NCERT

Chapter 10
Light – Reflection and Refraction

Introduction:
▪ Light is a form of energy which produces sensation of sight in our eyes.
▪ Light is an electromagnetic radiation.
▪ Light travels in a straight line. This is known as rectilinear propagation of light.
▪ Light has a dual nature. It behaves like a particle as well as a wave.
▪ When light falls on an object, the following things may happen:
▪ Light may be absorbed
▪ Light may be reflected
▪ Light may pass through the object
 The interaction of light with matter produces many phenomena such as:

▪ Reflection (to be studied in this chapter)

▪ Refraction (to be studied in this chapter)

▪ Dispersion (to be studied in next chapter)

▪ Scattering (to be studied in next chapter)

▪ Diffraction (higher classes)

▪ Interference (higher classes)

▪ Photo electric effect (higher classes)

Reflection of light

The phenomenon of bouncing back of light in the same medium when light
strikes any surface is called reflection of light.

Torch

M M’
Reflection of light

Ray Diagram:

O
A C

i r

M B M’

AB – Incident ray OB – Normal Angle i – angle of incidence

BC – reflected ray MM’ – Mirror Angle r – angle of reflection
Laws of reflection of light

First Law:
Angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection. i.e. ∠𝒊 = ∠𝒓

Second Law:
Incident ray, reflected ray and normal at the point of incidence all lie in the same
plane.
 Image formation by plane mirror

▪ Image is as far behind the Characteristics of image :

mirror as the object is in ▪ Image is virtual
the front of the mirror M’ ▪ Image is erect
▪ Image is laterally inverted ▪ Same size as that of object
 Assignment 1

Q1. Define reflection of light.

Q2. State the two laws of reflection of light with the help of a diagram.

Q3. What happens when light rays fall on a irregular surface such as wall or a
paper or any other irregular surface? Does it follow the laws of reflection?
Q4. We can see our image on a polished surface such as spoon, mirror, glass
surface, water surface etc but why we can’t see our image on paper.
(Hint: Recall regular reflection, irregular reflection)

Q5. Why the word AMBULANCE is written as in front of it?

 Spherical Mirrors
Mirrors whose reflecting surfaces can be considered to form a part of the surface
of sphere are called spherical mirrors.
 Types of spherical Mirrors

Concave Mirror Convex Mirror

A spherical mirror, whose reflecting surface A spherical mirror whose reflecting surface
is curved inwards is called a concave mirror. is curved outwards is called a convex mirror.
 Lets learn few new terms
Pole
The centre of the reflecting surface of a spherical mirror is a point called Pole.
This point lies on the surface of the mirror. It is denoted by letter P.

Pole
Pole

Convex mirror
Concave mirror
Centre of curvature
The reflecting surface of a spherical mirror forms a part of a sphere. This sphere has
a centre. This point is called the centre of curvature of the spherical mirror. It is
represented by the letter C.

C P P
C

Concave mirror convex mirror

Radius of curvature
The reflecting surface of a spherical mirror forms a part of a sphere. This sphere has a
radius. The radius of the sphere of which the reflecting surface of a spherical mirror forms a
part, is called the radius of curvature of the mirror.
This point is represented by the letter R.

R
R
P
C P C

Concave mirror convex mirror

 Lets learn few new terms
Principal axis
A straight line passing through the pole and the centre of curvature of a spherical
mirror is called principal axis. The principal axis is normal to the mirror at its pole.

Principal axis R
C P

Concave mirror
Principal axis R
P C

convex mirror
Principal focus of a concave mirror
When a number of rays parallel to the principal axis fall on a concave mirror then after
reflection from the mirror, all rays meet at a point on the principal axis. This point is
called the principal focus of a concave mirror.

Principal axis

C F P
 Principal focus of a convex mirror
When a number of rays parallel to the principal axis fall on a convex mirror then after
reflection from the mirror, all rays appear to meet at a point on the principal axis. This
point is called the principal focus of a convex mirror.

Principal axis
P F C
 Focal length
The distance between the pole and the principal focus of a spherical mirror is
called the focal length. It is represented by the letter f.

f
C F P

Concave mirror

f
P F C

convex mirror
Aperture
The reflecting surface of a spherical mirror is a part of a sphere. The surface has a
circular outline. The diameter of the reflecting surface of a spherical mirror is
called its aperture.

Aperture

Pole Pole

Concave mirror – side view Concave mirror – front view

 Aperture Pole
Pole P
P

Convex mirror – side view Convex mirror – front view

Relation between Radius of curvature and focal length

For spherical mirrors of small apertures, the radius of curvature is equal to twice
the focal length.

𝑅 = 2𝑓
This implies that the principal focus of a spherical mirror lies midway between the
pole and centre of curvature.

R
f
P F C
 Rules for formation of ray diagrams
Concave mirror
Rule 1:
A ray parallel to the principal axis, after reflection, will pass through the principal
focus of a concave mirror.
i = 20°
A Incident ray B
i
r = 20°
r

C F P

D
 Rules for formation of ray diagrams
Concave mirror
Rule 2:
A ray passing through the principal focus of a concave mirror, after reflection,
will emerge parallel to the principal axis.
A i = 19°
r = 19°

C F P
i
D r
Reflected ray B
 Rules for formation of ray diagrams
Concave mirror
Rule 3:
A ray passing through the centre of curvature of a concave mirror, after
reflection, is reflected back along the same path.
i = 0°
r = 0°
A

C F P

B
 Rules for formation of ray diagrams
Convex mirror
Rule 1: A ray parallel to the principal axis, after reflection, will appear to be
coming from the principal focus of a convex mirror.
D

r = 19°

r
i = 19°
B
i
A
Incident ray

P F C
 Rules for formation of ray diagrams
Convex mirror
Rule 2: A ray appear to passing through the principal focus of a convex
mirror, after reflection, will emerge parallel to the principal axis.

i = 18°

i
r = 18°
B
r
D
Reflected ray

P F C
 Rules for formation of ray diagrams
Convex mirror
Rule 3: A ray passing through the centre of curvature of a convex
mirror, after reflection, is reflected back along the same path.

A i = 0°
r = 0°
B

P F C
 ASSIGNMENT 2
CH LIGHT
1. If angle of incidence when a ray strikes a mirror is 30°, then find the angle that the
reflected ray will make with the normal.
2. If the reflected ray and normal at the point of incidence of a mirror lie in the plane of
a table, then in which plane will the incident ray lie?
3. A ray strikes a plane mirror making an angle of 60°with the mirror. Find out the angle
of incidence and angle of reflection of the mirror.
4. What is the nature of incident rays when the object is at infinity?
5. Is the image formed by spherical mirror laterally inverted?
MCQ
6. Are the laws of reflection applicable to-
(a) Plane mirrors only
(b) Spherical mirrors only
(c) Both plane and spherical mirrors
(d) Depends upon the roughness of mirror
 Image formation by concave mirror
Case 1: Object very far from the mirror i.e. we can assume the object is at infinity
with reference to the concave mirror.
Characteristics of Image:
Nature → Real and Inverted
Size → point sized
Position → at F
A

Bˊ
Aˊ
B C F P

AB → Object P → Pole
Aˊ Bˊ →Image F → Focus
C → Centre of curvature
 Image formation by concave mirror
Case 2: Object placed beyond centre of curvature ( C )
Characteristics of Image:
Nature → Real and Inverted
Size → Diminished
Position → between C and F
A

B
Bˊ
C F P
Aˊ
AB → Object P → Pole

AˊBˊ → Image F → Focus

C → Centre of curvature
 Image formation by concave mirror
Case 3: Object placed at centre of curvature ( C )
Characteristics of Image:
Nature → Real and Inverted
Size → Same size
Position → at C
A

B
Bˊ C F P

AB → Object Aˊ P → Pole

AˊBˊ → Image F → Focus

C → Centre of curvature
 Image formation by concave mirror
Case 4: Object placed between centre of curvature (C) and focus (F)
Characteristics of Image:
Nature → Real and Inverted
Size → Enlarged
Position → beyond C

B
Bˊ F P
C
P → Pole
Aˊ F → Focus
AB → Object C → Centre of curvature
AˊBˊ → Image
 Image formation by concave mirror
Case 5: Object placed at focus (F)
Characteristics of Image:
Nature → Real and Inverted
Size → Highly enlarged
Parallel rays appears to meet on screen at Position → At infinity
infinity.
(just like parallel rail tracks appear to meet)
A

Bˊ B

C F P

P → Pole
F → Focus
AB → Object C → Centre of curvature
Aˊ
AˊBˊ → Image
 Image formation by concave mirror
Case 6: Object placed between pole (P) and focus (F) Characteristics of Image:
Nature → Virtual and erect
Size → Enlarged
Position → Behind the mirror
Aˊ

B Bˊ

C F P

P → Pole
Diverging rays
F → Focus
AB → Object
C → Centre of curvature
AˊBˊ → Image
 SUMMARY

Position of the Position of the Size of the image Nature of the

object image image

At infinity At the focus F Highly diminished, Real and inverted

point-sized

Beyond C Between F and C Diminished Real and inverted

At C At C Same size Real and inverted
Between C and F Beyond C Enlarged Real and inverted
At F At infinity Highly enlarged Real and inverted
Between P and F Behind the mirror Enlarged Virtual and erect
 ASSIGNMENT – 2
CH- LIGHT – REFLECTION AND RERATCTION

Q 1. Name a mirror that can give an erect and enlarged image of an object.

Q2. Name the type of mirror used in the following situations-

a. Headlights of a car.
b. Side/rear-view mirror of a vehicle
c. Solar furnace
Support your answer with a reason.

Q3. Focal length of a convex mirror is 12 cm. How far is its center of curvature -
a. From the pole
b. From the focus

Q4. What factors of a spherical mirror determines the nature of the image formed by it?
Q6
 Uses of Concave Mirror

▪ Concave mirrors are commonly used in torches, search-lights and vehicles headlights to
get powerful parallel beams of light.

Bulb

C F P
▪ They are often used as shaving mirrors to see a larger image of the face.

Ray Diagram – Case 6 of concave mirror

▪ The dentists use concave mirrors to see large images of the teeth of patients.

Ray Diagram – Case 6 of concave mirror

▪ Large concave mirrors are used to concentrate sunlight to produce heat in solar furnaces.

Ray Diagram – Case 1 of concave mirror

 Image formation by convex mirror
Case 1: Object very far from the mirror i.e. we can assume the object is at
infinity with reference to the convex mirror.
Characteristics of Image:
Nature → Virtual and erect
Size → point sized
Position → at F

Aˊ
Bˊ

B P F C
P → Pole
AB → Object
F → Focus
Aˊ Bˊ →Image
C → Centre of curvature
 Image formation by convex mirror
Case 2: Object in front of convex mirror.

Characteristics of Image:
Nature → Virtual and erect
Size → diminished
Position → between P and F

Aˊ

B Bˊ
P F C
P → Pole
AB → Object
F → Focus
Aˊ Bˊ →Image
C → Centre of curvature
 SUMMARY

Image formation by convex mirror

Position of the Position of the Nature of the

Size of the image
object image image

Highly diminished, Virtual and erect

At infinity At the focus F
point-sized

In front of the
mirror (at finite Between P and F Diminished Virtual and erect
distance)
 Uses of Convex Mirror

▪ Convex mirrors are commonly used as rear-view (wing)

mirrors in vehicles. These mirrors are fitted on the sides of
the vehicle, enabling the driver to see traffic behind
him/her to facilitate safe driving.

Reason:
▪ Convex mirrors are preferred because they always give an erect, though diminished, image.
▪ Convex mirror have a wider field of view as they are curved outwards.

Ray Diagram – Case 2 of convex mirror

▪ Convex mirror are used in shops, departmental store to watch activities of customers.

Ray Diagram – Case 2 of convex mirror

▪ Convex mirrors are used in busy intersection, sharp curves in hilly areas

Ray Diagram – Case 2 of convex mirror

▪ You can see a full-length image of a tall building/tree in
a small convex mirror. One such mirror is fitted in a wall
of Agra Fort.

Ray Diagram – Case 2 of convex mirror

 Sign conventions for spherical mirrors
(i) The object is always placed to the left of the mirror. This implies that the light from
the object falls on the mirror from the left-hand side.

(ii) All distances parallel to the principal axis are measured from the pole of the mirror.
(iii) All the distances measured to the right of the origin (along + x-axis) are taken as
positive while those measured to the left of the origin (along – x-axis) are taken as
negative.

(iv) Distances measured perpendicular to and above the principal axis (along + y-axis) are
taken as positive.

(v) Distances measured perpendicular to and below the principal axis (along –y-axis) are taken
as negative.
 Mirror Formula and Magnification

The relation between object distance, image distance and focal length of a mirror is
known as mirror formula

1 1 1
= +
𝑓 𝑢 𝑣
Where,
u = object’s distance

v = image’s distance

f = focal length of the mirror

This formula is valid in all situations for all spherical mirrors for all positions of the object.
 Magnification

It is expressed as the ratio of the height of the image to the height of the object. It is
usually represented by the letter m.

If h is the height of the object and h‘ is the height of the image, then the
magnification m produced by a spherical mirror is given by

ℎ′
𝑚=
ℎ
The magnification m is also related to the object distance (u) and image distance (v).
It can be expressed as:

𝑣
𝑚=−
𝑢
Sign conventions for magnification

For real images, magnification is negative

For virtual images, magnification is positive

Value of magnification and its interpretation

m>1 means enlarged image

m=1 means same sized image

m<1 means diminished image

m=2 means _____________________________________________

m = -2 means _____________________________________________

m=1 means _______________________________________________

m = -1 means _______________________________________________

2
m= means _______________________________________________
3

2
m=- means _______________________________________________
3

5
m=- means _______________________________________________
2
5
m= means _______________________________________________
2
Example 1
A convex mirror used for rear-view on an automobile has a radius of curvature of 3.00 m. If a bus is
located at 5.00 m from this mirror, find the position, nature and size of the image.
Example 2
An object, 4.0 cm in size, is placed at 25.0 cm in front of a concave mirror of focal length 15.0 cm. At what
distance from the mirror should a screen be placed in order to obtain a sharp image? Find the nature and the
size of the image.

Ans: v = -37.5 cm, h = -6cm, real inverted and enlarged

Example 3
Find the focal length of a convex mirror whose radius of curvature is 32 cm.

Ans: f = 16 cm
Example 4
A concave mirror produces three times magnified (enlarged) real image of an object placed at 10 cm in front
of it. Where is the image located?

Ans: v = -30 cm
 Example 5

Find the size, nature and position of image formed when an object of size 1 cm is placed at a distance of 15
cm from a concave mirror of focal length 10 cm

(.Ans v=-30cm, nature =real and inverted, size=h'=-2cm)

 Example 6
The image of an object formed by a mirror is real, inverted and is of magnification _1. If the image is at a
distance of 40 cm from the mirror, where is the object placed? Where would the image be if the object is
moved 20 cm towards the mirror? State reason and also draw ray diagram for the new position of the
object to justify your answer

(.Ans at infinity)
Example 7
A student has focused the image of a candle flame on a white screen using a concave mirror. The situation is
as given below.
Length of the flame = 1.5 cm
Focal length of the mirror = 12 cm
Distance of flame from the mirror = 18 cm
If the flame is perpendicular to the principal axis of the mirror, then calculate the following.
a) distance of the image from the mirror
b) length of the image
If the distance between the mirror and the flame is reduced to 10 cm, then what would be observed on the
screen? Draw a ray diagram to justify your answer for this situation

( v=-36cm, h'=-3cm)
Example 8
A concave mirror of focal length 10cm is placed at a distance of 35cm from a wall. How far from the wall an
object be placed so that its image formed by the mirror falls on the wall?

(distance of the object from the wall =21cm)

 Example 9
Size of image of an object formed by a mirror having focal length of 20cm, is observed to be reduced to 1/3rd of
its size. At what distance the object has been placed from the mirror? What is the nature of the image and the
mirror?

(Ans:Case1 ::When mirror is Concave u=-80cm, v=-80/3cm nature=real and inverted.

Case2::When the mirror is Convex u=-40cm, v=40/3cm, nature=, virtual and erect)
 Example 10
A 2cm high object is placed at a distance of 32 cm from a concave mirror. The image is real, inverted and
3cm in size. Find the focal length of the mirror and the position where the image is formed?

(v=-48cm, f=-19.2cm)
 Refraction of light
When light travels from one transparent medium to the other there is
a change in the direction of light. This phenomenon is known as
refraction of light
 Try some Simulations

Click the link

https://cdac.olabs.edu.in/?sub=74&brch=9&sim=37&cnt=58

https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/html/bending-light/latest/bending-light_en.html

https://www.physicsclassroom.com/Physics-Interactives/Refraction-and-
Lenses/Refraction/Refraction-Interactive

https://simpop.org/refraction/refraction.htm

https://ricktu288.github.io/ray-optics/simulator/
 Online Test
Check your whatsapp group. You will receive a Link of
google form title ‘ MCQs on Spherical Mirrors’

Click on the link

A google form will appear
Attempt the test and press the ‘Submit’ button.
Check your score
https://forms.gle/jRund99oSMkQ4GoP7 https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1VWQ0pC1tfDS00xD
YV3C47CT8reF71-jYF-VNk28SA-M/edit#gid=1215727973

Test Link Result Link

 Cause of refraction
Change in the speed of light when light travels from one transparent
medium to the other.

3 x 108 m/s
3 x 108 m/s Air Air

Water
Glass

2 x 108 m/s
2.25 x 108 m/s
 Optically Rarer medium and Optically Denser medium

Optically Rarer medium: Medium in which the speed of

light is more.

Optically Denser medium: Medium in which the speed of

light is less.

In air-glass pair, air is rarer medium, glass is denser medium

In air-water pair, air is rarer medium, water is denser medium

In glass-water pair, glass is _____________ medium,

Water is ____________ medium
 Refraction of light through a glass slab
E

Air
i
A B
F

r Glass

D C
G
i = angle of incidence e Air
r = angle of refraction
e = angle of emergence H Lateral
displacement
 Laws of Refraction
First law of refraction:
The incident ray, the refracted ray and the normal to the interface of two transparent media
at the point of incidence, all lie in the same plane.
i Medium 1
Second Law of refraction ( also known as Snell’s Law ) (n1)
(ii) The ratio of sine of angle of incidence to the sine of angle Medium 2
v2
of refraction is a constant, for the light of a given colour and r
(n2)
for the given pair of media.

𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒊
= 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒓
Where i is the angle of incidence and r is the angle of refraction.
This constant value is called the refractive index of the second medium with respect to the first.
 Refractive Index
The ratio of speed of light in medium 1 to the speed of light in medium 2 is known as the refractive index of
medium 2 with respect to medium 1.
𝒔𝒑𝒆𝒆𝒅 𝒐𝒇 𝒍𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 𝒊𝒏 𝒎𝒆𝒅𝒊𝒖𝒎 𝟏 𝒗𝟏
𝒏𝟐𝟏 = =
𝒔𝒑𝒆𝒆𝒅 𝒐𝒇 𝒍𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 𝒊𝒏 𝒎𝒆𝒅𝒊𝒖𝒎 𝟐 𝒗𝟐

Where 𝒏𝟐𝟏 is the refractive index of medium 2 with respect to medium 1

v1
i Medium 1
Similarly refractive index of medium 1 w.r.t. medium 2 is given by (n1)

𝒔𝒑𝒆𝒆𝒅 𝒐𝒇 𝒍𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 𝒊𝒏 𝒎𝒆𝒅𝒊𝒖𝒎 𝟐 𝒗𝟐 Medium 2

𝒏𝟏𝟐 = = v2 (n2)
𝒔𝒑𝒆𝒆𝒅 𝒐𝒇 𝒍𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 𝒊𝒏 𝒎𝒆𝒅𝒊𝒖𝒎 𝟏 𝒗𝟏 r

Where 𝒏𝟏𝟐 is the refractive index of medium 1 with respect to medium 2

 Absolute Refractive Index
If medium 1 is vacuum or air, then the refractive index of medium 2 is considered with respect
to vacuum. This is called the absolute refractive index of the medium. It is simply represented
as n. If c is the speed of light in air and v is the speed of light in the medium, then, the
refractive index of the medium n is given by

c
𝒄
𝒏= i
𝒗 Air/vacuum

Medium
v (n)
r
What information does Absolute Refractive Index conveys?

Refractive index of water is 1.33 it means ratio of speed of light in vacuum to

the speed of light in water is 1.33

𝒔𝒑𝒆𝒆𝒅 𝒐𝒇 𝒍𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 𝒊𝒏 𝒗𝒂𝒄𝒖𝒖𝒎

𝟏. 𝟑𝟑 =
𝒔𝒑𝒆𝒆𝒅 𝒐𝒇 𝒍𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 𝒊𝒏 𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓
 Refractive Index of some common materials

Note : An optically denser medium may not possess greater mass density. For example, kerosene
having higher refractive index, is optically denser than water, although its mass density is less than
water.
 Refraction by Spherical Lenses
Lens
A transparent material bound by two surfaces, of which one or both surfaces are
spherical, forms a lens.

A lens may have two spherical surfaces, bulging outwards. Such a lens is called a
double convex lens. It is thicker at the middle as compared to the edges.

Thinner

Thicker

Thinner
A lens may have two spherical surfaces, bulging inwards. Such a lens is called a
double concave lens. It is thicker at the edges as compared to its centre.

Thicker

Thinner

Thicker
 Lets learn few new terms
Optical center
The central point of the lens is called its optical center. It is represented by the
letter O.
Optical center
Optical
center

O O
O

Convex Lens
Convex Lens – front view
 Lets learn few new terms
Center of curvature
A convex lens has two spherical surfaces. Each of these surfaces forms a part of a
sphere. The centers of these spheres are called centers of curvature of the lens. Since
there are two centers of curvature, we may represent them as C1 and C2.

C1 C2
 Lets learn few new terms
Center of curvature
concave Lens

C1 C2
 Lets learn few new terms
Principal axis
An imaginary straight line passing through two centres of curvatures C1 and C2 of a
lens is called Principal axis.

Principal axis

C1 C2
 Lets learn few new terms
Aperture
The refracting surface of a lens has a circular outline. The diameter of the circular outline of
a spherical lens is called its aperture.

Aperture

Concave Lens Convex Lens

Convex Lens – front view
 Principal focus of a convex lens
When a number of rays parallel to the principal axis fall on a convex lens then after
refraction from the lens, all rays meet at a point on the principal axis. This point is
called the principal focus of the convex lens.

Principal axis
O F
If you pass parallel rays from the opposite surface of the lens, you get another principal focus
on the opposite side. Hence, a lens has two principal foci. They are represented by F1 and F2.

F1 O F2
 Principal focus of a concave lens
When a number of rays parallel to the principal axis fall on a concave lens then after
refraction from the lens, all rays meet at a point on the principal axis. This point is
called the principal focus of the concave lens.

Principal axis
F O
If you pass parallel rays from the opposite surface of the lens, you get another principal focus
on the opposite side. Hence, a lens has two principal foci. They are represented by F1 and F2.

Principal axis
F1 O F2
 Focal length
The distance between the optical centre and the principal focus of a spherical lens is
called the focal length. It is represented by the letter f.

F1 O F2

convex lens
Focal length

f
Principal axis
F1 O F2

concave lens
Position of F1 , F2 , 2F1 and 2F2 on principal axis

2F1 F1 O F2 2F2

convex lens

2F1 & 2F2 are at twice the focal length from the optical centre
Position of F1 , F2 , 2F1 and 2F2 on principal axis

2F1 F1 O F2 2F2

concave lens

2F1 & 2F2 are at twice the focal length from the optical centre
 Rules for formation of ray diagrams
Convex Lens
Rule 1: A ray parallel to the principal axis, after refraction from the convex
lens, will pass through the principal focus on the other side of the lens.

2F1 F1 O F2 2F2
 Rules for formation of ray diagrams
Convex Lens
Rule 2: A ray passing through principal focus of a convex lens, after
refraction, will emerge parallel to the principal axis.

2F1 F1 O F2 2F2
 Rules for formation of ray diagrams
Convex Lens
Rule 3: A ray passing through optical centre of a convex lens will emerge
without any deviation.

2F1 F1 O F2 2F2
 Rules for formation of ray diagrams
Concave Lens
Rule 1: A ray parallel to the principal axis, after refraction from the concave
lens, will appear to pass through the principal focus of the lens.

2F1 F1 O F2 2F2
 Rules for formation of ray diagrams
Concave Lens
Rule 2: A ray passing through principal focus of a concave lens, after
refraction, will emerge parallel to the principal axis.

2F1 F1 O F2 2F2
 Rules for formation of ray diagrams
Concave Lens
Rule 3: A ray passing through optical centre of a concave lens will emerge
without any deviation.

2F1 F1 O F2 2F2
 Image formation by convex Lens
Case 1: Object very far from the lens i.e. we can assume the object is at
infinity with reference to the convex lens.

Bˊ

2F1 F1 O Aˊ F2 2F2

Characteristics of Image:
Nature → Real and inverted
Size → point sized
Position → at F2
 Image formation by convex Lens
Case 2: Object beyond 2F1

B
Bˊ
2F1 F1 O F2 2F2
Aˊ

Characteristics of Image:
Nature → Real and inverted
Size → diminished
Position → between F2 and 2F2
 Image formation by convex Lens
Case 3: Object at 2F1

B
Bˊ
2F1 F1 O F2 2F2

Characteristics of Image: Aˊ

Nature → Real and inverted

Size → same size
Position → at 2F2
 Image formation by convex Lens
Case 4: Object between 2F1 and F1

B
Bˊ
2F1 F1 O F2 2F2

Characteristics of Image:
Nature → Real and inverted
Aˊ
Size → Enlarged
Position → beyond 2F2
 Image formation by convex Lens
Case 5: Object at F1

B
Bˊ
2F1 F1 O F2 2F2

Characteristics of Image:
Nature → Real and inverted
Size → Highly enlarged
Position → at infinity

Aˊ
 Image formation by convex Lens
Case 6: Object between F1 and O
Aˊ

Bˊ B

2F1 F1 O F2 2F2

Characteristics of Image:
Nature → Virtual and erect
Size → Enlarged
Position → On the same side of the lens as the object
diverging
 Image formation by convex Lens
SUMMARY

Position of the Nature of the

Position of the image Size of the image
object image
Highly diminished,
At infinity At focus F2 Real and Inverted
point-sized

Beyond 2F1 Between F2 and 2F2 Diminished Real and Inverted

At 2F1 At 2F2 Same size Real and Inverted

Between F1 and 2F1 Beyond 2F2 Enlarged Real and Inverted

Infinitely large or
At focus F1 At infinity Real and Inverted
highly enlarged
Between F1 and O On the same side of
Enlarged Virtual and erect
the lens as the object
 Image formation by concave lens
Case 1: Object at infinity

2F1 F1 O F2 2F2
 Image formation by concave lens
Case 2: Object in front of the mirror

2F1 F1 O F2 2F2
 Image formation by concave Lens
SUMMARY

Position of the Nature of the

Position of the image Size of the image
object image

Highly diminished,
At infinity At focus F1 Virtual and erect
point-sized

In front of the lens Between F and O Diminished Virtual and erect

1