Computer Architecture – Chapter 3 Assignment: ISA – Ngo Minh Ngoc 20235984

Assignment Chapter 3: ISA

Student ID 20235984
Student Name Ngo Minh Ngoc

ASSIGMENT 1:

1. My code

# Ngo Minh Ngoc 20235984

.data
arr16: .space 16
arr: .byte 'a', 'b','c'
st1: .asciz "abcd"
X1: .word 0xFFFFFFFF
st2: .ascii "efgh"
X2: .word 0xFFFFFFFF
st3: .asciz "1234"
X3: .word 0xFFFFFFFF
st4: .asciz "5678"
X4: .word 0xFFFFFFFF

2. Verification:
Computer Architecture – Chapter 3 Assignment: ISA – Ngo Minh Ngoc 20235984

ASSIGMENT 2:

(1.1 in Exercise 1)

Write the RISCV assembly code euivalent to the following C statement: f = g + (h-5); ( assume that the variables
f, g, h have already been placed in registers x5, x6, x7 repectively

# Ngo Minh Ngoc 20235984

addi x7, x7, -5 #h = h-5

add x5,x6,x7

(1.2 in Exercise 1)

Write a complete assembly program that:

-Declares integer varibales f, h, h

- Initialize values for f, g, h

- Calculate and do the assignment f = g + (h-5)

1. My code

# Ngo Minh Ngoc 20235984

.data
f: .word 20
g: .word 30
h: .word 40

.text
la x8, h #s0 stores address of h label( address of the value 40)
lw x7, 0(x8) #x7 = 40: load the value 40 (in address stored in x8) to x7
la x8, g #s0 stores address of g label( address of the value 30)
lw x6, 0(x8) #x6 = 30: load the value 30 (in address stored in x8) to x6
addi x7, x7, -5 # x7 = 40 - 5 (h-5)
add x5, x6, x7 # x5 = 30 + (40-5)
la x8, f #s0 stores address of f label( address of the value 420
sw x5, 0(x8) # stores the value just calculated x5 to address of f
Computer Architecture – Chapter 3 Assignment: ISA – Ngo Minh Ngoc 20235984

2) Ouput result:

- We choose f = 20, g = 30, h= 40  f = 30 + (40-5) = 65  which is correctly stored in the “0x10010000”

memory address (“0x00000041” in hexadecimal = 65 in decimal)
Computer Architecture – Chapter 3 Assignment: ISA – Ngo Minh Ngoc 20235984

ASSIGMENT 3:

(2.1 in Exercise 2)

Write the RISCV assembly code equivalent to the below C statement: B[8] = A[i-j], assuming the variables I, j are
located in register x28, x29. A abd B are 2 integer array, with the base address of A and B are in register x10 and
x11 respectively

2. My code

#Ngo Minh Ngoc 20235984

.text
sub t3, t3, t4 # t3 = t3 - t4 (index i)
slli t4, t3, 2 # t4 = 4*t3 (number of bytes to jump)
add a0, a0, t4 # a0 stores address of A[i-j] = adress of A[0] +t4
lw a0, 0(a0) # a0 stores A[i-j]
sw a0, 32(a1) # as B[8] means we have to jump 32 bytes from A[0]

(2.2 in Exercise 2)

Write the complete program in RARS that :

- Declare 2 integer arrays A and B with at leaste 20 elements for each array
- Do the operation B[8] = A[i-j]; with I and j in x28 and x29

- My code

#Ngo Minh Ngoc 20235984

.data
A: .word 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20
B: .word -1, -2, -3, -4, -5, -6, -7, -8, -9, -10, -11, -12, -13, -14, -15, -16, -17, -18,
-19, -20
.text
li x28, 8 # choose i = 8
li x29, 3 # choose j = 3

la a0, A # a0 stores address of A[0]

la a1, B # a1 stores address of B[0]
sub t3, t3, t4 # t3 = t3 - t4 (index i)
slli t4, t3, 2 # t4 = 4*t3 (number of bytes to jump)
add a0, a0, t4 # a0 stores address of A[i-j] = adress of A[0] +t4
lw a0, 0(a0) # a0 stores A[i-j]
sw a0, 32(a1) # as B[8] means we have to jump 32 bytes from A[0]
Computer Architecture – Chapter 3 Assignment: ISA – Ngo Minh Ngoc 20235984

3) Ouput result:

- We choose i = 8, j = 3, therefore i – j = 5, and A[3] = 6, which is stored in a0 ( we can see it in the register
tab). Then the program load the value A[i-j] (which is now stored in a0) to B[8] ( meaning stores in the
memory 32 bytes away from the adress of B[0] – stored in a1)
Computer Architecture – Chapter 3 Assignment: ISA – Ngo Minh Ngoc 20235984

ASSIGMENT 4:

1) Code conversion and Explaination:

1. slli x30, x5, 2  x30 = f * 4;

( shifts the value in register x5 (which corresponds to variable f) to the left by 2 bits. In C, this is
equivalent to multiplying f by 4 (since shifting left by 2 bits is the same as multiplying by 22=42^2 =
422=4). The result is stored in register x30)
2. add x30, x10, x30  x30 = (int)&A[f]; // Address of A[f]
( the value in register x10 (base address of array A) is added to x30. This effectively calculates the address
A[f] since multiplying f by 4 gives the byte offset for an element of size 4 bytes)

3. slli x31, x6, 2  x31 = g * 4;

(shifts the value in register x6 (which corresponds to variable g) to the left by 2 bits. In C, this is
equivalent to multiplying g by 4)
4. add x31, x11, x31  x31 = (int)&B[g]; // Address of B[g]
(The base address of array B (x11) is added to x31. This calculates the address B[g])

5. lw x5, 0(x30)  f = A[f]; // Load the value of A[f] into f

(Load the value from the memory address in x30 into register x5. This means x5 now holds the value of
A[f])

6. addi x12, x30, 8  x12 = (int)&A[f + 2];

(This instruction adds 8 to the value in x30, storing the result in x12. Essentially, x12 now holds the
address A[f + 2])
7. lw x30, 0(x12)  x30 = A[f + 2];
(Load the value from the memory address stored in x12 into register x30. So, x30 now holds the value A[f
+ 2] )

8. add x30, x30, x5  x30 = A[f + 2] + f;

(Add the values in registers x30 and x5, storing the result in x30. This adds A[f + 2] to f)
9. lw x30, 0(x31)  x30 = B[g];
(Load the value from the memory address stored in x31 into register x30. So, x30 now holds the value
B[g])

2) The equivalent C code:

i = f // i and f are indexes

f = A[f]; // Change f: Load A[f] into f
int temp1 = A[i + 2]; // Load A[i + 2] (i=f before f change to A[f])
int temp2 = temp1 + f; // temp2 = A[i+2] + A[i]
int result = B[g]; // Load B[g]
Computer Architecture – Chapter 3 Assignment: ISA – Ngo Minh Ngoc 20235984

ASSIGMENT 5:

Find the format and the machine code of the following instruction: “sw x5,32(x30)”

1. Format and machine code:

2. My code

#Ngo Minh Ngoc 20235984

.text
li x5, 7
sw x5, 32(x30)

3. Verification:
Computer Architecture – Chapter 3 Assignment: ISA – Ngo Minh Ngoc 20235984

ASSIGMENT 6:

Write a program to:

- Input an iteger X from console

- Output to screen the appropriate string:
 “odd” if X is an odd number
 “even” if X is an even number

3. My code

# Ngo Minh Ngoc 20235984 -Bai 8

.data
string0: .asciz "even"
string1: .asciz "odd"

.text

main:
li a7, 5 # Input the desired number
ecall

li t0, 1
and t1, t0, a0

beq t1, zero, even

# print out the message if odd

li a7, 4
la a0, string1
ecall
j end
# print out the message if even
even:
li a7, 4
la a0, string0
ecall

end:
Computer Architecture – Chapter 3 Assignment: ISA – Ngo Minh Ngoc 20235984

4) Ouput result:
- Odd case:

- Even case:
Computer Architecture – Chapter 3 Assignment: ISA – Ngo Minh Ngoc 20235984

ASSIGMENT 7:

a) Write a sub program/function to:

- Get an integer X as input argument
- Output the absolute value of X
1. My code (the function)

abs:
# The integer X as input argument is stored in a0
bge a0, zero, finish # if the number is already positive  don’t need to change sign
sub a0, zero, a0 # else change sign of the number

finish:
jr ra #= # jump and return to the instruction behind jal

b) Use the above function to write a program that reads an input integer from input console, then calculate and
display the absolute value of that integer

2. My code

# Ngo Minh Ngoc 20235984 -Bai 9.1.2.3

.text

main:
li a7, 5 # Input the desired number
ecall

jal abs # jump and link to the abs function

# print the abs
li a7, 1
ecall

exit:
li a7, 10
ecall
end_main:

abs:
bge a0, zero, finish # if the number is already positive  don’t need to change sign
sub a0, zero, a0 # else change sign of the number

finish:
jr ra #= # jump and return to the instruction behind jal
Computer Architecture – Chapter 3 Assignment: ISA – Ngo Minh Ngoc 20235984

5) Ouput result:

c) Modify the above program so that it repeats the above process continuously until it reads the calue 0 from
input console

3. My code

# Ngo Minh Ngoc 20235984 -Bai 9.1.2.3

.text

main:
li a7, 5 # Input the desired number
ecall
beq a0, zero, exit # if a0 = 0 exit

jal abs # jump and link to the abs function

# print the abs
li a7, 1
ecall
# print the endline character
li a7, 11
li a0, 10
ecall

j main
exit:
li a7, 10
ecall
end_main:
Computer Architecture – Chapter 3 Assignment: ISA – Ngo Minh Ngoc 20235984

abs:
bge a0, zero, finish
sub a0, zero, a0

finish:
jr ra #= # jump and return to the instruction behind jal

6) Ouput result:
Computer Architecture – Chapter 3 Assignment: ISA – Ngo Minh Ngoc 20235984

ASSIGMENT 8:

- Write a program to read a positive value n from console, then calculate and print the sum of all numbers
from 1 to n
1. My code

# Ngo Minh Ngoc 20235984

.text
li a7, 5 #input n
ecall

li t0, 1 #Initialize the number i = 1

li s0, 0 #initialize sum = 0

loop:
add s0, s0, t0 #Sum += i
beq t0, a0, end_sum #If(i == n) --> Stop summing
addi t0, t0, 1 # i++
j loop

end_sum:

li a7, 1 # output sum

addi a0, s0, 0 # a0 = sum
ecall

2. Ouput result:
Computer Architecture – Chapter 3 Assignment: ISA – Ngo Minh Ngoc 20235984

- Implement the function of calculate sum as a procedure with below parameters:

- A7: n (upper boundery)
- A0: return value of (1+2+…+n)

3. The function (Not implemented in the whole program with main function yet)

sum_procedure:

li t0, 1 #Initialize the number i = 1

li a0, 0 #initialize sum = 0

loop:
add a0, a0, t0 #Sum += i
beq t0, a7, end_sum #If(i == n) --> Stop summing
addi t0, t0, 1 # i++
j loop

end_sum:

finish:
jr ra # jump and return to the instruction behind jal

The whole program with the implementation of the function:

# Ngo Minh Ngoc 20235984

.text
main:
li a7, 5 # input the number n
ecall

add a7, a0, zero # a7 = n (for the function parameter

jal sum_procedure

# print the sum

li a7, 1
ecall
exit:
li a7, 10
ecall
end_main:
Computer Architecture – Chapter 3 Assignment: ISA – Ngo Minh Ngoc 20235984

sum_procedure:

# li a7, 5 #input n
# ecall

li t0, 1 #Initialize the number i = 1

li a0, 0 #initialize sum = 0

loop:
add a0, a0, t0 #Sum += i
beq t0, a7, end_sum #If(i == n) --> Stop summing
addi t0, t0, 1 # i++
j loop

end_sum:

finish:
jr ra #= # jump and return to the instruction behind jal

2) Ouput result:

- Here we can see the program with the implementation of the Sum function print out the right
answer( input 5  output 15)
Computer Architecture – Chapter 3 Assignment: ISA – Ngo Minh Ngoc 20235984

ASSIGMENT 9:

- Develop a simple implementation of the strlen() function, write a program to input a tring (max of 255
chars) then print out its length

1. My code
2. # Ngo Minh Ngoc 20235984
3. .data
4. string: .space 255
5. message1: .asciz "Nhap xau: "
6. message2: .asciz "Do dai xau la: "
7.
8. .text
9.
10. main:
11. getstring:
12. # Print out "Nhap xau: "
13. li a7, 54
14. la a0, message1
15. la a1, string
16. li a2, 255
17. ecall
18.
19. get_length:
20. li t0,0 # set t0 stores i = count = 0 --> both to count character and to
index through the string
21. la a0, string # a0 stores the address of the input string
22.
23. add s0, a0, zero # Set s0 stores the address of string (string[0]), (since the
address is previously stored in a0 after "ecall"
24. check_char:
25. add t1, s0, t0 # t1 holds the address of string[i], t1 = address of string[0]
+ i
26. lb t2, 0(t1) # t2 holds the chacracter string[i] (whose address is stored in
t1)
27. beq t2, zero, end_of_str # branch to end the loop if NULL char is detected
28. # else
29. addi t0, t0, 1 # increment i, i++
30. j check_char # repeat the loop
31. end_of_str:
32. end_of_get_length:
33. print_length:
34. # Print out "Do dai xau la: "
35. li a7, 4
36. la a0, message2
37. ecall
Computer Architecture – Chapter 3 Assignment: ISA – Ngo Minh Ngoc 20235984

38.
39. addi t0, t0, -1
40.
41. # Print out the number of characters
42. li a7, 1
43. add a0, t0, zero
44. Ecall

2. Ouput result: