SURDS, INDICES, LOGRITHM

Surds

1 √𝑥 2 𝑦 2 𝑧 = 𝑥𝑦√𝑧, e.g., √180 = √32 × 22 × 5 = 3 × 2 × √5

3
2 𝒙 = √𝑥 2 , 𝒙 = √𝑥 3

𝑎 √𝑎
3 √𝑎 × 𝑏 = √𝑎 × √𝑏 4 √𝑏 =
√𝑏
𝑏 𝑏 √𝑥 𝑏 √𝑥 𝑐 𝑐 𝑐(√𝑚+√𝑛)
= × = √𝑚+√𝑛
5 √𝑥 √𝑥 √𝑥 𝑥 6 = × =
√𝑚−√𝑛 √𝑚−√𝑛 √𝑚+√𝑛 𝑚−𝑛

7 √𝑎 + 𝑏 ≠ √𝑎 + √𝑏 8 √𝑎 − 𝑏 ≠ √𝑎 − √𝑏

Indices
𝑎𝑚
1 𝑎𝑚 × 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚+𝑛 2 = 𝑎𝑚−𝑛
𝑎𝑛

𝑎𝑚 𝑎 𝑚
3 𝑎𝑚 × 𝑏 𝑚 = (𝑎 × 𝑏)𝑚 4 = (𝑏 )
𝑏𝑚

5 (𝑎𝑚 )𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚𝑛 6 𝑎0 = 1

1 𝑎 −𝑛 𝑎𝑚
7 𝑎−𝑛 = 𝑎𝑛 8 =
𝑎 −𝑚 𝑎𝑛
1 𝑚 𝑚
𝑛 𝑛
9 𝑎𝑛 = √𝑎
𝑛 10 √𝑎𝑚 = 𝑎 𝑛 = ( √𝑎)

11 (𝑎 + 𝑏)𝑚 ≠ 𝑎𝑚 + 𝑏 𝑚 , e.g., (𝑎 + 𝑏)2 = 𝑎2 + 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2

𝑎 −𝑚 𝑏 𝑚
12 ( ) =( )
𝑏 𝑎
Logarithm

1 Logarithmic form: log 𝑎 𝑁 = 𝑝 𝑁 > 0, 𝑎 > 0, 𝑎 ≠ 1. Index form: 𝑎𝑃 = 𝑁.

𝑥
2 log 𝑎 𝑥 + log 𝑎 𝑦 = log 𝑎 𝑥𝑦 3 log 𝑎 𝑥 − log 𝑎 𝑦 = log 𝑎
𝑦

1
4 log 𝑎 𝑥 𝑘 = 𝑘 log 𝑎 𝑥 5 log 𝑎 𝑥 = − log 𝑎 𝑥

log𝑐 𝑏 1
6 log 𝑎 𝑏 = 7 log 𝑎 𝑏 = log
log𝑐 𝑎 𝑏𝑎

8 log 𝑎 𝑎 = 1 9 log 𝑎 1 = 0

10 lg 𝑥 = log10 𝑥 11 ln 𝑥 = log 𝑒 𝑥

𝑀2 𝑃4
12 Single logarithm: 2 log 𝑎 𝑀 − 3 log 𝑎 𝑁 + 4 log 𝑎 𝑃 = log 𝑎
𝑁3

13 𝑒 𝑙𝑛 𝑥 = 𝑥 10lg 𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑎log𝑎 𝑥 = 𝑥

1
 ALGEBRA
1. (a) Remainder Theorem (b) Factor Theorem
For 𝑓(𝑥) = … … divided by (𝑥 + 𝑎), For 𝑓(𝑥) = … … divided by (𝑥 + 𝑎),
𝑅 = 𝑓(−𝑎). 𝑅 = 𝑓(−𝑎).
If 𝑅 = 0, (𝑥 + 𝑎) is a factor.
2. 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟒 is a factor of 𝒇(𝒙),
then (𝑥 − 1) is a factor of 𝑓(𝑥)
and (𝑥 − 4) is a factor of 𝑓(𝑥).
3. To factorize a cubic expression 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒂𝒙𝟑 + 𝒃𝒙𝟐 + 𝒄𝒙 + 𝒅
Step 1: Try 𝑓(2) = 0, (𝑥 − 2) is a factor.
Step 2: Divide 𝑓(𝑥) by (𝑥 − 2).
Step 3: 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 − 2)(𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐)
= (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 𝑝)(𝑥 + 𝑞)
4. Shape of curve:

Linear Quadratic Cubic

+𝑥 2 −𝑥 2 +𝑥 3 −𝑥 3
5. Forming equation:

−1 5
−1 1 3

−10

Roots: −1 and 5 Roots: −1, 1 and 3

→ (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 5) = 0 → (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 3) = 0
→ 2(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 5) = 0 → 3(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 3) = 0
𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛: ∴ 𝑓(𝑥) = 2(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 5) 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛: ∴ 𝑓(𝑥) = 3(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 3)

6. (i) 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 − 𝑎)(𝑥 − 𝑏) (ii) 𝑔(𝑥) = (𝑥 − 𝑎)(𝑥 − 𝑏)(𝑥 − 𝑐)

= 𝑥 2 + … … … … + (−𝑎)(−𝑏) = 𝑥 3 + … … … … + (−𝑎𝑏𝑐)

2
 QUADRATIC EQUATION
❶ Completing Square
Minimum curve Maximum curve

𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐴(𝑥 + 𝐵)2 + 𝐶 𝑓(𝑥) = −𝐴(𝑥 + 𝐵)2 + 𝐶

• Minimum value of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐶 • Maximum value of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐶
when 𝑥 = −𝐵 when 𝑥 = −𝐵
1 1 1 1
• Maximum value of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐶 • Minimum value of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐶
when 𝑥 = −𝐵 when 𝑥 = −𝐵

❷ For 𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄 > 𝟎 For 𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄 < 𝟎

Critical values = −2, 5 Critical values = −2, 5

+ +

−2 5 −2 5
− −
𝑥 < −2 𝑥>5
−2 < 𝑥 < 5
Less than Less Greater than Greater
❸
Nature of Roots

Real Unreal

𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 ≥ 0 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 < 0

Real and Different Real and Equal

𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 > 0 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 = 0

❹ Line and Curve

𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) ------------- (1)

𝑦 = 𝑔(𝑥) ------------- (2)
Step – 1: Form Quadratic Equation
Step – 2: Use Discriminant

3
e.g. Line and Curve

𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐 ------------- (1)
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 9 ------------- (2)

To find the intersecting point substitute (1) onto (2)

𝑥 2 + (𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐)2 = 9
2 (𝑚2
⇒𝑥 + 1) + 10𝑚𝑥 + 16 = 0

Intersecting at two points Line tangent to the curve Line doesn’t cut the curve

𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 > 0 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎 = 0 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 < 0

⇒ 9𝑚2 − 16 > 0 ⇒ 9𝑚2 − 16 = 0 ⇒ 9𝑥 2 − 16 < 0
4 4 4 4 4 4
∴ 𝑚 > 3 or 𝑚 < − 3 ∴ 𝑚 = − 3 or 𝑚 = 3 ∴− <𝑚<
3 3

❺ Lie entirely above/below 𝒙-axis

𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 𝑘 is positive for all values of 𝑥, 𝑦 = −𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑘 is negative for all values of

means curve lies above 𝑥-axis 𝑥, means curve lies below 𝑥-axis

𝑦 𝑦

𝑥
2
𝑏 − 4𝑎𝑐 > 0 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 < 0
𝑥

4
 COORDINATE GEOMETRY
(i) Length 𝐴𝐵 = √(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2
𝑞
(ii) Midpoint = (
𝑥1 +𝑥2 𝑦1 +𝑦2
, 2 ) 𝐵 (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 )
2 •
𝑦2 −𝑦1 𝑝 𝑃
(iii) Gradient = 𝑥2 −𝑥1

𝑝𝑥2 +𝑞𝑥1 𝑝𝑦2 +𝑞𝑦1

(iv) Co-ordinates of 𝑃 = ( , ) 𝐴 (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 )
𝑝+𝑞 𝑝+𝑞

(v) Equation of 𝐴𝐵, 𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )

∎ To find gradient:

Case-1: Case-2: Case-3:

𝐵 (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 )
2

3 •
𝐴 (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) 𝐴

𝑦2 −𝑦1 Rise 2 𝑑𝑦
Gradient, 𝑚 = m= = mat 𝐴 =
𝑥2 −𝑥1 Run 3 𝑑𝑥

(vi) For parallel lines, (vii) For perpendicular lines,

𝑚1 = 𝑚2 𝑚1 × 𝑚2 = −1 𝑚2
𝑚1 𝑚2 1
∴ 𝑚2 = − 𝑚
1 𝑚1

∎ To find equation:

Case-1: 𝑦
Case-2:
𝑦
𝒚 = 𝒎𝒙 + 𝒄
(3, 5)
• • 𝑦=5 𝑙1
5 1
For 𝑙1 ⟶ 𝑐 = 1, 𝑚 = 2
1
1
𝑥
∴ 𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 1
𝑥 = −2 𝑥=3 0

For 𝑙2 ⟶ 𝑐 = 1, 𝑚 = −1
−2 0 3 𝑥
𝑙2 ∴ 𝑦 = −𝑥 + 1

Case-3: ↪ How to know if a point lies on the line or not

𝑦
• (4, 8) does not lie on the line
3𝑥 + 7𝑦 = 18 6
𝑚
as when 𝑥 = 4, 𝑦 = 7 (≠ 8)
•
(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) • (6, 0) lies on the line
𝑥 as when 𝑥 = 6, 𝑦 = 0
𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )

5
(viii)
𝐶 𝐵 𝐴 𝐶
1
𝐵 (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) Area = |𝑥
2 3
𝑥2 𝑥1 𝑥3 |
• 𝑦3 𝑦2 𝑦1 𝑦3
𝐴 (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) 1
• = |( ↘ ) − ( ↙ )|
2

•
𝐶 (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 )

(x) 𝑦

For 𝑷 For 𝑸
𝑄
𝑦=0 𝑥=0
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 = 𝑐 𝑎𝑥 + (𝑏 × 0) = 𝑐 (𝑎 × 0) + 𝑏𝑥 = 𝑐
𝑐 𝑐
𝑥=𝑎 𝑦=𝑏

0
𝑥
𝑃

(xi)
For intersecting point 𝑃,
− − − −(i)
Solve equations (i) and (ii)
•
𝑃
− − − −(ii)

(xii)
Tangent,
𝑑𝑦
𝑚𝑇 =
𝑑𝑥

(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 )

Normal,
1
𝑚𝑁 = − 𝑚
𝑇

Equation of tangent: 𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚 𝑇 (𝑥 − 𝑥1 )
Equation of normal: 𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚𝑁 (𝑥 − 𝑥1 )

6
 BINOMIAL EXPANSION
1 • 1! = 1
• 2! = 2 × 1 = 2
𝑛! = 𝑛(𝑛 − 1)(𝑛 − 2) … … (𝑛 − 𝑟)!
• 3! = 3 × 2 × 1 = 6
• Note that 0! = 1
2 • 𝑛
𝑐0 = 1
𝑛! • 𝑛
𝑐1 = 𝑛
𝑛
𝑐𝑟 = • 𝑛
𝑐2 =
𝑛(𝑛−1)
𝑟! (𝑛 − 𝑟)! 2
𝑛(𝑛−1)(𝑛−2)
• 𝑛
𝑐3 =
6

3 (𝑎 + 𝑏)𝑛 = 𝑎𝑛 + 𝑛𝐶1 ∙ 𝑎𝑛−1 ∙ 𝑏1 + 𝑛𝐶2 ∙ 𝑎𝑛−2 ∙ 𝑏2 + ⋯ + 𝑛𝐶𝑟 ∙ 𝑎𝑛−𝑟 ∙ 𝑏 𝑟 + ⋯ + 𝑏𝑛

General term: 𝑛𝑐𝑟 𝑎𝑛−𝑟 𝑏𝑟

4
(𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄)(𝒑𝒙𝟑 + 𝒒𝒙𝟐 + 𝒓𝒙 + 𝒕)

For 𝒙𝟑 term:
𝑎𝑟𝑥 3 + 𝑏𝑞𝑥 3 + 𝑐𝑝𝑥 3 = (𝑎𝑟 + 𝑏𝑞 + 𝑐𝑝)𝑥 3

5 If (3 + 2𝑥)5 = 𝐴 + 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶𝑥 2 + 𝐷𝑥 3 + ⋯

and (3 − 2𝑥)5 = 𝐴 − 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶𝑥 2 − 𝐷𝑥 3 + ⋯ → just alternate the signs

∴ (3 + 2𝑥)5 + (3 − 2𝑥)5 = 2𝐴 + 2𝐶𝑥 2 + ⋯

6 To find unknown terms: 𝑇𝑟+1 = 𝑛𝐶𝑟 ∙ 𝑎𝑛−𝑟 ∙ 𝑏𝑟

1 20
For example: (2𝑥 + )
4𝑥

General term: 20𝐶𝑟 ∙ (2𝑥)20−𝑟 ∙ (4𝑥)−𝑟 = 20

𝐶𝑟 ∙ 220−𝑟 ∙ 4−𝑟 ∙ 𝑥 20−2𝑟

For 𝒙𝟔 term: For independent term of 𝒙:

𝑥 20−2𝑟 = 𝑥 6 𝑥 20−2𝑟 = 𝑥 0
∴𝑟=7 ∴ 𝑟 = 10

Term in 𝒙𝟔: Independent values of 𝒙:

⇒ 20𝐶7 ∙ 220−7 ∙ 4−7 ∙ 𝑥 20−2×7 = 38760𝑥 6 20 46189
⇒ 𝐶10 ∙ 220−10 ∙ 4−10 ∙ 𝑥 20−2×10 =
256
7 To expand (𝟏 − 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟐𝒙𝟐 )𝟏𝟎 :

= {1 + (−3𝑥 + 2𝑥 2)}10

= 1 + 10𝐶1 ∙ (−3𝑥 + 2𝑥 2)1 + 10𝐶2 ∙ (−3𝑥 + 2𝑥 2 )2 + ⋯

7
 A.P. – G.P.

Arithmetic Progression Geometric Progression

1 𝑎, 𝑎 + 𝑑, 𝑎 + 2𝑑, 𝑎 + 3𝑑, …. 1 𝑎, 𝑎𝑟, 𝑎𝑟 2 , 𝑎𝑟 3 , ….
𝑇𝑛 = 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑 𝑇𝑛 = 𝑎𝑟 𝑛−1
2 For unknown terms: 2 For unknown terms:
* 𝑙 = 𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 Let 𝑙 = 𝑇𝑛

𝑛=
𝑙−𝑎
+ 1 or ∴ 𝑙 = 𝑎𝑟 𝑛−1
𝑑

Let 𝑙 = 𝑇𝑛
∴ 𝑙 = 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑
3 To find unknown use: 3 To find unknown, use:
𝑇2− 𝑇1 = 𝑇3 − 𝑇2 or 𝑇3− 𝑇1 = 𝑇5 − 𝑇3 𝑇2 𝑇 𝑇 𝑇
𝑇1
= 𝑇3 or 𝑇5 = 𝑇3
2 3 1

4 • 𝑑 = 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 4 • 𝑟=
𝑇2
𝑇1
𝑇5 −𝑇2
• 𝑑= 3 𝑇5 3 𝑇
• 𝑟3 = ∴𝑟= √5
𝑇2 𝑇 2

5 𝑛 5 𝑎(1 − 𝑟 𝑛)
𝑆𝒏 = [2𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑] 𝑆𝒏 =
2 1−𝑟
𝑛
If last term is known: 𝑆𝑛 = (𝑎 + 𝑙)
2

6 Convergent: −1 < 𝑟 < 1

Otherwise, Divergent

Convergent

-2 -1 0 1 2

𝑎
7 Sum to infinity, 𝑆∞ = 1−𝑟

For both A.P. and G.P.

1 If 𝑺𝒏 given, use: 2 𝑇1 , 𝑇2 , 𝑇3 … … 𝑇15 , 𝑇16 … … 𝑇25
→ 𝑇1 = 𝑆1 The sum of last 10 terms = 𝑆25 − 𝑆(25−10)
→ 𝑇2 = 𝑆2 − 𝑆1
→ 𝑇3 = 𝑆3 − 𝑆2
→ 𝑇100 = 𝑆100 − 𝑆99
∴ 𝑇𝑛 = 𝑆𝑛 − 𝑆𝑛−1

8
 CALCULUS

Differentiation Integration

𝑑 𝑘𝑥 𝑎+1 𝑘𝑥 2
1 (𝑘𝑥 𝑎 + 𝑘𝑥 + 𝑘) = 𝑘𝑎𝑥 𝑎−1 + 𝑘 ∙ 1 + 0 1 ∫(𝑘𝑥 𝑎 + 𝑘𝑥 + 𝑘) 𝑑𝑥 = + + 𝑘𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑑𝑥 𝑎+1 2

𝑑 𝑑 𝑘(𝑝𝑥+𝑞)𝑎+1
2 𝑘(𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞)𝑎 = 𝑘𝑎(𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞)𝑎−1 . (𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞) 2 ∫ 𝑘(𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞)𝑎 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑 +𝐶
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (𝑎+1) (𝑝𝑥+𝑞)
𝑑𝑥

𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
3 (𝑢𝑣) = 𝑢 (𝑣) + 𝑣 (𝑢) 3 ∫(𝑢𝑣) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑦𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑏𝑢𝑠
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑 𝑑
𝑑 𝑢 𝑣 (𝑢)−𝑢 (𝑣) 𝑢
4 ( )= 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 4 ∫ (𝑣 ) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑦𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑏𝑢𝑠
𝑑𝑥 𝑣 𝑣2

𝑑 1
ln 𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
5 5 ∫ ln(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑦𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑏𝑢𝑠
𝑑 1 𝑑
ln(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) = ( ) (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)
𝑑𝑥 𝑎𝑥+𝑏 𝑑𝑥
𝑑
𝑒𝑥 = 𝑒𝑥 ∫ 𝑒𝑥 = 𝑒𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑑𝑥
6 6
𝑑 𝑑 𝑘𝑒 𝑎𝑥+𝑏
𝑒 𝑎𝑥+𝑏 = (𝑒 𝑎𝑥+𝑏 ) (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) ∫ 𝑘𝑒 𝑎𝑥+𝑏 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎
+𝐶
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑
𝑑𝑥
sin 𝑥 = cos 𝑥 ∫ sin 𝑥 = − cos 𝑥 + 𝐶
7 7
𝑑 𝑑 cos(𝑎𝑥+𝑏)
sin(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) = (cos(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)) (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) ∫ sin(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) 𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑎
+𝐶
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑
𝑑𝑥
cos 𝑥 = − sin 𝑥 ∫ cos 𝑥 = sin 𝑥 + 𝐶
sin(𝑎𝑥+𝑏)
8 8 ∫ cos(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎
+𝐶
𝑑 𝑑
𝑑𝑥
cos(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) = − sin(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) .
𝑑𝑥
(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) ∫ sec 2 𝑥 = tan 𝑥 + 𝐶

𝑑
tan 𝑥 = sec 2 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
1
9 9 ∫ sec 2 (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎 tan(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) + 𝐶
𝑑 𝑑
tan(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) = sec 2 (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) . (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

1
∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ln 𝑥 + 𝐶
10
1 1
∫ 𝑎𝑥+𝑏 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎 ln(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) + 𝐶

# 𝑦 #
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑(𝑢𝑣)
𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓. 𝐼𝑛𝑡.
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝐼𝑛𝑡. 𝐼𝑛𝑡. 𝐼𝑛𝑡.
𝑑𝑥
𝑦 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑢𝑣
𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓.
𝑑 𝑦 2 𝐼𝑛𝑡.
𝑑𝑥 2
9
 AREA

1. 2.

𝑏 𝑑
𝑨 = ∫ [𝑓(𝑥)] 𝑑𝑥 𝑨 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑦) 𝑑𝑦
𝑎 𝑐

3. 4.

𝑨 = ∫[𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥)] 𝑑𝑥 𝑨 = ∫[𝑓(𝑦) − 𝑔(𝑦)] 𝑑𝑦

10
 TRIGONOMETRY
∎ Trigonometric Identities:

1
sec 𝑥 = cos 𝑥 sin 𝑥 sin2 𝑥 + cos 2 𝑥 = 1
tan 𝑥 = cos 𝑥
1
❶ cosec 𝑥 = ❷ cos 𝑥 ❸ sec 2 𝑥 = 1 + tan2 𝑥
sin 𝑥 cot 𝑥 =
1 sin 𝑥
cot 𝑥 = cosec 2 𝑥 = 1 + cot 2 𝑥
tan 𝑥

sin(180 − 𝜃) = sin 𝜃 sin(90 − 𝜃) = cos 𝜃 sin(−𝜃) = −sin 𝜃

❹ cos(180 − 𝜃) = − cos 𝜃 cos(90 − 𝜃) = sin 𝜃 cos(−𝜃) = cos 𝜃
tan(180 − 𝜃) = − tan 𝜃 tan(90 − 𝜃) = cot 𝜃 tan(−𝜃) = − tan 𝜃

❺ sin 2𝜃 = 2 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 cos 2𝜃 = cos 2 𝜃 − sin2 𝜃 or 1 − 2 sin2 𝜃 or 2 cos2 𝜃 − 1

∎ General Solution:

Sin Cos Tan

For Degree 180°𝑛 + (−1)𝑛 𝛼 360°𝑛 ± 𝛼 180°𝑛 + 𝛼

For Radian 𝜋𝑛 + (−1)𝑛 𝛼 2𝜋𝑛 ± 𝛼 𝜋𝑛 + 𝛼

Here 𝛼 is the 1𝑠𝑡 value (Calculator value).

For both positive and negative values, put 𝑛 = 0, ±1, ±2, ±3, ±4, ±5, … …

OR
𝑆 𝐴

𝑇 𝐶

𝑃 𝑃
𝜃 𝜃
𝜃 𝜃

𝑃 𝑃

+ 𝒗𝒆 → 𝜽 + 𝒗𝒆 → 𝟏𝟖𝟎 − 𝜽 + 𝒗𝒆 = 𝟏𝟖𝟎 + 𝜽 + 𝒗𝒆 → 𝟑𝟔𝟎 − 𝜽

− 𝒗𝒆 → −𝟑𝟔𝟎 + 𝜽 − 𝒗𝒆 → −𝟏𝟖𝟎 − 𝜽 − 𝒗𝒆 = −𝟏𝟖𝟎 + 𝜽 − 𝒗𝒆 → −𝜽

180 − 𝜃 𝜃 −180 − 𝜃 −360 + 𝜃

180 + 𝜃 360 − 𝜃 −180 + 𝜃 −𝜃

Positive Angle Negative Angle

11
 EQUATION GRAPH
Basic Curve Sketching

∎ Linear Graph
𝑦 𝑦
1. 𝑦 2. 𝑦 3. 4.
𝑥=𝑎 𝑦=𝑥 𝑦 = −𝑥
𝑦=𝑎
𝑜 𝑥 𝑜 𝑥
𝑜 𝑥 𝑜 𝑥

5. 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 = 𝑐 𝑦

At 𝑥-axis 𝑦 = 0 At 𝑦-axis 𝑥 = 0
𝑐
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏(0) = 𝑐 𝑎(0) + 𝑏𝑦 = 𝑐 𝑏
𝑥
𝑐 𝑐 𝑜 𝑐
𝑥= 𝑦=
𝑎 𝑏 𝑎

∎ Quadratic Equation
𝑦
1. 𝑦 2. 3. 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐
6
𝑦 = 𝑘𝑥 2 + 5
𝑦 = −𝑘𝑥 2 + 6 At 𝑥-axis 𝑦 = 0, At 𝑦-axis 𝑥 = 0
5 2 𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑘𝑥 𝑜
𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 𝑦=𝑐
𝑜 𝑥 −3 𝑦 = −𝑘𝑥 2
𝑦 = 𝑘𝑥 2 − 4
𝑦 = −𝑘𝑥 2 − 3
𝑥 = 𝑝, 𝑞
−4 𝑦 𝑦
+𝑥 2 −𝑥 2

𝑜 𝑝 𝑞 𝑥 𝑜 𝑝 𝑞 𝑥

∎ Cubic Graph

1. 2. 𝑦 3. 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 + 𝑏𝑥 2 + 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑 4. 𝑦 = −𝑥 3 + 𝑝𝑥 2 + 𝑞𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑦 𝑦 𝑦
𝑦 = 𝑥3 𝑦 = −𝑥 3

𝑥 𝑥
𝑜 𝑜
𝑥 𝑥
𝑜 𝑜

12
∎ Exponential Graph ∎ Trigonometric Graphs

𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 /𝑎 𝑥 /2𝑥

General Shape 𝑦
𝑦 1 360°
𝑦 = 𝑒𝑥 𝑜 90°
𝑥 𝑦 = sin 𝑥
𝑦=𝑒 −𝑥 180° 270°

−1
𝑥
𝑦

𝑦 = −𝑒 −𝑥 𝑦 = −𝑒 𝑥 1

𝑥 𝑦 = cos 𝑥
∎ Logarithm Graph 𝑜 90° 180° 270° 360°

𝑦 = log 𝑎 𝑥/ ln 𝑥/ lg 𝑥 −1

General Shape
𝑦
𝑦 = ln(−𝑥) 𝑦 = ln 𝑥 𝑦

𝑥 𝑜 90° 180° 270° 360°

𝑥 𝑦 = tan 𝑥

𝑦 = −ln(−𝑥) 𝑦 = −ln 𝑥

13
 VECTOR
1 Column Vector: 6 Show that 𝑨𝑩 ∥ 𝑷𝑻:
𝑥1 Use the following steps:
• 𝐚⃗ = (𝑦 ) or 𝑥1 𝐢 + 𝑦1 𝐣
1 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 −−−/−−−
Step 1: 𝑃𝑇 = −−−/−−− = 𝑘 (constant)
• |𝐚⃗| = √𝑥1 2 + 𝑦1 2 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗
𝐚 Step 2: ∴ 𝐴𝐵 ∥ 𝑃𝑇
• Unit Vector of 𝐚⃗: |𝐚⃗|
𝑦1
• ∠ between 𝐚⃗ and 𝑥-axis: tan 𝜃 =
𝑥1
2 𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥 +𝑥 7 Show 𝑨, 𝑩 and 𝑪 lie on a straight line
• 𝐚⃗ + 𝐛 = (𝑦 ) + (𝑦 ) = (𝑦1 + 𝑦2 ).
1 2 1 2 (collinear).
𝑥1 𝑘𝑥
• 𝑘𝐚⃗ = 𝑘 (𝑦 ) = ( 1 ). ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵
Step 1: ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ =
−−−/−−−
= 𝑘 (constant)
1 𝑘𝑦1 𝐵𝐶 −−−/−−−
Step 2: ∴ 𝐴𝐵 ∥ 𝐵𝐶
Step 3: Since 𝐴 is common, therefore 𝐴, 𝐵
and 𝐶 lie on a straight line.
3 𝒙𝟏 𝒙𝟐 8 Given 𝑨, 𝑩 and 𝑪 are collinear (or
• If (𝒚 ) = (𝒚 ),
𝟏 𝟐
parallel), find 𝝀.
o 𝑥1 = 𝑥2 ------------ (i)
Step 1:
o 𝑦1 = 𝑦2 ------------ (ii)
𝒙𝟏 𝒙𝟐 Find ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 = 𝑥𝐚⃗ + 𝑦𝐛 and ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐶 = 𝑝𝐚⃗ + 𝑞𝐛.
• If (𝒚 ) || (𝒚 ), 𝑥 𝑦
𝟏 𝟐 Step 2: Use shortcut = to find 𝜆.
𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑝 𝑞
o (𝑦 ) = 𝑘 (𝑦 ) ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝜆 × 𝐴𝐶
Or otherwise, 𝐴𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
1 2
o 𝑥1 = 𝑘𝑥2 ------------ (i) • ⇒ 𝑥𝐚⃗ + 𝑦𝐛 = 𝜆(𝑝𝐚⃗ + 𝑞𝐛)
o 𝑦1 = 𝑘𝑦2 ------------ (ii) • ∴ 𝑥 = 𝜆𝑝 ------------ (i)
𝑥 𝑥
o Shortcut: 𝑦1 = 𝑦2 • ∴ 𝑦 = 𝜆𝑞 ------------ (ii)
1 2
4 Position Vector: 9 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
For two geometrical properties of 𝑨𝑩
ℎ and ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
• 𝐴(ℎ, 𝑘) means ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐴 = ( ). 𝑷𝑸:
𝑘
• In terms of position vector: Use the following steps:
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑂𝐵
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ − 𝑂𝐴
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ Step 1: Ratio -
o 𝐴𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 𝑚
o ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑃𝑄 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝑄 − ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝑃 • ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
= (constant)
𝑃𝑄 𝑛

Example: Given 𝐴(3, 2) and 𝐴𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = (5). Step 2: Properties -

2
• ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 ∥ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑃𝑄 .
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
Find 𝑂𝐵.
• (ii) 𝐴𝐵: 𝑃𝑄 = 𝑚: 𝑛.
5
• ⇒ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑂𝐵 − ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐴 = ( ).
2
5 3 8
• ∴ 𝑂𝐵 = ( ) + ( ) = ( ).
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
2 2 4
5 Show that 𝑨𝑩𝑪𝑫 is a parallelogram: 10 Ratio example:
Either prove 𝐴𝐵⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝐷𝐶
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝐩
Given 𝐴𝐵: 𝐵𝐶 = 5: 3 and 𝐴𝐵 ⃗ + 2𝐪
⃗.
∴ 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷 is a parallelogram. Find ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐶 .
Or prove ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐷 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐵𝐶 •
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵
⇒ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 5+3
5
𝐴𝐶
∴ 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷 is a parallelogram. 𝐩+2𝐪 5
• ⇒ =
𝐴𝐶 8
8 16
• ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝐩 +
∴ 𝐴𝐶 5 5
𝐪

14
11 Area Ratio:

1 1
∆ 𝑨𝑩𝑫 2 × 2 × ℎ ∆ 𝑷𝑺𝑻 3 2 ∆ 𝑨𝑷𝑸 2 × 3 × 1 × sin 𝜃
= =( ) =
∆ 𝑩𝑫𝑪 1 × 3 × ℎ ∆ 𝑷𝑸𝑹 5 ∆ 𝑨𝑩𝑪 1 × 4 × 2 × sin 𝜃
2 2

12 𝐴𝐵 has a magnitude of 𝑘 units and is parallel to the vector 𝑎𝐢 + 𝑏𝐣.

𝑎𝐢 + 𝑏𝐣
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑘 ×
∴ 𝐴𝐵
√𝑎2 + 𝑏 2
13 Speed to Velocity

(i) 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 = 𝑠 m/s. (ii) 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 = 𝑣 m/s.

𝐷𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑎𝐢 + 𝑏𝐣. 𝐷𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑁𝑜𝑟𝑡ℎ − 𝑊𝑒𝑠𝑡.

𝑎𝐢 + 𝑏𝐣
∴𝐯=𝑠× ∴ 𝐯 = (−𝑣 cos 45°)𝐢 + (𝑣 sin 45°)𝐣
√𝑎2 + 𝑏 2

Velocity to Speed
𝑣 = 𝑎𝐢 + 𝑏𝐣
∴ 𝑠 = √𝑎2 + 𝑏 2
14 𝑟𝐴 = 𝑎 + 𝑣𝑡 𝑟𝐴 = 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝐴.
𝑟𝐵 = 𝑎 + 𝑣𝑡 𝑎 = 𝐼𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
When meet/collide, 𝑟𝐴 = 𝑟𝐵 .

15
 KINEMATICS
1. time = 𝑡, distance/displacement = 𝑠/𝑥, acceleration/retardation = 𝑎, velocity/speed = 𝑣.
𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑣
2. 𝑣 = 𝑑𝑡, or 𝑑𝑡 , 𝑎= 𝑑𝑡
𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓 𝐼𝑛𝑡
3. 𝑣= ⇒ 𝑥 = ∫ 𝑣 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡
𝑣
𝑑𝑣
𝑎= 𝑑𝑡
⇒ 𝑣 = ∫ 𝑎 𝑑𝑡
𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓 𝐼𝑛𝑡
𝑎
𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑥
4. For the maximum or minimum value of 𝑠/𝑥, 𝑑𝑡
=0 or 𝑑𝑡 = 0.
𝑑𝑣
5. For the maximum or minimum value of 𝑣, 𝑑𝑡 = 0.

6. If the particle comes to rest, 𝑣 = 0.

7. If the particle comes to fixed point or fixed level, 𝑠 = 0 or 𝑥 = 0.

8. Distance travelled in 𝑡 second = 𝑠𝑡 , [If 𝑡 = 0, 𝑠 = 0].

9. Distance travelled in 𝑡 second = 𝑠𝑡 − 𝑠0 , [If 𝑡 = 0, 𝑠 ≠ 0].

10. Distance travelled in 𝑡 𝑡ℎ second = 𝑠𝑡 − 𝑠𝑡−1.

11. Distance travelled between 𝑡 = 3 and 𝑡 = 7 → |𝑠7 − 𝑠3 |. [If there is no value of 𝑡 between 𝑡 = 3

and 𝑡 = 7 for which 𝑣 = 0].

12. Distance travelled between 𝑡 = 3 and 𝑡 = 7 → |𝑠5 − 𝑠3 | + |𝑠7 − 𝑠5 |. [If there is a value of 𝑡 = 5

between 𝑡 = 3 and 𝑡 = 7 for which 𝑣 = 0].

CIRULAR MEASURE
1. 4.

2. If 𝜃 in radian,
180° = 𝜋 rad • 𝑎𝑟𝑐 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ = 𝑟𝜃
1
𝜋 • 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝑟 2 𝜃
× 2
180

3. 𝐷𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛

180
×
𝜋

16
 FUNCTION
1.

𝑎 𝑝 𝑎 𝑝 𝑝
𝑎
𝑏 𝑞 𝑏 𝑞
𝑐 𝑟 𝑐 𝑞 𝑏 𝑟

One to One Many to One One to Many

2. Vertical line test:

𝑦 𝑦 𝑦

𝑥 𝑥 𝑜 𝑥
𝑜 𝑜

One to one Many to one One to many

Function Function Not Function
Inverse Inverse does not exist 𝑁/𝐴

3. 𝒇(𝒙) to 𝒇−𝟏 (𝒙) 4. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎

Step – 1: Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑦 𝑥 = 𝑓 −1 (𝑥)

Step – 2: 𝑦 → 𝑥, 𝑥 → 𝑦

Step – 3: Make 𝑦 subject 5. 𝐷 of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑅 of 𝑓 −1 (𝑥)

Step – 4: 𝑦 = 𝑓 −1 (𝑥) 𝑅 of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐷 of 𝑓 −1 (𝑥)

Reflection
6. 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑓 −1 (𝑥)
in 𝑥 − axis
(𝑥, 𝑦) (𝑦, 𝑥)

𝒇(𝒙) → 𝒇−𝟏 (𝒙)

(𝑥, 𝑦) → (𝑦, 𝑥)
(0, −2) → (−2, 0)
(5, 0) → (0, 5)
(6, 6) → (6, 6)

17
7.

𝑓 −1 (𝑥) exists for 𝑥 < 3 𝑓 −1 (𝑥) exists for 𝑥 > 3

Greatest value of 𝑥 = 3 Least value of 𝑥 = 3

8. For composite function. 𝐷 of 1𝑠𝑡 function is 𝐷 of entire function.

𝑒. 𝑔, 𝑓(𝑥), 𝐷: 𝑥 > 𝑎 𝑔(𝑥), 𝐷: 𝑥 > 𝑏

For 𝑓𝑔(𝑥), 𝐷: 𝑥 > 𝑏

𝑔𝑓(𝑥), 𝐷: 𝑥 > 𝑎

9.

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