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Management

Time grid diagram benefits:-

The diagram is showing the time relationship among activities . So it is possible by
looking at the diagram to make any changes or amendments in arranging some
activities in order to get a better distribution for the labour , materials or equipment.

Normal diagram:-
It is a diagram for performing some project by using the critical path method by net
work diagram or grid diagram. And by choosing speed progress for each activity to
reach a minimum possible cost , which depend on the following:-
1-providing materials.
2-the number of available workers or the number that gives the highest efficiency.
3-the number and type of equipment needed to perform the activity.

Immediate diagram:-
When there is a need for reducing the duration of completion of a project for any
reason . The reducing of time period would be by what is called immediate diagram
in which the following steps should be followed:-
1-incresing the speed of providing materials.
2-incresing the number of workers which may lead to reducing the efficiency of each
worker.
3-assigned additional work as overtime .
4-increasing the number of equipment that located for the activities that are located
on the critical path with taking in to account the productivity for each equipment.

Following the steps above will lead to increase the cost of the activities that subjected
to the immediate diagram in order to reduce the duration of completion of the project
,the activities that are located on the critical path must be chosen to be performed by
using the immediate diagram. The increment in cost for reducing the unit time for the
activity or the activities that located on the critical path is called cost slope .Which
are calculated as dinar per hour or day , or dollar per hour or day.

The engineer and the construction economy:-

The designer engineer should be also performing engineer with experience about the
available and new equipment that may reduce cost and time period of performance.
And to have the knowledge about the manner and methods of performance and he’s

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responsible of making a study for reducing the cost of project by deleting some costy
items without affecting the quality of the project.

The cost of any project is divided in to the following:-

1-the cost of used materials.
2-the cost of labour.
3-the cost of equipment.
4- reserved expenses and engineering supervision.

In certain cases if the designer used some materials that are not available in the
project region and of high cost , the imported materials could be replaced with local
that are available in the region . The cost of labour could be controlled by using them
according to the nature of construction

The recommendations that the engineer could use for reducing the
project cost:-
1-maximizing the design of concrete similar parts to enable to re-use the frame work.
2-ease the design of concrete structures.
3-design the structure the way that decrease the number of equipment used in the
project and to ease the method of performance .
4-the deletion of special and un necessary requirements .
5-design the way that enable the use of minimum number of labour.
6-setting the type of labour according to the type of work.
7-providing the required information clearly.
8-never give a chance to the contractor to make any assumptions about his
responsibility for giving the required information for the designer engineer or that he
is responsible of appropriate design.
9-using the local materials whenever it is possible.
10-giving the required specifications in simple clear way with the expected results
within reasonable limits . and giving a chance for choosing the method of
performance to reach the desired results.
11-using the standards that are familiar for the contractor .
12-helding meetings with the contractors before submitting the bids to clarify some
mysterious points about the project and to reduce the expected variation orders during
performance.
13-using good supervisors with experience and competence to carry out the suitable
decisions to make the performance continuous.

Engineering evaluation:-
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It is a specialized engineering branch . The main duties of the resident engineer are to
give a general plan for reducing the cost of the project and its duration.
Usually evaluation process is made on one or two stages as following:-

First stage:-after the completion of the design , specifications and schedules and
before the announcement to the contractors in order to make some changes in the
used materials to reduce the cost without affecting the quality of project.

Second stage:- the contractor will make engineering evaluation under the supervision
of engineers or by one of specialized offices for engineering evaluation study
according to the request of the contractor .

Project supervision:-
1-controlling the project during supervision by provision of the reports to the general
administration from the performing side of the project . the report could be either on
weekly or monthly bases , and it shows the full accurate details for performing each
activity ,therefore the obstacles could be examined and be solved , so that the work
will continue with the usual speed allocated .The real progress of work will be set in
the reports.

2-The supervisor should diagnose any problem from the beginning and take
appropriate steps for solving them before enlarging.

3-one of a good means in managing projects is holding continuous meetings between

the project officials and head sections for circulating the problems in the project and
solving them properly.

Using wireless communications in supervising projects:-

Type of wireless communicating apparatus of two directions:-
1-Portable.
2-Mobile.
3-Base station.

The benefits of using wireless communications:-

1-secure a fast communication between the main department and the supervising
department in work site and also for important persons.

2-reducing the time of the general project supervisor in supervising process the
other sites.

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3-reduce time and cost by increasing production.

4-enable to transfer equipment quickly from site to another.

5-ease the communications with the store of spare parts.

6-ease the means of distribution of materials on different locations of the site.

7-secure a good communication means between the mixing place and casting of
concrete.

8-secure the fast calls with first aid or ambulance in case of accidents.

A model for organization structure for a project showing the

relationship among the main sections

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cnstruction
company

foreign affairs general employer

supervisor engineer

project shopping
main observer
engineer agent

carpenters steel work aggregate concrete chief of store

controler controler controler controler electricals controler

production mixing and

carpenters steel workers electricals michanicals
team casting teams

How to prepare engineering evaluation study:-

There are many questions needs answers before making any evaluation study :-

1-what is the project.

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2-what is the purpose of the project.

3-how much does it cost.

4-what are the possible adjustments.

5-what do these adjustments cost.

6-what is the effect of these adjustments on the time period of the project.

Some objections of the contractors about the engineering evaluation

and adjustments for a project:-

1-how such study may affect the project cost.

2-how such study may affect the period time of the project.

3-how such study may affect the relationship between the contractor and the
employer.

4-how such study may affect the relationship between the contractor and the
engineer.

5-what is the possibility approving the proposed adjustments by the employer.

Planning and management:-

in order to prepare planning before starting the project , these notes must be
considered( notes studied by the contractor before submitting the tender):-

1-the time required for processing materials.

2-the types , number and time required for providing equipment.

3-type and number of workers required and time needed for that.
4-to what extent the project need financial assistance.

5-time required for completion the project.

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The contractor and project economy:-

The most important features of the contractor are:-

1-non absolute agreement with the proposed scheme and methods of performance.

2-being informed about the latest existed equipment and methods of performance.

The observations that could be taken in to account by the contractor

to reduce the cost of a project:-

1-studying the site and project before submitting of bids to know the effect of the
following:-
a-region topography.
b-geology (classes of the ground ).
c-weather ( climatic conditions).
d-source of materials.
e-site entrances.
f-housing services if necessary.
g-source of processing workers.
h-local services.

2-the use of alternative equipment of highest speed and efficiency with minimum
operating cost.
3-paying cash bonuses for certain people in addition to their wages to increase the
speed of performance.
4-the possibility of using wireless communications.
5-holoding periodic meetings among the officials of the project.
6-practicing the security guaranties in the site to reduce accidents.
7-giving some parts of the project to sub contractors which are more specialized in
order to speed up the performance and reduce its cost.
8-ensure a good maintenance unit for the equipment used in the project.

Resource allocation:-
Scheduling the resources is one of the important things that need to be taken in to
account during the planning for any project. The following table shows a model used
to allocate the type and number of workers needed for a project.
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Number Type of workers activity

needed
1 Worker observer Moving to site
1 mechanical
2 Track driver
1 Crain driver
1

workers
1 Worker observer Empting site
1 Tractor driver
4 workers

1 Worker observer Structures of

culvert water
discharge
4 carpenter
2 Steel worker
1 Tractor driver
1 Track driver
6 workers

1 Worker observer excavations

7 Tractor driver
2 Grader driver
1 water track driver
1 mechanical
2 workers

1 Worker observer paving

1 Cement provider
1 Aggregate provider
1 Shovel driver
1 Shovel lubricator
1 Aggregate track
driver
6 Water track driver
1 Frame work puller
1 Ground grader
driver
1 Paving track driver
1 ‫سائق الفارشة‬
1 Concrete polisher
driver

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2 Concrete polisher
8 workers

1 Worker observer Cleaning site

1 Grader driver
1 Track driver
3
workers
1 Worker observer Leaving site
2 Track driver
1 Crain driver
1 Crain lubricator
3 workers

This manner is used to ensure the continuity of work in the project with suitable
speed of performance. The exact type and quantity of resources should be known at
the exact dates when there is a need for them .
Analyses the information that generated from the critical path enable the construction
manager to know in advance which resources are required to be secured at certain
dates ,also to know the dates of ending the need for them .So that they could be used
in other projects .

Project financing:-

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The work schedule is used to estimate the amounts that the contractor should prepare
to perform the project during construction.
In the construction contracts a percentage of the value of performed work is paid for
the contractor monthly. When the project is finished the discounts will be returned to
the contractor, ( 10%) of the performed work from illustrating the construction
programs we can know the exact expenses and the used amounts at any time.

Feedback:-
It is descriptive , quantitative and qualitative reports that determine the level of work ,
and its considered as essential means for controlling of performance.
Controlling is linked to the plan of taking decisions .The continuous organized
planning for feedback provide a full sufficient performance where provides a follow-
up for the activities which will facilitate the speed of dealing with the changes taken
place on the project and discovering the errors before they take place and to take a
direct action about them.

Controlling system:-
The steps followed in designing a sufficient controlling system:-
1-analyses the problem and identify the requirements .
2-putting design standards.
3-setting various alternatives and evaluate them according to scientific and economic
terms.
4-sellecting among alternatives and choosing the suitable one that achieve the
optimum requirements to full the need of effective controlling system.

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