) Give the reason of difference between these two quantities. Solution: Given that: Resistance R = 5.60. Voltage V=3V Current 1 = 0.5 A Required: (a) Power dissipated P=? (b) Power produced by the battery (©) Why these two quantities differ = ? Calculations: (a) Using the formula P=VI We know that V=IR P=PR By putting the values P= (05A¥6.6N) P= 025A x 5.60, P=14W__Ans. (b) Using the formula P=VI the values P=3Vx03A P=15W Ans. (c) Because some power is lost by the intemal resistance of the battery By putti at: [email protected] reeilm.com15.1 A transformer is needed to convert a mains 240 V supply into 2 12V supply. If there are 2000 turns on the primary coil, then find the number of turns on the secondary coil. Solution: Given Data: Vp = 240V Vo=12V Np= 2000 Required: Formula: 15.2 er has a turn ratio of 1:100. An alternating supply of 20V is connected across the primary coil. What is secondary voltage? Solution: Given Data: Np: Ng V, = 20V Required: Vs= Formula: Np Ne 1 100 V,=2000Volt Ans 15.3 A step-down transformer has a turns ratio of 1:100. An ac voltage of amplitude 170V is applied to the primary. If the current in the primary is 10 mA, what is Solution: Given Data:ip 0 Vp =170V Ip =ImA =1x 10774 Required: = 170 For an ideal transformer Power of primary = Power of secondary PS IpVp =1,V, Ms 1x 1073 x 170 a7 Is=0.1A Ans 15.4 A transformer, designed to convert the voltage from 240 V A.C mains to 12V, has 4000 turns on the primary coil. How many turns should be on the secondary coil? If the transformer were 100% efficient, what current would flow through the primary coil when the current in the secondary coil was 0.44? Solution: Given Data: Vp = 240V V, = 12V Np = 4000 Required: Formula: Wextip _ 124000 ve 240 N, = 200 Ip=? 1s-O4A Pp= Ps240 15.5 A power station generates 500 MW of electrical power which is fed to a transmission line. What current would flow in the transmission line if the input voltage were 250 KV? Solution: Given Data: V = 250 x 10°V Power= P= 500 x 10°W. Required: I=? Formula: P= P __ soxist ¥~ 250x10° 1=2x 107A =2KA Ans 15.6 The diagram shows a wind turbine which is a 150-kW generator with an output voltage of 1000V. The voltage is increased by transformer Ti to 10 000 V for transmission to a town 5 km away through power lines with a total resistance of 29, Another transformer, T, at the town reduces the voltage to 250V. Assume that the transformers are ‘Ideal” when the system is running at full power. (Figure from the textbook page 143) Solution: Given Data: Power = P = 150k W= 150 x 10°W At Ti Vp = 10000 V R=20 At Tr Vs = 250 V Required: (a) What is the current in the power line? (b) What is the voltage drop along the power line and the voltage at the input to the throne transformer? (©) How much power is lost in the power line? (@) Formula: Power = (b) Formula:v=IR V=15x2 Voltage Drop = V, = 15 x 2 = 30V Input Voltage = Total Voltage ~ Voltage Drop Vo=Ve-Vi V2 = 10000-30=9970V Ans (© Formula: Power loss = Py P, = Current in line « Voltage Drop Pi=1V, =15*30=450W Ans 2 at : freeilm786@ gmail.com Visit: freeiim.com18.1 The half-life of *SN is 7.3s. A sample of this nuclide of nitrogen is observed for 29.2s. Calculate the fraction of the original radioactive isotopes remaining after this time. Solution: Given that, Half-lifeof 4$N =7.3 Time t — -=29.28 ‘To Find: Remaining fraction of original radioactive isotope ~ Solution: During 29.2 s, four half-lives are elapsed. If No is the original fraction of the nuclide of nitrogen, then after four half-lives ie., 4Ty2 1 Remaining faction = Original x OR OR as Ans ‘Thus, the fraction of the original radioactive isotope remaining after 4 half — lives will be 1/164, 18.2. Cobalt- 60 is a radioactive element with half life of 5.25 years. What fraction of the original sample will be left after 26 years. Solution: Given that, Half-life of C14 Ty2= 5730 years Time 1 =26 years ‘To Find: Remaining fraction = During the 26 years, five half-lives are elapsed so 1 Remaining fraetion = Original x ea OR N=Nox Na — Ans OR a No 32 ‘Thus, the fraction of the original isotope remaining after 5 half-lives will be 1/32.18.3 Carbon ~ 14 has a half — life of 3730 years. How long will it take for the quantity of carbon — 14 in a sample to drop to one-eight of the initial quantity? ‘To Find: Time t Calculations: AS quantity of C — 14 drops to of the original quamtity after 3 half ~ lives, therefore. ‘Time = No. of half-lives x half — life Or — Time =3 » Or — Time = 3 x 5730 years Time = 1.72 x 10 years Ans 18.4 Technetium - 99 m is a radioactive clement and is used to diagnose brain, thyroid, liver, and kidney disease. This element has a half — life of 36 hours. If there is 200 mg of this technetium present, how much will be left in six hours. Solution: Given that, Ti2=6 hours t =36 hours 1 quantity = 200 mg Since during 36 hours, 6 half-lives are elapsed, therefore, a. f. Remaining amount = Original x = a = 200mg <= mg x2 = Zo0mg os Remaining amount = 3.125 mg Ans 18.5 Half - life of a radioactive clement is 10 minutes. If the initial count rate is 368 counts per minute, find the time for which count rate reaches 23 counts per minutes. Solution: Given that Half — life Tia = 10 min. Initial count rate 368 counts per min, Final count rate 23 count per min To Find: Time taken Calculations: For the count rate to decrease from 368 counts per min to 23 counts per min, it takes 4 half — lives, therefore Time taken =4xTy2 =4x 10 min 1) =40 min Ans18.6 In an experiment to measure the half-life of a radioactive element, the following results were obtained: yunt Rate 400 | 200 | 100 25 (in Minutes) | 0 | 2 | 4 | 6 | 8 Plot a graph between the count rate and time in minutes. Measure the value for the half-life of the clement from the graph. Solution: Seale ‘One big division = 2 min (along x ~ axis) One big d ion = 100 counts (along y ~ axis) 500 00 suo a 100 ° Baie vm enn Bin Tome 2a From the graph, it is clear that half — life of the radioactive element is 2 minutes. 18.7 A sample of a certain radioactive element has a half-life of 1500 years. If it has an activity of 32000 counts per hour at the present time, then plot a graph of the activity of this sample over the period in which it will reduce to 1/16 of its p value. Solution: Half-life Tyz = 1500 years Activity = 32000 counts per hour 32000 ~ Morthe activity =2000 ie Y Seale: One big division = 1500 years (along x — axis) One big division = 4000 counts per hour40000) 32000 16000 8006 500 years 3U0D years 4500 years 6000 years 7800 years 9000 years Time fs f= Woe} 18.8 Half-life of a radioactive element was found to be 4000 years. The count rates pet minute for 8 successive hours were found to be 270, 280, 300, 310, 285, 290, 305, 312. What does the variation in count rates show? Plot a graph between the count rates and time in hours. Why the graph is a straight line rather than an exponential? ution: Scale on ~ 1 hour (along x ~ axis) jon = 100 counts (along y — axis)HH 300] ee 200] 100) Variation in count rates shows the random nature of radioactive decay, the graph is almost a horizontal line rather than an exponential curve, which is due to long half — life as compared to period of 8 hours. 18.9 Ashes from a campfire deep in a cave show carbon — 14 activities of only one- eighth the activity of fresh wood. How long ago was that campfire made? Solution: Given that, saree Dae Activity of C — 14 from ashes = ath of fresh wood Half — life of C— 14 Tiz2 =5730 years To fin Time t =? Calculations: 1 Since activity of © — 14 from ashes is th of the fresh wood, hence 3 half — lives have been elapsed. Therefore, ‘Time =No. of half lives * Tra t =3 « 5730 years t = 17190 years Ans at : [email protected] visit: freeilm.com