STRUCTURED QUERY LANGUAGE

1)Create command

It is used to construct an empty table

Eg:create table emp

eid varchar(30),

ename varchar(30),

depid number(30),

salary number(30),

job varchar(30));

2)Student:
create table student

sid varchar(30),

sname varchar (30),

class number(30),

marks number(30),

percentage varchar(30));

3)Patient:

create table patient

pid varchar(30),

pname varchar (30),

padress varchar(30),

pbill number (30),

emailed varchar(30));

4)Product
Create Table product

pid varchar(30),

pname varchar (30),

price varchar(30),

quality number (30),

emailed varchar(30));

D)Mobile

Create Table product

SNo number(30),

IMEINo varchar(30),

Model varchar (30),

price varchar(30),

DOM date(30));

2)Insert

It is used to inserting the values in a table

Insert into emp values(‘&eid’,’&ename’,’&depid’,’&salary’,’&job’);

Insert into student values(‘&sid’,’&sname’,’&class’,’&marks’,’&percentage’);

Insert into product values(‘&pid’,’&pname’,’&price’,’&quantity’,’&emailid’);

Insert into Mobile values(’&SNo’,’&IMEI’,’&Model’,’&Price’,’&DOM’);

Insert into patient values(‘&pid’,’&pname’,’&padress’,’&pbill’,’&emailid’);

3)Select

Employee

Select with single: Select eid from emp;

Select with Multiple: Select eid,ename,job from emp;

Select with all: Select * from student;

Product

Select with single: Select pid from product;

Select with Multiple: Select pid,pname,price from product;

Select with all: Select * from product;

Student

Select with single: Select sid from student;

Select with Multiple: Select sid,sname,class from student;

Select with all: Select * from student;

Patient

Select with single: Select pid from patient;

Select with Multiple: Select pid,pname,bill from patient;

Select with all: Select * from patient;

4)Rename

Changing the existing table name

Rename emp to emp1

Rename emp emp1

5)Alter :
It is used to change modify removing the column heading

a)Alter with add:

Eg:Alter table emp add(Doj Date);

Alter with modify:

Eg:Alter table emp modify(salary number(30));

c)Alter with rename:

Alter table emp Rename column salary to salary;

Queries :

Construct the student table Sno,rno,name,course,marks,percentage.

A) create table student

sno varchar(30),

rno varchar (30),

name number(30),

course number(30),

marks number(30),

percentage varchar(30));

2)To fulfil all the values in student

A)select* from student;

3)To change column name rno to hallticket no.

A)Alter table student Rename column rno to hallticket no,;

4)To change course datatype

A)Alter table student modify(course varchar(30));

5)To change the table name student to Great BCA-AI

A)Rename Student to Great BCA-AI

6)Update

Update with all:

Update emp set salary=salary*2;

Update with single:

Update emp set salary=salary*2 where eid=103;

Queries

1)Construct product table Sno,pid,pname,DOM,Price

A) Create Table product

SNO number(30),

pid varchar(30),

pname varchar (30),

DOM date(30),

price number(30));

2)To fill all pvalues

A) Insert into product values(‘&SNO’,’&pid’,’&pname’, ,’&DOM’, ’&price’);

3)To list sno,pname,price from product table

A) Select sno,pname,price from product;

4)To change the col.name price to product price

A) Alter table product Rename column price to producttprice;

5)To change product price 7000 to 18000 where pid is 104

A)Update Product set Product price=1800,where pid=104;

6)To change the column datatype I.E,DOM

Alter table product modify(DOM Date);

7)Delete:To delete particular row

Delete from emp where eid=105;

8)Truncate:To delete all the rows

Truncate table emp;

9)Drop:To remove the table permanently

Drop table emp;

10)Commit:It stores the tables

Commit;

Queries

1)List all product values

A) Select * from product;

2)To change the column name name into sname

A) Alter table Student Rename column name to sname;

3)To remove row where sid is 108

A)Delete from student where sid=108;

4)To change the marks 423 into 740 where sid is 108

A)Update student set marks =740 where sid=104;

5)Which command used for storing the student table

A)commit;

11)Roll back:To restore the values

Rollback;

12)Description:It is used to display the structure of the table

Desc emp;
STRUCTURED QUERY LANGUAGE
Sub languages are 5 types they are

1)DDL(Data Defnition Language):Create,Rename,Alter,Drop,Truncate,Description

2)DML(Data Modified language):Insert,Update,Delete

3)DQL(Data Query Language):Select

4)TCL(Transaction Controlling Language):Commit,Rollback

5)DCL(Data Controlling Language):Grant,Revoke

OPERATORS
1)Arithmetic operators

2)Relational operators

3) Logical operators

4) String operators

5) Set operators

6) Special operators

1)Arithmetic operators

Addition:select eid,ename,salary+20000 from emp;

Subraction: select eid,ename,salary-20000 from emp;

Multiplication: select eid,ename,salary*20000 from emp;

Division: select eid,ename,salary/20000 from emp;

2)Relational operators

1)>

Select * from emp where salary>5000;

2)<
Select * from emp where salary>5000;

3)=

Select * from emp where salary=5000;

4)<>

Select * from emp where salary<>5000;

5)>=

Select * from emp where salary>=5000;

6)<=

Select * from emp where salary<=5000;

Queries:

1)List all the student values

A)Select * from student;

2)List Sno,rno,Sname in the student table

A)Select sno,rno,sname from student;

3)List all the student values where the marks more than 500

A)Select sno,rno,sname where marks>500;

4)List sno,rno,marks in the student table where the marks increasing 10

A)Select sno,rno,marks+10 from student;

5)List all the student values where the name exactly Raju

A)select * from student where name=’Raju’;

6)List all the student values where the marks excluding 450
A)select * from student where marks<>450;

3)Logical operators:

The logical operators are and ,or,not

and:

Select * from emp where eid=101 and salary=4000;

or:

Select * from emp where eid=101 or salary=4000;

not:

Select * from emp where eid=101 not salary=4000;

1. Display all the emp values where eid is 101 and salary is 9000

A)Select * from emp where eid=101 and salary=9000,

2. Display all the emp values where eid is 105 or name is ‘Raju’

A) Select * from emp where eid=105 or ename=’Raju’,

3. Display all the emp values in dep is 20 & earnings more than 200
A) Select * from emp where depid=20 and salary>200,

4)Sting operators:

I. % : Select * from emp where ename like ‘R%’;

II. -:Select * from emp where ename like ‘----‘;

Queries

1.Display all the student values where the sname starts with s

A)Select * from student where sname like ‘s%’;

2 Display all the student values where the sname having R as 3rd charecter

A) Select * from student where sname like ‘---R%’;

3..Display all the emp values who are not earning 2600 and their name starts with s

A)Select * from emp where salary<>2600 and sname like ‘s%’;

4)Display all the emp values whose name starts with a and last but two charecters
Select * from emp ename like ‘%a—‘

II//Parallel: It is used to concatenation of combined two columns

Select eid,ename//job from emp;

5)Special operators
The special operators are like in between

Like:Select* from emp where ename like ‘----‘;

In:Select * from emp where salary in (4000,5000);

Between:It is evolution of ranging values

Select * from emp where salary between (4000 and 5000);

Queries:

1.Display all the emp values where salary in 6000,7000

Select * from emp where salary in (6000,7000);

2. Display all the emp values where the job in HR,Finance

Select * from emp where job in (HR,Finance);

3.List all the emp values whose salary in the range of 2000 & 5000 and their name starts with s.

Select * from emp where salary in (2000 and 5000) and ename like ‘s%’;

List all the emp valies in dep 10,20 whose salary is not in range 1000 to 2000

Select * from emp where dep in (10,20) and salary not in between (1000,2000);

Display all the employees in dep20 & earning more than 2000 and salary in range 6000,8000

Select * from emp wher dep id=20 and salary>2000 and salary and salary between (6000,8000);

6)Set operators

Union:combaining all the records –common records

Select * from emp1 union select * from emp2;

Union all:Select * from emp1 union all select * from emp2;

Intersection: Select * from emp1 Intersection select * from emp2;

Minus: Select * from emp1 minus select * from emp2;

IIIGroup functions or aggregate function /Statistical functions

i )maximum-max():select max(salary) from emp ;

ii)minimum-min():select min(salary) from emp ;

iii)sum-sum():select sum(salary) from emp ;

iv)standard deviation-std():select stddev(salary) from emp ;

v)average-avg():select avg(salary) from emp ;

vi)count-count():select count(salary) from emp ;

IV)Classes

There are three types of classes

1)order by

2)group by

3)having

1)Order by:

It is having two types

Asecending

Descending

i)Asending(Asc):select * from emp order by salary Asc;

ii)Descending(Desc): select * from emp order by salary Desc;

Queries

1)Display dep wise avg salary

Select dep , avg (salary) from emp group by depid;

2)Display job wise total salary

Select job, sum (salary) from emp group by depid;

3)Display job wise total salary for the employees working in dep 10,20

Select job, sum(salary) from emp where depid in (10,20)

And salary between (1000,4000);

4)Display class wise max of marks from and Theri name starts with s.

Select class, max(marks) from student group by class and sname starts with s%;

3)Having:Which consists of two or more conditions

Select depid,max(salary) from emp group by depid having avg(salary)>5000;

V)Functions:

Functions are of 4 types

1)Group functions

2)Trignometry functions

3)Mathematical functions

4)String

i)Group functions:

i )maximum-max():select max(salary) from emp ;

ii)minimum-min():select min(salary) from emp ;

iii)sum-sum():select sum(salary) from emp ;

iv)standard deviation-std():select stddev(salary) from emp ;

v)average-avg():select avg(salary) from emp ;

vi)count-count():select count(salary) from emp ;

ii)Trignometric functions:

sin:Select sin(30) from dual;

cos: Select cos(45) from dual;

tan: Select tan(90) from dual;

3)Mathematiccal functions:

i)power:Select power(2,4)from dual;

ii)sqrt: Select sqrt(16)from dual;

 iii)mod: Select mod(3,2)from dual;

iv)Round: Select Round(27.8888888888889,4)from dual;

v)Absolute:(Abs): Select power(2,4)from dual;

4)String functions

i)Upper()

select eid,upper(ename), salary fom emp;

ii)Lower()

select eid,lower(ename),salary from emp;

iii)Length()

select eid,length(ename),salary from emp;

iv)LTrim()

select eid,LTrim (hi,5,2),salary from dual;

v)RTrim()

select eid, RTrim (Hai,6,5,4,6),salary from dual;

Dual: is a repository it provides all the calculation values auch as trigonometry values ,mathematical
values,Date function values

Query

List all the manager in dep 20,30 & earnings more than 25000

Select * from emp where depid in (20,30) and job=’manager’ and salary>25000;

Or

Select * from emp where depid=20 and job=’manager’ and salary>25000 or depid=30 and
job=’manager’ and salary>25000 ;

8)Constrains:is a condition a business rule which can be applied for database table

Constrains are 3 types

1)Domain integrity
 2)Entity integrity

3)Referential integrity

1)Domain integrity constraint

i)Not null: it shouldn’t accept zero values & blank spaces but it accept duplicate values.

create table emp

eid varchar(30),

ename varchar(30) Not Null,

depid number(30),

salary number(30),

job varchar(30) Not Null);

ii)check:evaluation of ranged values

create table emp

(
eid varchar(30),

ename varchar(30) Not Null,

depid number(30),

salary number(30) Check (Salary>6000),

job varchar(30) Not Null);

2)Entity Integrity Constraint:

i)Unique:It shouldn’t accept zero values ,blank spaces duplication valies presence at one
valuepresence at only one tiome iin the table

create table emp

(
eid varchar(30) Unique,

ename varchar(30) Not Null,

depid number(30),

salary number(30) Check (Salary>6000),

job varchar(30) Not Null);

Referential integrity constraint:

It contains only one key:

Foreignkey:The one key creates two or more tables .The 1st table is called parent table and the other
remaining tables Are called Child table.

////

Primary: *It doesn’t come under Referential integrity key.*

Primary key defines row uniquely from table

It shouldn’t accept zero valies ,blankspaces & duplicate values i.e, one value present only one time in the
table

create table emp

(
eid varchar(30)

primary key,

ename varchar(30) Not Null,

depid number(30),

salary number(30) Check (Salary>6000),

job varchar(30) Not Null);

Interview questions :
1)Difference between alter & Update

2)What is primary key

3)What is Foreign Key

4)Difference between drop,truncate & delete

5)What isPurpose of rollback

6) What are classes in SQL.

7)What are Normalisation

8)What are the grouping functions

9)Difference between % and –

10)What are the data types in sql(Char,Varchar,Number,Date,Clob)

Clob:It is used for storing Multimedia values

11)What are operators in SQL

12)Sublanguages