INTRODUCTION TO MODERN BIOLOGY MICROBIOLOGY  Photoautotrops in Photosynthesis (sunlight,

 Forensic Science water and carbon dioxide

 Application of science to answer questions regarding law  What is Microbiology?  Chemoautotrophs in Chemosynthesis (carbon
 Forensic Scientists? Provides scientific evidence for a  Study of microscopic organism (bacteria, virus, fungi and etc.) dioxide, water and chemicals )
crime
 Microbes  How do bacteria reproduce?
 Methods of Logical Thinking  Tiny living things found everywhere  Binary Fission- bacterium divides into two daughter
1. Inductive Reasoning cells. When conditions are favourable (rught temp and
More on guess/ assumption  BACTERIA nutrients) it can divide every 20 minutes.
Specific to General  Single-cell organism
2. Deductive Reasoning  TYPES?  Bacterial Diseases in Humans
More on factual w/ evidence 1. SPHERICALCocci (coccus-single)  Airborne Diseases (Upper Respiratory Tract)
General to Specific  e.g. streptococcus group”strep throat” 1. Streptococcal disease
 Streptococcus pyogenes
 Scientific Inquiry  Symptoms: Strep throat and Scarlet fever
 Approach to understand natural world and predict natural Transmission: Airborne Droplets
phenomena  Treatment: Penicillin or Clarithromycin
2. ROD-SHAPEDBacilli (Bacillus-single)
 Evidence? Success of science-based technology  Vibriocurved rod-shaped bacteria
2. Diphtheria
 Corynebacterium diphtheriae
 e.g. bacillus anthracis (arthrax)
 Methods of Scientific Inquiry  Symptoms: Sore throat, low grade fever
 Experiments and Hypothesis  Treatment: Antitoxins and Penicillin or erythromycin
 Organized procedure  Prevention: DTaP or Tdap vaccine
 Forming a Hypothesis 3. Pertussis (whopping cough)
 Suggested explanation: testable and falsifiable 3. SPIRALSpirilla (Spirillus-single)  Bordetella pertussis
 Experimental Design  Spirochetes spirilla with a very tight coil  Symptoms: Fever, increasingly sever cough (whoop)
 Experimental Variables  Diseases? Leptospirosis; Lyme disease; and Syphilis  Treatment: Erythromycin (does not shorten illness)
 results are accurate  Prevention:DTaP and Tdap vaccine
 Interpreting Results 4. Bacterial Meningitis
 Gathering data: Qualitative and Quantitative  Inflammation in brain and spinal chord
 Neisseria Meningitidis, Streptococcus pneumonia, or
 Interpret data: Drawing Conclusions
Haemophilus influenza
 BACTERIAL STRUCTURE  Symptoms: Headache, Rigid neck, vomiting and
 Types of Variable
sensitivity to bright lights
1. ManipulatedPurposely changed (independent)
 Treatment: Early diagnosis and penicillin,
2. Responding result of manipulated
cefotoxime, or ceftriaxone antibiotics
variable(dependent)
 Airborne Diseases (Lower Respiratory Tract)
3. Controlledconstant
1. Tuberculosis (TB)
 Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
 The Characteristics of Life
 Symptoms: Chronic cough, chest pain, and high
1. Adaptation through Evolution
fever.
2. Cellular organization
 Bacteria feed in different ways…  Treatment: Isoniazid, pyrazinamide, and rifampin
3. Growth and Development
4. Heredity  Heterotrophic bacteria (heterotrophs)- absorb dead requires six to nine months.
organic material  Prevention: BCG vaccine available in endemic areas.
5. Homeostasis (stability)
 Autotrophic bacteria (autotrophs) 2. "Typical" bacterial pneumonia
6. Metabolism (food and energy)
 make their own food  Streptococcus pneumoniae
7. Reproduction (Sexual and Asexual)
8. Response to Stimuli (irritability: reaction)
  Symptoms: Fever, sharp chest pains, cough and  Symptoms: chancre (primary), fever and flu-like  Corona Virus Replication and its Control
rustcolored sputum. illness along with a skin rash (secondary),  Virus enters a cell
 Treatment: Penicillin or erythromycin. gumma (tertiary)  Virus releases genetic code
 Prevention: Pneumococcal vaccine.  Infected pregnant women can transmit syphilis to  Genetic code converts to proteins
3. "Atypical" bacterial pneumonia the fetus (congenital syphilis).  Proteins make copies
 Mycoplasma pneumoniae 2. Gonorrhea  Viral parts get assembled
 Symptoms: Fever, dry cough, and diarrhea and  Neisseria gonorrhea.  Remdesivir blocks replication
vomiting.  Women symptoms: vaginal and urethral  Virus slows down
 Treatment: Erythromycin discharge of pus and burning during urination.
 Foodborne and Waterborne Bacterial Diseases  Salpingitis is a potential complication and pelvic  Viral Infection of the upper Respiratory Tract
1. Botulism inflammatory disease may develop. 1. Influenza
 food poisoning  Males may experience urethral inflammation, a  orthomyxoviruses: types A, B, and C.
 Clostridium botulinum. burning on urination, and discharge of pus.  Prevention: yearly vaccination
 Symptoms: blurred vision, slurred speech, and  Infected women can pass N. gonorrhea to the 2. SARS
difficulty swallowing and breathing. newborn during birth, causing gonococcal  coronavirus.
 Treatment: administration of an antitoxin. ophthalmia.  Symptoms: fever, headache, feeling of discomfort, and
 Patients often need to be placed on a ventilator. body aches. A dry cough and difficulty breathing often
2. Salmonella Typhi occur.
 bacillus  VIRUS  In severe illness, insufficient oxygen reaches the blood
 Symptoms: fever, abdominal pain, rose spots,  composed of nucleic acid (DNA and RNA) and mechanical ventilation is required.
lethargy, and delirium.  Genome is surrounded by protein capsid, which is usually 3. Herpes simplex
 Treatment: Typhoid vaccines are available and subdivided into capsomeres.  Symptoms: cold sores (HSV-1) and genital herpes
chloramphenicol is the antibiotic of choice.  Many viruses have an envelope surrounding the (primarily HSV-2).
3. Vibrio cholerae nucleocapsid  Treatment: Antiviral drugs
 infects the small intestines, producing an enterotoxin  Spikes are used for attachment to host cells  Neonatal herpes complication when transmitted from
 Symptoms: watery diarrhea and vomiting. mother to child
 Oral rehydration therapy  Viral Replication and its Control  Varicella-zoster. This virus causes:
o Chickenpox
 Soilborne and Arthropodborne Bacterial Diseases -shingles
1. Anthrax -treatment: Acyclovir
 Bacillus anthracis. o Measles virus
 Symptoms: boil-like lesions. -paramyxoviruses.
 Treatment: Ciprofloxacin has been the antibiotic of -Symptoms: Koplik spots are common along the gum line.
choice. o Mumps
2. Clostridium tetani -paramyxoviruses
 tetanus. -swollen parotid (salivary) glands.
 Treatment: Antitoxin and antibiotics -Complication: swelling of the testes (orchitis).
 Prevention: Vaccine
3. Leptospirosis
 Leptospira interrogans.
 Symptoms: flu-like symptoms.
 Treatment: Penicillin or doxycycline
 Sexually Transmitted, Contact, and Miscellaneous
Bacterial Diseases
1. Syphilis
 Treponema pallidum.
  FUNGI  Animals, water, air, food and objects  All living things are divided
 single celled or very complex multicellular organisms  Vector
 Bacteria  Contact
 Types of Fungi
 Living organism
 Multicellular filamentous molds NOTE
 Macroscopic filamentous fungi that form large  Carry out function of nutrition, interaction and reproduction  Fungi
fruiting bodies.  Unicellular- one-single cell  Essential for Human Being and Planet
 Mushrooms- fruiting bocy  Prokaryotic cell- w/o nucleus  Produce food and medicine
 Single celled microscopic yeasts  Live in any environment  Vital processes in many Biomes
 Multicellular filamentous molds  Others are Decomposers  Pathogens
 made up of very line threads (hyphae)  Bacteria Structure  Bacteria or virus that cause diseases
 mycelium- network of threads formed by hyphae
 Macroscopic filamentous fungi  Flagellum
 Similarities and Differences of Bacteria and Virus
 grow by producing a mycelium below ground.  Membrane Cell-cover
 Produce visible fruiting bodies- mushrooms of  Ribosome
toadstools  Cytoplasm
 Nucleoid- Genetic material
 Fungal Diseases on Humans  Types of Bacteria
1. Ringworm 1. Bacilli Bacteria- Rod-shaped
 fungus. 2. Cocci Bacteria- Round shape
 circular rash 3. Spirilla Bacteria- Spiral S-shape
 Medical terms: "tinea" or "dermatophytosis."  Vector
 Location-based names: "athlete's foot."  Water, air, sneezing and coughing
2. Candidiasis  Treatment
 Candida.  Antibiotics- only when prescribed
 Vaginal yeast infection- Candidiasis in the vagina Intestinal-flora bacteria- bacteria necessary to the
 Thrush or oropharyngeal candidiasis- Candidiasis in BIOCHEMISTRY
body  MICROMOLECULES
the mouth and throat
 Esophageal candidiasis- Candidiasis in the  small and low molecular weight molecules
esophagus; most common infections in people living  Building blocks of macromolecules
 FUNGI
with HIV/AIDS  Not animals or plants  Easily dissolve in intracellular fluid
 Living organisminteraction, reproduction and  “Food molecules”
MICROORGANISM SUMMARY-(VIDEO) nutrition  Examples:
 Unicellular (Yeast)  Inorganic Compounds:
 Virus  Multicellular (Mushroom or Mold) w/ Hypass -Water and Minerals
 Non-living organism Hyphas cells grouped together to form long thins
 Monomers
 Cannot reproduce by themselves string
SporesFungi reproduce  Vitamins
 Host is needed to reproduce
 Known as infectious agent  Formd by one or many Eukaryotic cells
 Contain no chlorophyll  Monomers
 Virus Structure
 Don’t form tissues but Hyphas  A molecule that can be bonded to other identical
  Usually found under the ground molecules to form a polymer.
  Some produce antibiotic to fight bacterial infection  Examples?
 Some has outer wrapping cover (e.g. Penicillin Alexander Fleming)
 Air, Plants and Water  Sugar
 Vector  Combined together to form carbohydrates
 Fungi Kingdom
 Carrier of a virus that can infect other organism
  Contains only carbon, hydrogen and oxygen  Minerals  Main groups of carbohydrates
 From the family of molecule called saccharides  Elements that the human body uses to function properly.  Monosaccharides: One
 Glucose (C6H12O6): most important  Examples?  aldehyde group (R-CHO)-->aldose
micromolecules that form carbohydrates  Calcium  ketone group (RC(=O) R’
 Amino Acids  Maintains strong bones and teeth  Glucose, Fructose, Galactose
 Amino acid micromolecules joined together to  Sources: yogurt, cheese and milk  Disaccharides: Two
form a protein.  Iron  Sucrose (saccharose)
 Either essential ot Non-essential  Responsible for the creation of hemoglobin and Glucose + fructose
 20 Essential Amino Acids myoglobin  Lactose
 Glycerol  Sources: Eggs, dried foods, and leafy greens Galactose + glucose
 a 3-carbon organic compound that has an alcohol  Potassium  Maltose
group.  Helps regulate fluid balance inside the cells, Glucose + glucose
 acts as the backbone for triglycerides and muscle contractions, and nerve signals  Trehalose
phospholipids.  Sources: Dried fruits, tree fruits, and leafy greens Glucose + glucose
 Fatty Acids  Iodine  Cellobiose
 the main building block of complex lipids  Responsible for the creation of thyroid hormones Glucose + glucose
 Provide energy to the body  Sources: Eggs, seafood, and yogurt  Oligosaccharides
 Can be saturated or unsaturated  Zinc  2-10 units of monosaccharides
 Saturated Fatty Acids  Helps in creating DNA, healing damaged tissues,  Galacto-Oligosaccharide
-Have no double bonds between carbon and supporting immune system  Polysaccharides
atoms  Sources: Legumes, meat and oysters  “Poly” means many
-Butter  more than 20 monosaccharide units
 Unsaturated Fatty Acids  MACROMOLECULES  Proteins
-Have one or more double bonds  Large molecules and appear in colloidal state  Involved in all cellular FUNCTIONS
-Olive Oil  Have very complex molecular structure  Monomers: Amino Acids, 20 types
 Nucleotide  Created by Polymerization of smaller subunits  Polymers: Polypeptides
 Subunits of DNA and RNA  They don’t dissolve in intracellular fluids
 Some have roles in metabolism.  Exampless:  Lipids
 Examples?  Carbohydrates  Energy storage, membrane formation, steroid function
 Adenine  Lipids  All hydrophobic
 Cytosine  Proteins  No real monomers
 Guanine  Nucleic Acids  Glycerol and Fatty Acids
 Thymine
 Uracil  Carbohydrates  Nucleic Acid
 Main energy source for all organisms  Store, transmit and express genetic information
 Most abundant biomolecules in nature  Monomers: Nucleotides
 Water
 An inorganic micro molecule found in its freeform  Energy source  Polymers: Polynucleotides
 Essential for every living organism.  Cn(H2O)n
 Monomer: Monosacaccharides  20 ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS
 Sugar 1. Alanine
2. Arginine
 3. Asparagine  Chromosomes  Gene therapy
4. Cysteine  DNA is tightly coiled around proteins and it’s packed into a  An experimental technique that uses genes to treat or prevent
5. Glutamic acid structures called chromosomes. disease.
6. Glycine
 Phenotype  Friedrich Miescher – first to identify DNA
7. Hystidine  Outward appearance, or characteristics of the organism  Rosalind Franklin – X-ray photo of DNA
8. Isoleucine depending upon genes.  Watson and Crick – described the DNA molecule from
9. Leucine Franklin’s X-ray
10. Lysine  Genotype
11. Methionine  Set of genes in our DNA which are responsible for the  Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) – heredity material in humans and
12. Phenylalanine phenotype. almost all other organisms.
 5-carbon Sugar – regardless of the nucleotide, the sugar is
13. Proline
 Punnett Square always the same.
14. Serine  show the possible combinations of genes that offspring
15. Proline  RNA Structure
16. Serine  Mitosis  Single-stranded
17. Threonine  process of cell duplication, in which one cell divides into two  Sugar molecules in RNA are ribose sugars
18. Tryptophan genetically identical daughter cells.  Base thymine is not found in RNA
19. Tyrosine  Nitrogen base called uracil is found in its place
 Meiosis
20. Valine
 a type of cell division that reduces the number of  3 Types of RNA
chromosomes in the parent cell by half and produces four 1. Messenger RNA (mRNA) – copies the message from DNA
GENETICS gamete cells.
 The study of heredity and variation in organisms. and brings it to the ribosomes located in the cytoplasm.
 A person who studies genetics is known as a geneticist. 2. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) – component of the ribosomes
 Gregor Johan Mendel 3. Transfer RNA (tRNA) – picks up amino acids
 Father of genetics
 Heredity  Green Pea Plant
 is a biological process where a parent passes certain genes  Transcription
onto their children or offspring  performed by enzymes called RNA polymerases
1. The Law of Segregation – Each inherited trait is defined by a gen
pair.  The Genetic Code
 Trait 2. The Law of Independent Assortment – Genes for different traits are
 is a specific characteristics that affects the way we look and  George Gamow
sorted separately from one another so that the inheritance of one trait is -proposed that a group of 333 nucleotides in a gene might
how our bodies function. not dependent on the inheritance of another.
 Dominant Trait code for one amino acid in a protein.
3. The Law of Dominance – An organism with alternate forms of
-always expressed, or shown. Ex. Brown hair, brown gene will express the form is dominant.
eyes, right handed Genetic Mutations
 Recessive Trait  Changes in the genetic sequence, and they are a main cause of
 FOUR MAJOR SUBDIVISIONS OF GENETICS diversity among organisms.
-covered up or seems to disappear. Ex. Blonde hair, blue
1. Classical, or Mendelian, genetics – A discipline that describes how  Missense mutations – a change in one DNA base pair that
eyes, left handed physical characteristics (traits) are passed along from one generation to results in the substitution of one amino acid for another in
another. protein made by a gene.
 Gene 2. Molecular genetics – The study of the chemical and physical
 unit of heredity material that controls a certain trait.  Nonsense mutations – also a change in one DNA base pair
structures of DNA, its close cousin RNA, and proteins.  Silent mutation – do not affect the structure or function of
3. Population genetics – A division of genetics that looks at the genetic the protein because the is no effect on the amino acid
 Gametes makeup of larger groups.
 Reproductive cells or sex cells sequence
4. Quantitative genetics – A highly mathematical field that examines
the statistical relationships between genes and the traits they encode.
  Insertion or Deletion – an insertion changes the number of  1973- Unrestricted Access to Abortion (Roe Vs Wade)  In 2013, the first time lab grown meat is made from
DNA bases in a gene by adding a piece of DNA. A  1976- First "Right to Die" Case (Karen Ann Quilan) muscle cells has been cooked and tasted.
deletion removes a piece of DNA.  1978- Test Tube Baby (Louise Joy Brown) 3. Assisted Reproductive Technologies
 Duplication – consists of a piece of DNA that is
 1981- First AIDS in USA  Fertility treatment
abnormally copied one of more times. This alter the
function of the resulting protein.  1990- "Right to Die Case" (Nancy Cruzan)  Types?
 1992- Right to abortion to any time of pregnancy  Artificial Insemination- safe, effective, and
 Consequences of Mutations  1996- Dolly the sheep; first cloned mammal economical method for achieving pregnancy
1. Genetic Disorder – caused by a mutation in one or a few genes.  1997- Oregon Voters approve death with dignity despite infertility. (e.g. ICI and IUI)
2. Cancer – caused by mutations in genes that regulate the cell cycle.  1999- Dr Jack Kevorkian is convicted for the Voluntary  In Vitro Fertilization- most effective ; it helped
Euthanasia more than 60,000 women achieve pregnancy
 Applied Genetics
 2001- President Bush permited the funding on STEM every year.
 manipulation of the heredity characteristics of an organism to
improve or create specific traits in offspring. CELL RESEARCH 4. Pre-implantation Genetic Diagnosis
 2003- Human Genome Project; First complete draft of  1989- Alan Handyside, American embryologist and
 Breed Human DNA geneticists
 a selective group of organism within a species that have been  2003- Partial-Birth Abortion Ban  provides an alternative to prenatal diagnosis and
for particular characteristics  2005- Terri Schiavo another right to die case potential pregnancy termination for couples at risk of
 2005- US supreme court upholds Partial Birth Abortion passing serious genetic disorders to their offspring
 Inbreeding
Ban Act 5. Synthetic Biology
 mating between closely related individual
 term introduced in two publications by biologists
 Hybrid  BIOETHICAL PRINCIPLES Stephane Leduc
 offspring of parents with different forms of trait. 1. Autonomy- Respecting the rights of individuals  uses computer-assisted biological engineering to
2. Beneficence- Acting in the patient’s best interest create new synthetic biological parts, devices, and
 Genetic Engineering 3. Non-Maleficence: Do no harm systems that are not found in nature
 reliable method for increasing the frequently of a specific 4. Justice: Fairness in healthcare 6. Reproductive Cloning
allele in a population.
 German Biologist Hans Driesch
 Recombinant DNA  SCOPES OF BIOETHICS  production of a genetic duplicate of an existing
 made by connecting or recombining fragments of DNA from 1. Human Genome Project organism
different organisms  1986- Renato Dulbecco
 Goal?  BIOETHICAL ISSUES
BIOETHICS  identify all the genes in human DNA and map 1. Abortion
 Ethical issues and principles when dealing with new out their locations 2. Euthanasia
developments in medicine and biological science  sequences the 3 billion chemical base pairs in 3. Eugenics
 Introduced by Van Rensselaer Potter human DNA 4. Human Cloning
 Bios – life; Ethos – behaviour  understanding gene functions 5. Stem Cell Research
 developing tools and technologies to manage and
 TIMELINE analyze this genetic information
 1968- Brain Death Standard for organ transplant (Harvard 2. Stem Cell Research
Univ)  It is the hope for new treatments for diseases such as
 1971- A Defense to Abortion (Judith Jarvis Thompson) diabetes, spinal cord injury, Parkinson's disease and
 1972- Depression-Era Tuskegee Syphilis Study (Greatest myocardial infarction
Ethical Breaches)