CSE 2205

Microprocessors, Microcontrollers and

Assembly Language Presented by
Mohiuddin Ahmed

Microprocessors Lecturer
Department of CSE
RUET
EVOLUTION OF
MICROPROCESSORS

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4-BIT
MICROPROCESSORS

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INTEL 4004
Introduced in 1971.

It was the first

microprocessor by Intel.

It was a 4-bit µP.

Its clock speed was

740KHz.

It had 2,300 transistors.

It could execute around

60,000 instructions per
second. 5
INTEL 4040

Introduced in 1974.
It was also 4-bit µP.

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8-BIT
MICROPROCESSORS

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INTEL 8008

Introduced in 1972.
It was first 8-bit µP.
Its clock speed was 500
KHz.
Could execute 50,000
instructions per second.

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INTEL 8080
Introduced in 1974.
It was also 8-bit µP.
Its clock speed was 2
MHz.
It had 6,000 transistors.
Was 10 times faster than
8008.
Could execute 5,00,000
instructions per second.
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INTEL 8085
Introduced in 1976.
It was also 8-bit µP.
Its clock speed was 3 MHz.

Its data bus is 8-bit and

address bus is 16-bit.
It had 6,500 transistors.

Could execute 7,69,230

instructions per second.
It could access 64 KB of
memory. 10

It had 246 instructions.

16-BIT
MICROPROCESSORS

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 Introduced in 1978.
INTEL 8086
It was first 16-bit µP.

Its clock speed is 4.77 MHz, 8

MHz and 10 MHz, depending on
the version.

Its data bus is 16-bit and

address bus is 20-bit.

It had 29,000 transistors.

Could execute 2.5 million

instructions per second.

It could access 1 MB of memory.

It had 22,000 instructions.

It had Multiply and Divide 12
instructions.
INTEL 8088

Introduced in 1979.

It was also 16-bit µP.

It was created as a cheaper

version of Intel’s 8086.

It was a 16-bit processor with

an 8-bit external bus.

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INTEL 80186 & 80188

Introduced in 1982.
They were 16-bit µPs.
Clock speed was 6 MHz.

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INTEL 80286

Introduced in 1982.

It was 16-bit µP.

Its clock speed was 8 MHz.

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32-BIT
MICROPROCESSORS

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INTEL 80386

Introduced in 1986.

It was first 32-bit µP.

Its data bus is 32-bit and
address bus is 32-bit.
It could address 4 GB of
memory.

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INTEL 80486

Introduced in 1989.

It was also 32-bit µP.

It had 1.2 million transistors.
Its clock speed varied from 16
MHz to 100 MHz depending
upon the various versions.

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INTEL PENTIUM

Introduced in 1993.

It was also 32-bit µP.

It was originally named 80586.

Its clock speed was 66 MHz.

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INTEL PENTIUM PRO

Introduced in 1995.
It was also 32-bit µP.
INTEL PENTIUM II

Introduced in 1997.
It was also 32-bit µP.

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INTEL PENTIUM II XEON

Introduced in 1998.

It was also 32-bit µP.

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INTEL PENTIUM III

Introduced in 1999.
It was also 32-bit µP.

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INTEL PENTIUM IV

Introduced in 2000.

It was also 32-bit µP.

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INTEL DUAL CORE

Introduced in 2006.
It is 32-bit or 64-bit µP.
It has two cores.
Both the cores have there
own internal bus and L1
cache, but share the external
bus and L2 cache

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64-BIT
MICROPROCESSORS

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INTEL CORE 2 DUO

Introduced in 2006.
It is a 64-bit µP.

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INTEL CORE i3

Introduced in 2008.
It is a 64-bit µP.

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INTEL CORE i5

Introduced in 2009.
It is a 64-bit µP.

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INTEL CORE i7

Introduced in 2010.
It is a 64-bit µP.

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Internal Architecture of 8086 Microprocessor

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 Internal Architecture of 8086 Microprocessor
❖ It has mainly two functional parts. Dividing the works between two units speeds up the processing.

❖ Bus Interface Unit: Main function of BIU is divided into three sections.

1) Calculating the 20-bit physical address.

2) Provide the interface with memory and I/O devices.

3) Provide pipelining by pre-fetching instructions and stored in the instruction queue.

❖ The BIU sends out addresses, fetches instructions from memory, reads data from ports and memory,
and writes data to ports and memory.

❖ BIU handles all transfers of data and addresses on the buses for the execution unit.

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 Internal Architecture of 8086 Microprocessor
❖ Execution Unit: The execution unit of 8086 tells the BIU where to fetch instructions or data,
decodes instructions, and executes instructions

1) Process the instructions or data provided by the BIU.

2) Stores the result in the internal registers.

3) Update the offset address of the registers and status flags.

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Types of Registers in the 8086 Microprocessor

❖ Data Registers – AX, BX, CX, DX

❖ Segment Registers – CS, DS, SS, ES
❖ Pointers and Index Registers – IP, BP, SP, SI, DI
❖ Flags or Status Register

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 Data Registers
• AX (Accumulator)
It is used in arithmetic, logic and data transfer instructions in 8086
microprocessors. In multiplication and division, one of the
numbers involved must be in AX or AL.
15 7 0
• BX (Base Register) AX AH AL
BX register is an address register. It usually contains a data
pointer used for based, based indexed or register indirect BX BH BL
addressing. CX CH CL
DX DH DL
• CX (Count register)
This serves as a loop counter. Program loop constructions are
facilitated by it. Count register can also be used as a counter in
string manipulation and shift/rotate instruction.

• DX (Data Register)
DX is data register. The two parts are DH and DL. This register
can be used in Multiplication, Input/output addressing etc.
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Segment Registers
▪ Code Segment (CS) Register:
CS holds the base address for the
Code Segment. All programs are
stored in the Code Segment and
accessed via the IP.
▪ Data Segment (DS) Register:
DS holds the base address for the
Data Segment.
▪ Stack Segment (SS) Registers:
The SS is used to store the
information about the memory
segment. The operations of the SS are
mainly Push and Pop.
▪ Extra Segment (ES) Register:
By default, the control of the
compiler remains in the DS where
the user can add and modify the
instructions. If there is less space
in that segment, then ES is used.
ES is also used for copying
purpose.
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 Pointers and Index Registers
▪ IP (Instruction Pointer)
It is a 16-bit register. It holds offset of the next instructions in the Code Segment.

▪ SP (Stack Pointer)
This is stack pointer register pointing to program stack. It is used in conjunction with SS for accessing the
stack segment. It is of 16 bits. It points to the topmost item of the stack.

▪ BP (Base Pointer)
This is base pointer register pointing to data in stack segment. Unlike SP, we can use BP to access data in the
other segments. It is of 16 bits. It is primarily used in accessing parameters passed by the stack. Its offset
address is relative to the stack segment.

▪ SI (Source Index)
This is source index register which is used to point to memory locations in the data segment addressed by
DS. Thus, when we increment the contents of SI, we can easily access consecutive memory locations. It is of 16
bits. Its offset is relative to the data segment.

▪ DI (Destination Index)
This is destination index register performs the same function as SI. There is a class of instructions called
string operations, that use DI to access the memory locations addressed by ES
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 Segment and Offset Address
Segment Address:
• The content of a segment register is called as segment address.

Offset Address:
• The offset address is a location within a 64K-byte segment range.
• It is also called the displacement from the base address

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 Physical and Logical Address
Physical Address:
• The physical address is the 20-bit address that is actually put on the address
pins of the 8086 microprocessor and decoded by the memory interfacing
circuitry.

Logical Address:
• The logical address consists of a segment value and an offset address.
• Represented by Segment:Offset

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 Physical Address Calculation
Physical Address = Segment ×10h+Offset

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 Flags Register
The Flag register is a Special Purpose Register. Depending upon the value of result after
any arithmetic and logical operation the flag bits become set (1) or reset (0).

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Thank
You

12/9/2023 41