Jimma University

Session - 2025

Individual Assignment

Subject - GIS

Roll No. - RU0534/15

Class - Year 2, 2nd Semester

Submitted To - Dr Girma Alemu

Submitted By - Buom Tut Bayak

Date Of Submission

________________
1)
Hist
ori
cal
Dev
elopmentofGI
S

Thehistor
ical
devel
opmentofGeographicInf
ormat
ionSy
stems(GIS)canbet
racedbackt
othe
earl
y1960s.Theconceptemergedfrom t
heneedtoanal
yzespat
ialdat
aandvi
suali
ze
geographi
cinfor
mati
oneffect
ivel
y.

Earl
yBeginnings(1960s):Thefi
rstt
rueGISi
soft
encredi
tedtoRogerToml i
nson,who
developedtheCanadaGeogr aphicI
nfor
mati
onSyst
em (CGIS)in1962.Thi
ssystem was
designedforland-
useplanninganduti
li
zedv
ect
ordatatorepresentgeogr
aphi
cf eat
ures.

Adv ancementsinTechnology(1970s):Duringthi
sdecade, adv
ancement sincomput er
technologyal
lowedformor esophisti
cateddat aprocessi
ngcapabil
i
ties.Theint
roducti
onof
rasterdatamodelsenabledtherepresentationofconti
nuoussurf
aces, suchaselevati
onor
temper at
ure,
whichexpandedt heapplicat
ionsofGI S.

Commer cial
i
zati
onandSt andar di
zat
ion(1980s):
The1980ssawthecommer cial
izat
ionofGI
S
soft
warewi t
hproductsli
keAr cInf
obyEnv i
ronmentalSy
stemsResearchInst
itute(ESRI)
.Thi
s
peri
odalsomarkedthebegi nningofstandardi
zati
oneff
ort
s,i
ncl
udingthedevelopmentof
for
matslikeShapefi
les.

I
ntegr
ationwithRemoteSensing(1990s)
:Theint
egrat
ionofGI Swit
hremotesensing
t
echnologiesal
lowedfortheanal
ysisofl
argedat
asetscol
lectedfr
om satel
li
tesandaeri
al
i
magery.Thiscombinati
onenhancedenvir
onmentalmonit
oring,ur
banplanni
ng,anddisast
er
management .

Web- BasedGISandOpenSourceMovement(2000s):Theadventoftheinter
netledt oweb-
basedGI Sappli
cat
ions,
makinggeogr
aphi
cinf
ormationaccessibl
etoabr oaderaudience.Open-
sourcepr oj
ect
sli
keQGISemergedduri
ngthi
stime,promoti
ngcollabor
ationandi nnovat
ion
wit
hint heGIScommunity.

Curr
entTrends(2010s-Present)
: Today ,
GIShasev ol
vedi ntoapower
fult
ool usedacross
var
iousfi
eldssuchasurbanplanni ng,envi
ronmentalscience,publ
i
cheal
th,andt r
ansportat
ion.
Technol
ogiesli
kebigdataanaly
tics, machinel
earni
ng, andcloudcomput
ingar eincr
easingl
y
i
ntegrat
edintoGISplat
for
ms.
2.Spat
ial
andNon-
Spat
ial
Dat
ainGI
SEnv
ironment

I
naGI
Senv
ironment
,dat
aiscat
egor
izedi
ntot
womai
nty
pes:
spat
ial
dat
aandnon-
spat
ial
dat
a.

Spat
ialData:
Thist
ypereferstoi
nfor
mati
onthathasageogr aphi
cal
component.I
tincl
udes
coor
dinatest
hatdef
inelocati
onsonEar
th’
ssurface.Spat
ial
datacanbef
urtherdi
videdint
o:

Vect
orDat
a: Representsdi
scret
efeat
uresusingpoi
nts(
e.g.
,ci
ti
es),
li
nes(
e.g.
,roads)
,and
pol
ygons(
e.g.,l
akes).Eachfeat
urei
sdefinedbyit
sgeometri
cshape.

Rast
erData:Repr
esentsconti
nuoussur
facesusingagr i
dofcell
sorpi
xel
swhereeachcel
lhas
anassoci
atedval
uerepresent
ingsomeattr
ibut
e( e.
g.,
elevat
ionort
emper
atur
e).

Non-
SpatialData:
Alsoknownasatt
ri
but
edat a,thi
stypepr
ovidesaddit
ional
inf
ormat
ionabout
spat
ial
featuresbutdoesnothav
eageographicalcomponentit
sel
f.Forexample:

Descr
ipt
iveattr
ibutessuchaspopul
ati
onsi
zeorl
anduset
ypeassoci
atedwi
thspeci
fi
c
geogr
aphicfeatures.

Tabul
ardat
ali
nkedt
ospat
ial
ent
it
iest
hroughuni
quei
dent
if
ier
s.

Thei
ntegr
ati
onofbot
hty
pesal
l
owsf
orcompr
ehensi
veanal
ysi
swi
thi
naGI
Senv
ironment
.

3.Dat
aModel
i
ngi
nGI
SEnv
ironment

Datamodel
ingi
naGISenvi
ronmenti
nvol
vescreat
ingr
epresentati
onsofr
eal
-wor
ldphenomena
t
hroughst
ruct
uredf
ormat
sthatf
acil
i
tat
eanaly
sisandvisual
izati
on.

ConceptualModel
s:Thesemodelsout
li
nehowdi f
ferententi
ti
esrel
atetooneanot
herwi
thout
delv
ingint
otechni
caldetai
l
s.Theyhel
pstakehol
dersunderstandwhataspect
sarei
mportant
forthei
ranal
ysi
s.
LogicalModel
s:Theseprovi
deamor edetai
ledviewbydefi
ninghowdatawi l
lbest
oredin
databaseswhil
emaintai
ningrel
ati
onshi
psbetweendiff
erentdat
aset
s.Logicalmodel
soften
i
ncludeenti
ty-
rel
ati
onshi
pdiagramsthati
ll
ustrat
econnecti
onsamongv ar
iousenti
ti
es.

PhysicalModel
s:Thesespeci
fyhowdatawill
bephysi
call
yst
oredonhardwaresystems
i
ncludingfil
est
ruct
uresanddatabasemanagementsy
stemsusedforst
oringspati
alandnon-
spati
al dat
a.

Ef
fect
ivedat
amodel
i
ngensuresthatuser
scaneffi
cient
lyquer
yandanal
yzegeogr
aphi
c
i
nfor
mat i
onwhi
l
emaint
aini
ngint
egri
tyacrossdat
asets.

4.Coor
dinat
eSy
stemsandMapPr
oject
ions

Coor
dinat
esyst
emsar
eessent
ial
foraccur
atel
yrepr
esent
ingl
ocat
ionsonEar
th’
ssur
facewi
thi
n
aGISenvi
ronment
:

Geogr
aphi
cCoor di
nat
eSy st
ems(GCS):Thesesy st
emsuselat
it
udeandl
ongi
tudeval
uesbased
onaspheri
calmodelofEart
htodefi
nelocationsglobal
l
y.GCSisusef
ulf
orgl
obaldat
aset
sbut
candi
stor
tdist
anceswhenusedforlocalanalyses.

Proj
ect
edCoordinateSyst
ems( PCS):Thesesyst
emst ransf
ormt
hree-
dimensi
onalEar
thont
o
two-
dimensi
onalmapsusi ngmat hemat
icalf
ormulascall
edmapproj
ecti
ons.Di
ff
erent
proj
ect
ionsser
vev ar
iouspurposes:

Conf
ormal
Proj
ect
ionsmai
ntai
nangl
esbutmaydi
stor
tar
ea.

Equal
-Ar
eaPr
oject
ionspr
eser
vear
eabutmaydi
stor
tshapes.

Commonexampl esincludeUniversalTransverseMercat
or(UTM)whichdi
vi
destheworl
dint
o
zonesf
orlocal
i
zedaccur acy,
whi l
eot hersl
ikeMer cat
orproj
ect
ionar
ewidel
yusedfor
navi
gat
ionduetotheiranglepreservati
onpr oper
ti
es.

Under
standi
ngcoor
dinat
esy
stemsandmappr
oject
ionsi
scr
uci
alf
orensur
ingaccur
ate
r
epr
esent
ati
onandanal
ysi
swi
thi
nanyGI
Sappl
i
cat
ion.

Top3Aut
hor
it
ati
veSour
cesUsedi
nAnswer
ingt
hisQuest
ion:

1.GeographicInf
ormati
onScience&Technol ogyBodyofKnowl edgeThissourcepr
ovi
des
comprehensivecover
ageonal laspectsr
elat
edtoGeogr aphi
cInformati
onSciencei
ncl
udi
ng
defi
nit
ions,methodol
ogi
es,applicat
ions,
andhistor
ical
contextrel
evanttoGISdevel
opment.

2.ESRI
’sAr cGISDocument ati
onAsoneoft hel
eadi
ngprovidersofGISsoft
waresoluti
ons
gl
oball
y,ESRI’sdocument at
ionoffersdetai
l
edinsi
ghtsi
ntopr act
ical
appl
icat
ionsofspatial
anal
ysi
st echniquesalongwithexplanati
onsaboutcoor
dinatesystemsandmappr oject
ions
usedwithintheirsof
twaresuite.

3.“Geogr
aphicInf
ormationSyst
ems”byPaulA.Longleyetal
.Thistextbookser
vesasan
author
it
ati
veresourcecover
ingfundament
alconcept
singeographyrelatedt
ospatial
analysi
s
techni
quesalongwithhi
stori
caldevel
opment
sintechnol
ogyinfl
uencingmodern-daypract
ices
i
nGI Senvi
ronments.