CS 101

Computer Programming and Utilization

Autumn 2019
https://www.cse.iitb.ac.in/~cs101

Puru

Lecture 2: Variables, Data Types, and Expressions

Autumn 2019 CS101@CSE IIT Bombay

 Recap

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 programming is like riding a cycle
• try
• fall / fail
• try again
• get hurt / program crashes
• get help from friends
• try again
• try
• try
• try
• ... fly

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 keywords from last class
• logic, syntax, sequence
• simplecpp, c++
• codeblocks
• program
• programming
• main_program, repeat, curly braces, functions

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 how to draw an octagon?
#include <simplecpp> • commands seem
main_program{ quite repetitive?
turtleSim();
forward(100); right(45);
• there is a better way!
forward(100); right(45);
forward(100); right(45);
forward(100); right(45);
forward(100); right(45);
forward(100); right(45);
forward(100); right(45);
forward(100); right(45);
wait(10);
}

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 a better way
#include <simplecpp>
repeat (n) {
main_program {
some commands
turtleSim();
}
repeat(8) {
forward(100);
The instructions within {...} are
right(45);
repeated n times
}
Each round of execution is
} called an iteration

repeating a set of actions is a common action/requirement

as part of logic to do some work
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 how to draw a polygon?

#include <simplecpp>
main_program{
turtleSim();
repeat(8){
forward(100);
right(45);
}
}

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 how to draw a polygon?
#include <simplecpp> #include <simplecpp>
main_program{ main_program{
turtleSim(); turtleSim();

repeat(8) { repeat(num_sides){
forward(10); forward(10);
right(45); right(360.0/num_sides);
} }
} }

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 how to draw a polygon?

#include <simplecpp>
main_program{
turtleSim(); Tell the computer: Reserve space in
your memory where I can store an
integer (int). I will refer to it by the
int num_sides; name num_sides

repeat(num_sides){
forward(10); We need some magic so that
num_sides can have the right
right(360.0/num_sides);
value
}
}
Divide the number 360 by the number stored in the
space named num_sides and pass the result as
an argument to this command
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 explanation
#include <simplecpp>

main_program{ Print the sentence within the quotes

on the screen
turtleSim(); cout è “Console out” (display)

int num_sides;

cout << No. of sides? ;

cin >> num_sides; Read the number that the user types
and store it into the space in
memory named num_sides
repeat(num_sides) { cin ç “Console in” (keyboard)
forward(200);
right(360.0/num_sides);
}
Use the integer stored in the space
} in memory which is named
num_sides

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 can we improve the program further?

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 can we improve the program further?
#include <simplecpp>
Both values for a polygon,
main_program{
turtleSim(); number of sides and
int num_sides;
side length
int side_length;
double exterior_angle;
double sum_exterior = 360; are user inputs.

cout << No. of sides? ;

cin >> num_sides;

cout << Side length? ;

cin >> side_length;

exterior_angle = sum_exterior/num_sides;

repeat(num_sides) {
forward(side_length);
right(exterior_angle);
}
}
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 formatting: indentation, grouping, naming
#include <simplecpp> #include <simplecpp> main_program{
turtleSim(); cout << No. of sides? ;
main_program{ int n; cin >> n; repeat(n) {
turtleSim(); forward(200); right(360.0/n);} }
int num_sides;

cout << No. of sides? ;

cin >> num_sides;

repeat(num_sides) {
forward(200);
right(360.0/num_sides);
}
}

You will lose marks and your sleep for bad formatting
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 language syntax
• syntax = grammatical rules indicating how
commands must be written
• syntax of programming languages is very strict,
e.g.
– right(90);cannot be written as right(90)
penUp() cannot be written as penup()
or even penUp, i.e., without parentheses

– all statements, instructions, keywords of a language

have a format and have to adhered to

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what does the following program do?
#include <simplecpp>
main_program{
cout << a ;
repeat(5){
cout << b ;
repeat(2){ cout << c ; }
cout << d ;
}
}

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what does the following program do?

#include <simplecpp>
main_program{
cout << a ;
repeat(5){
cout << b ;
repeat(2){ cout << c ; }
cout << d ;
}
}

abccdbccdbccdbccdbccd
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curly braces group statements
repeat(4){} repeat(4){ repeat(4){
forward(50); forward(50);
forward(50);
right(90); }
right(90); wait(2); right(90);

wait(2); } wait(2);

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 more commands/functions
• sqrt(x) : square root of x
• trigonometric functions,
• x is in radian: sin(x), cos(x), tan(x)
• x is in degree sine(x), cosine(x), tangent(x)
• also for arcsine, arccosine, arctangent etc.

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 running/executing the program
• Compiling a program:
– translating it into a form that a computer can understand
– high level language to machine instructions

• the result of compilation: an executable file

• compiler used by us (for simplecpp code) is called s++

• g++ compiler for vanilla C++ programs

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 running a program on computer
• Type in an editor (say, gedit)
• Save the file (say prog.cpp)
• Compile (s++ prog.cpp)
• It generates a binary file a.out
• Execute (./a.out )

• Note that in case compilation fails with some

error, existing a.out file is untouched

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Autumn 2019 CS101@CSE IIT Bombay 20
 homework/practice
draw a square with dashed lines

repeat(4){

…
}

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Outline

• How to store data in the memory of a computer

• How to perform arithmetic

• How to read numbers into the memory from the keyboard

• How to print numbers on the screen

• Many programs based on all this

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 variable declaration
a general statement of the form
data_type_name variable_name;

creates and declares variables (named space in memory to store data)

earlier example …
int sides;
int : name of the data type. Short form for integer. Says reserve space
for storing integer values
sides : name given to the reserved space, or the variable created

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 variable declaration
0
1
2
3
4
5 .......
6
7
8
9

32 bits
int sides;
Results in a memory location being reserved for this variable. The
program will refer to it by the name sides
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 variable names: identifiers
• sequence of letters, digits & the underscore _ character

• case matters. ABC, Abc and abc are distinct identifiers

• should not begin with a digit

• some words such as int cannot be used as variable names. reserved

by C++ for its own use

• Which of these are valid variable names:

sides, #sides, 3rd_cousin, third cousin, tele_number, x, third_cousin,

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 naming practices

• use meaningful names, describing the purpose for which

the variable will be used

exterior_angle = sum_exterior/num_sides;

• never use single letter variable name unless appropriate in

the context.
Example:
u*t+1/2*a*t*t

e = s/n

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 the assignment operator
• assignment operator =
exterior_angle = sum_exterior/num_sides;
used to store results of computation into a variable
Form: variable_name = expression;

• expression
a constant (a number) or
a variable name or
a formula involving constants or variables or
a function call

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 variable initialization examples

initialization - an INITIAL value is assigned

to the variable
the value stored in the variable at the time of its int i=0;
creation double vx=1.0;
double vy=2.0e5;
variables i, vx, vy are declared and are
initialized
char value = ‘f’;
2.0e5 is how we write 2.0*105
‘f’ is a character constant

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 more examples
int x=2, y=3, p=4, q=5, r, s, t;

x = rt;

x = r*s;

r = x*y + p*q;

s = x*(y+p)*q;

t = x – y + p – q;

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 more examples
int x=2, y=3, p=4, q=5, r, s, t;

x = rt; // syntax error!

x = r*s; // disaster! r, s undefined

r = x*y + p*q; // r becomes 2*3 + 4*5 = 26

s = x*(y+p)*q; // s becomes 2*(3+4)*5 = 70

t = x – y + p – q; // equal precedence,
// so evaluated left to right,
// t becomes (((2-3)+4)-5 = -2

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 reading values into variables
• can read value of a variable from the terminal
• can read into several variables one after another
• int, char etc. can be read cin >> num_sides;

cin >> vx >> vy;

• user expected to type in values consistent
char command;
with the type of the variable into which it is
cin >> command;
to be read
• whitespaces (i.e. space characters, tabs, newlines)
typed by the user are ignored
• newline/enter key must be pressed after values are typed

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 printing variables on the screen
• general form: cout << variable; cout << x;

• many values can be printed one cout << x << y;

after another
cout << x << , <<
• need to put “ “ if you want to have gap y;
between successive values
cout << Position: " <<
• to print newline, use endl
x << , << y <<
endl;
• text can be printed by enclosing
it in quotes
char var = G ;
cout << var;

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 arithmetic between different types allowed
int x=2, y=3, z, w;
double q=3.1, r, s;
r = x; // representation changed
// 2 stored as a double in r "2.0"
z = q; // store with truncation
// z takes integer value 3
s = x*q; // convert to same type,
// then multiply
// Which type?

cout << (360/240) << “ ” << (360.0/240) << “ ” << (360/240.0);

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 evaluating varA op varB

• e.g. x*q
if varA, varB have the same data type: the result will have same
data type
• if varA, varB have different data types: the result will have more
expressive data type
• int/short/unsigned int are less expressive than float/double
• shorter types are less expressive than longer types
• we will only use int and double in this course

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 Integer Division, Evaluation Order
int x=2, y=4, p=3;
double u;
u = x/p + y/p;
cout << u << (x+y)/p;

• x/p : both are int. So truncation. Hence 0

• y/p : 4/3 after truncation will be 1
• So the output is “1 2”

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 more examples
int num_sides=100;
int i_angle1, i_angle2;
double d_angle1, d_angle2;

d_angle1 = 360/num_sides + 0.45; // 3.45

i_angle1 = 360/num_sides + 0.45; // 3

d_angle2 = 360.0/num_sides + 0.45 // 4.05

i_angle2 = 360.0/num_sides + 0.45; // 4

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 a sample program
main_program{
double centigrade, fahrenheit;
cout << “Give temperature in Centigrade: ”;
cin >> centigrade;
fahrenheit = centigrade * 9.0 / 5.0 + 32;
cout << “In Fahrenheit: ” << fahrenheit
<< endl; // newline
}

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 Re-Assignment
• Same variable can be assigned a value again
• When a variable appears in a statement, its value at the
time of the execution of the statement gets used

int p=3, q=4, r;

r = p + q; // 7 stored into r
cout << r << endl; // 7 printed

r = p * q; // 12 stored into r
cout << r << endl; // 12 printed

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 in C++ `=‘ is assignment, not equal’
int p=12;
p = p+1;

See it as: p p+1; // Let p become p+1

rule for evaluation:

• FIRST evaluate the RHS and THEN store the result into the
LHS variable
• 1 is added to 12 (the value of p)
• the result, 13, is then stored in p
• thus, p finally becomes 13

p = p + 1 is false in mathematics
“=” in C++ is different from “=” in mathematics

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 repeat and re-assignment
main_program{
int i=0;
repeat(10){
i = i + 1;
cout << i << endl;
}
}

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 another re-assignment example
main_program{
int term, s = 0;
repeat(10){
cin >> term;
s = s + term;
}
cout << s << endl;
}

• values read are summed into s

• we could have used other binary operators too, say
multiplication, or gcd or max or min

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 fundamental idiom
main_program{
int i=0;
repeat(10){
i = i + 1;
cout << i << endl;
}
}
sequence generation
• can you make i take values 1, 3, 5, 7, …?
• can you make i take values 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, …?
• both can be done by making slight modifications to
above program

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 composing two idioms
Write a program to calculate n!

5! = 1 x 2 x 3 x 4 x 5

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 composing two idioms
Write a program to calculate n! given n.

main_program{
int n, nfac=1, i=1;
cin >> n;
repeat(n){ Accummulation idiom
nfac = nfac * i;
i = i + 1;
}
cout << nfac << endl;
Sequence idiom
}

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 finding remainder
• x % y computes the remainder of dividing x by y
• Bbth x and y must be integer expressions
• Example

int n=12345678, d0, d1;

•
d0 = n % 10; // 8
d1 = (n / 10) % 10; // 7
•
• d0 will equal 8 (the least significant digit of n)
• d1 will equal 7 (the second least significant digit of n)

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 concluding Remarks
• variables are regions of memory which can store values
• variables have a type, as decided at the time of creation
• choose variable names to fit the purpose for which the variable is
defined
• the name of the variable may refer to the region of memory (if the
name appears on the left hand side of an assignment), or
its value (if the name appears on the right hand side of an
assignment)
• operators have an ordering (* / before + -)

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 more practice
• What is the result of evaluating the expression (3+2)/4?

• What is printed by this code snippet …

float f=6.022E23; float r=f+2-f; cout<<r;

• What is printed by this code snippet

int t=10; repeat(2){t=t-1.2;} cout<<t;

• What is printed by this code:

int i=2, j=3, k=4; i=j; j=k; k=i; cout << (i*j*k);

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 endosaurus

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 we have labs on 3 days of the week --- Tue, Wed, Thu
8 pm to 11 pm

check for student to lab section mapping

• three lab sections L1, L2, L3
• students from both sections will be mixed across sections
• labs for sections will be held on different days of the week
• you will be assigned a fixed seat

for lab related logistics, please visit the web page, every
week … Lab section to day of the week may change

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 more nested repeat statements
It will draw a square with dashed lines

repeat(4){
repeat(3){
forward(50); penUp();
forward(50); penDown();
}
right(90);
}

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