International Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering & Telecommunications

Dynamic Reconfiguration of PV Array under

Partial Shading Condition by Using Automatic
Switching
*
Koran A. Namuq1 , Abdulrahman I. Siddiq2, and Hasan Abdulkader1
1
Altinbas University, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Istanbul, Turkey
2
Technical College of Kirkuk, Department of Electronic and Control Technical Engineering, Kirkuk, Iraq
Email: [email protected]; [email protected]

Abstract—The mismatching effect caused by partial shade is scheme. As a result, the impact of partial shading is
one of the critical problems in the operation of photovoltaic distributed over the full photovoltaic (PV) array [6].
(PV) arrays, it can cause large losses in the power produced Consequently, the static interconnection strategy does not
by the PV system. Power losses due to partial shading (PS) require sophisticated algorithms, switching matrices, or
for a particular operating situation may be controlled by
altering the PV array's scheme connection. For that reason,
auxiliary circuits such as Sudoku [7], Optimal Sudoku
this paper presents an Automatic Switch Block (ASB) based [8], Futoshiki [9], odd-even (OE) [10], Latin Square (LS)
on dynamic relays without using an algorithm to control the [11] and magic square [12]. As all the fixed techniques
connection between PV panels to reduce the effect of partial rely on a single reconfiguration and the use of a
shading and provide the ability of scaling. The Simulation mechanical mechanism to alter the placement of the solar
results showed that the proposed module has a high ability panels, they are ineffective and do not address various
and efficiency in mitigating and reducing the effect of partial shade patterns, most of them find it difficult to
partial shade on solar panel arrays by automatically deal with the system's expansion [13]. However, the
changing the electrical connection between the panels dynamic methods are more effective in dealing with
compared with total cross-tied (TCT), Futoshiki puzzle
pattern (FPP), Sudoku and L-Shape Algorithm. Moreover,
reducing the effect of partial shade by reconnecting the
the proposed method was tested in SIMULINK/MATLAB electrical connections between the solar panels,
environment for different shading patterns and achieved an depending on Artificial Intelligence (AI), neural
improvement in maximum power point tracking (MPPT) by networks, and fuzzy logic, using different algorithms to
about 12% as compared with L-Shape, more than 30% resolve the problem of maximum power point tracking
compared to TCT, and about 15% for other methods. (MPPT) [14]. In case the issue of system expansion and
the effectiveness of techniques to extract the highest
Index Terms—Dynamic PV array reconfiguration, panels
array, partial shadow, shading patterns, solar energy value of capacity while using the fewest number of
switches remain in the study stage [15].

I. INTRODUCTION II. LITERATURE REVIEW

In recent years, the world has tended to find ways to This section reviews the methods and studies that use
obtain sustainable sources of energy as an alternative to the dynamic method to solve the partial shading issue.
traditional energy sources. Among the methods that Srinivasan et al. [16] present in their study an algorithm
scientists have reached is to take advantage of sunlight to called L-shape to solve the problem of expansion which
generate energy, including manufacturing solar panels [1, both Sudoku and Futoshiki failed in non-square matrices.
2]. But many factors may impact the capacity of the The Sudoku and Futoshiki PV array patterns are only
panels and decrease the maximum output power, relevant to square PV arrays, and their logic fails for
including partial shade due to clouds, dust, nearby arrays that are not square. The suggested method is
buildings, etc. [3]. This led researchers to find appropriate optimal for both non-squared PV arrays with an odd
solutions to avoid the effects resulting from partial shade. number of columns and squared PV arrays. For the non-
Methods for rearranging solar panels are generally squared array of PVs with an even number of columns.
divided into static and dynamic methods [4, 5]. In a static However, the proposed hybrid reconfiguration method is
configuration, the physical placement of the module is evaluated against eight different shading patterns, with
changed without affecting the electrical connections, methods like Total Cross-Tied (TCT), the Sudoku puzzle
according to a pre-defined one-time configuration pattern, and the Futoshiki Puzzle Pattern (FPP).
According to the findings, the suggested approach
produced the following outcomes, the error rate is 20% in
Manuscript received February 5, 2023; revised March 21, 2023;
accepted March 27, 2023. the current method compared to the Sudoku and
*Corresponding author: Koran A. Namuq (email: gorannamuq@ Futoshiki methods, which was 35%. However, the
gmail.com). implication is that the current configurations work well

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 International Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering & Telecommunications

for minor shading patterns but fail paltry for major other three major algorithms, Maximum Information
shading patterns. Hegazy Rezk et al. [17] described a Coefficient (MIC), Source Coherence (CS), and ACO-
modern metaheuristic method that uses the Coyote PO, to improve the performance under the influence of
Optimization Algorithm (COA) to solve the partial shade, some researchers used a neural network.
reconfiguration of a partially shaded PV array. The Tuyen Nguyen-Duc et al. [25] proposed the
primary objective is to increase the Global Maximum reconfiguration method to be based on equalizing short-
Power (GMP) of the array. The suggested COA is circuit current reduction of the PV matrix in the solar
implemented on (99) PV panels. The COA has been panel’s system. To estimate the effect of partial shading,
evaluated using a variety of conventional shadow eight cutting-edge convolutional neural network models
patterns, like a Short Wide (SW), Long Wide (LW), are used on PV modules short-circuit current LeNet-5,
Short Narrow (SN), and Long Narrow (LN). The AlexNet, VGG 11, VGG 19, Inception V3, ResNet 18,
recommended COA-based designs are compared to TCT, ResNet 34, and ResNet 50 are among these approaches.
Sudoku, Flower Pollination Algorithm (FPA), Marine Based on 1842 sample images, the VGG 19 achieves the
Predators' Algorithm (MPA), and Butterfly Optimization largest accuracy among the eight models. As a result, in
Algorithm (BOA)-based configurations. The optimal four different shading scenarios, this approach is used to
increase in GMP attained with the suggested COA for evaluate the ratio between the actual and estimated short-
TCT configuration is 26.58% in the SW case, 21.69% in circuit currents. Under Partial Shading Condition (PSC),
the LW, 7.68% in the SN, and 7.69% in the LN. The this ratio establishes the rule for switching between PV
accumulated results verified the competence and modules across the PV panels. In four shading patterns,
superiority of the recommended COA in reconfiguring the experimental PV array with a size of (2×2)
the shaded array. In [18], the authors provided a method approaches the suggested pattern module and increases
based on the Knapsack algorithm, while the output power by 25.19 percent. Consequently, power
reconfiguration issue is formulated as a 0-1 multi- losses decreased from 1.32 to 13.75 percent. The
knapsack problem, and a unique mathematical formula is proposed dynamic PV array reconfiguration system's
devised. The development of a model that directly power reduction with the improvement of power loss
estimates the maximum output power of a solar array. By proves its efficacy in mitigating the impacts of PSC on
solving the mathematical model afterward, the ideal the PV panels in four shading case studies. Moreover, this
reconfiguration technique is identified. The efficiency of study proposes an automatic dynamic reconfiguration
the suggested reconfiguration module is shown through approach. It does not need a standard programmable
theory and simulations. In conclusion, the suggested microcontroller. Instead, it immediately adjusts the
pattern technique may successfully optimize the connections between PV modules based on their activity,
maximum output power of a PV array, with a power gain which is influenced by the shade situation to facilitate
of more than 10% observed for the previously mentioned scalability.
shading conditions when compared to the baseline TCT
configuration and the Irradiance Equalization (IE) based
reconfiguration strategy. Moreover, exhaustive
simulations demonstrate that the proposed method's
maximum output power is always larger than or equal to
that of the IE principle, regardless of the size and shading
pattern of the PV array. The researchers in [19] and [20]
proposed techniques to limit the number of peaks in the
power curve and to remove the aging effect that could
occur to the panels because of the sparse shade in one
row. The study was conducted in a simulation
environment and compared with various approaches and
matrices of varying sizes, with the results module that the
suggested algorithms are able to improve output power
and reduce the number of peaks when compared to
standard methods. Authors in [21] and [22] proposed a
module based on fuzzy logic to extract MPPT, where the
dependence is on tracking the suitable voltages by Fig. 1. Automatic switching block (ASB)
changing the connection between the panels from series
to parallel or parallel to series, and it was compared to the III. PROPOSED METHOD
traditional method (TCT). It was claimed to be superior.
The proposed methods extract the relevant voltage to An automatic dynamic reconfiguration scheme is
produce the MPPT faster. Authors in [23] and [24] proposed in this paper. It circumvents the need for a
proposed algorithms based on Perturb and Observe (PO) conventional programmable microcontroller. Instead, it
technology, which scans a curve (I-V) to determine a updates the interconnection among PV modules directly
maximum power point and then separates the shaded according to the activity of PV modules that are affected
panels in the system's rows, with the results by the shading condition. For ease of scalability, a
demonstrating that it has higher accuracy, faster, and less hierarchical structure is used to construct the PV array
complicated by 2 times to 3 times. In comparison to the from a modular building block, called the Automatic

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 International Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering & Telecommunications

Switching Block (ASB). As shown in Fig. 1. This ASB opposite polarity from the PV panel’s output and in
connects two PV panels or groups of panels. It is parallel with the inductance coil of the relay. A flyback
designed such that when there is partial shading it can diode prevents high voltage spikes from occurring upon
automatically change the connection between the two PV disconnection of the PV. In other words, when the PV
panels to achieve the target of output voltage stability. panel is connected to the relay, the voltage of the
The PV panels are connected through relays that are inductance coil increases until it matches that of the
controlled by the generated voltages to produce a nearly power source.
constant output voltage as much as possible. The two PV The inductor's time constant restricts the rate at which
panels are supposed to generate equal output voltages at the current may fluctuate. In this instance, the time
no shading (normal) conditions, i.e., E1= E2, where E1 required to reduce current flow via the coil exceeds the
and E2 are the output voltages of PV1 and PV2 time required to remove the PV panel. In an effort to
respectively. A Panel is considered as shaded when its maintain current flow, the inductive load in the coil
output voltage falls down under a predefined threshold, switches polarity upon separation. This causes a high
e.g., 50% of its maximum output. The used relays are voltage potential to accumulate at the open connections
calibrated such that they switch from normally closed of the component that controls the relay. It may cause an
(NC) to normally open (NO) states when the coil voltage electrical arc and harm the relay's regulating components.
exceeds this threshold. Additionally, it may produce electrical noise that can
The proposed system operates as follows, at normal couple with nearby signals or power connections and
operating conditions when both PV panels are receiving cause microcontrollers to fail or reset. In addition to
almost equal solar irradiation, their output will force the flyback diodes, the designed ASB features two blocking
relays to connect them in parallel. Then, both voltages diodes, D2 and D4. They prevent the flow of reverse
with current at the output of the block are in (1) and (2), currents through weak PV panels. However, they are
where I1 and I2 represent the current for PV1 and PV2. forward biased, and this results in an about 0.7V drop in
Eblock = E1 = E2 (1) the voltage delivered by each PV panel. Moreover, PV
arrays can be constructed by connecting ASB blocks
I block = I1 + I 2 (2) hierarchically. This structure allows easy and effective
scaling. That is a 4-PV panel array can be constructed by
Next, in the case when one of the PV panels is shaded
applying the proposed ASB connection scheme on each
and its output falls while the other panel is still producing
pair of PV panels. However, Fig. 2 shows 8-PV panel
a normal output, then the designed connection scheme
arrays. For the case of an 8-PV panel array, four ASB
disconnects the weak (shaded) panel. As the difference in
blocks are used to connect each one of the four pairs of
solar irradiance received by the two PV panels increases,
PV panels, and the output of pairs connected in parallel,
it causes a significant mismatch in the current-voltage (I-
V) characteristics that make the weak panel act as an the same approach can also be followed to form a matrix
electrical load on the non-shaded panel. This leads to of 16 PV panels or greater.
significant power loss and early panel aging, so it is better
to be avoided. Therefore, in this case, the block output is
taken from the non-shaded panel alone to protect the
weak panel and to maintain a constant block output
voltage level, That is, Eblock=Ei and Iblock=Ii, where i is the
index of the non-shaded panel and i{1,2}. Finally, the
remaining case is when both PV panels are shaded. Then,
the relays will connect the weak panels in series. In this
case, the output voltage and the output current will be as
in (3) and (4):
Eblock = E1 + E2 (3)
I block = I1 = I 2 (4)

The operation of the proposed modular ASB block is

summarized in Table I. Fig. 2. 8-PV Array in Hierarchical scheme
TABLE I: OPERATION OF THE PROPOSED MODULAR ASB
For calculating the total current (ITotal) and voltage
Shading condition Type of connection Output
PV 1 PV 2 PV 1 PV 2 Voltage (VTotal) at the output of the PV panel, the array (4×4)
NO NO Parallel E1//E2 matrix in case of no shading will be as in (5) for total
NO YES PV1 only E1 output current and as in (6) for total output voltage.
YES NO PV2 only E2
YES YES Series E1+E2 I Total = I PV1 + I PV2 + + I PV16 (5)
VTotal = VPV1 = VPV2 = = VPV16 (6)
Typically, flyback (or freewheeling) diodes D1 and D3
in Fig. 1, are used in printed circuit boards that include Based on this principle, taking into consideration the
mechanical relays. A freewheeling diode is installed with condition of the PS on a particular panel, the current and

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 International Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering & Telecommunications

voltage are evaluated by considering the state of and no color for unshaded panels) to track MPPT as
connection between two panels in the group, for example, shown in Fig. 3. Moreover, the results of ASB method
if Panel 2 had a radiation ratio of less than 50%, it will be will be compared with the results in reference [16].
eliminated from the equation.
A. Performance Analysis Under Standard Cases
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 1) Short & Narrow Case
A case of SN shading pattern may happen in the PV
The proposed ASB-based hierarchical scheme is array because of surrounding objects covering 25% of the
applied on a sixteen PV panel array (4×4) matrix. The PV array size. The shading in SN has affected the panels
array has been implemented in SIMULINK/MATLAB (11, 12, 21, 22) in the matrix as shown in Fig. 3 The
environment by using 10W PV panels and eight ASB simulation result showed that the value of MPPT was
modules. The specifications of the PV panels used as higher in ASB configuration 120.6 W followed by L-
given in Table II. shape and FPP 102.5 W in case TCT and Sudoku was
TABLE II: PV PANELS PROPERTIES recorded 84 W, 97.4 W at the maximum point, however,
Parameter Value ABS reconfiguration has 12.15% improvement compared
Power (W) 10 to L-shape and FTT beside 24.58% compare with TCT
Short circuit current (A), ISC 1.25 and 15.58 with Sudoku. Fig. 4, shows the P-V
Current at MPP (A), Im 1.1 characteristic for each method.
Voltage at MPP (V), Vm 9
Open Circuit Voltage (V), VOC 10.8

TABLE III: PS PATTERNS AND MAXIMUM POWER POINT TRACKING OF

THE ASB-BASED HIERARCHICAL 16-PV PANEL ARRAY
Maximum Output Power (Watt)
Shading patterns ASB
TCT Sudoku FPP L-Shape
Configuration
Short Narrow 84 97.4 102.5 102.5 120.6
Short Wide 65.5 58.8 65.5 90.7 87.3
Long Wide 53.8 65.5 58.8 73.9 70.26
Long Narrow 60.5 77.3 84 92.4 100
Uneven Column 67.2 102.5 102.5 102.5 120.6
Uneven Row 102.5 102.5 102.5 102.5 118.7
Random 60.5 47 53.9 73.9 76.2
Diagonal 102.5 73.9 97.4 102.5 120.4 (a)

11 12 13 14 11 12 13 14 11 12 13 14
21 22 23 24 21 22 23 24 21 22 23 24
31 32 33 34 31 32 33 34 31 32 33 34
41 42 43 44 41 42 43 44 41 42 43 44
(a) (b) (c)
11 12 13 14 11 12 13 14 11 12 13 14
21 22 23 24 21 22 23 24 21 22 23 24
31 32 33 34 31 32 33 34 31 32 33 34
41 42 43 44 41 42 43 44 41 42 43 44
(d) (e) (f)
11 12 13 14 11 12 13 14 950 W/𝑚^2
21 22 23 24 21 22 23 24 800 W/𝑚^2 (b)
Fig. 4. P-V characteristics for SN case: (a) TCT, Sudoku, FPP, and L-
31 32 33 34 31 32 33 34 600 W/𝑚^2
Shape [16] and (b) ASB reconfiguration.
41 42 43 44 41 42 43 44 400 W/𝑚^2
(g) (h) 200 W/𝑚^2 2) Short & Wide Case
Fig. 3. Shading patterns with different Irradiance values [16]: (a) SN, This subsection discusses the shading dispersion under
(b) SW, (c) LW, (d) LN, (e) diagonal (f) UN column, (g) UN Row, and SW shading patterns. 75% of the PV area is affected by
(h) random. this kind of shade as shown in Fig. 3, because of the
Without loss of generality, the sixteen PV panels are considerable power loss, shadow dispersion is critical for
arranged in a single row. However, the PV panels may this shading situation. Shade dispersion may increase
encounter different shading patterns. As mentioned in the power in this type of shading. However, it is dependent
methodology, a PV panel is considered shaded if its on consistency. The suggested reconfiguration approach
output falls under the predefined threshold, otherwise, it evenly distributes shadowing throughout the PV array
is considered not shaded. Then, basically, there are beside the L-Shape configuration with a slight difference
different possible shading conditions like a standard not exceeding 2% where the amount of MPPT achieved is
pattern: LW, LN, SW, and SN in addition to non-standard 87.3W for ASB and 90.7W for L-shape compared with
patterns: Diagonal, Uneven Row, Uneven Column, and standard patterns like TCT and FPP with the value of
Random. However, Table III shows tested shading cases, 65.5W. However, the Sudoku pattern achieved the lowest
with different values (800, 600, 400, 200, and 950 for no value with only 58.8W. P-V characteristics are shown in
shading panels with colors Green, Yellow, Purple, Red, Fig. 5, for each method.

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 International Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering & Telecommunications

followed by L-shape, FPP, Sudoku, and TCT by 92.4 W,

84W, 77.3W, and 60.5W. However, the proposed
reconfiguration is better than TCT, Sudoku, FPP, and L-
shape by 26.56%, 15.24%, 10.74%, and 5.1% as shown
in Fig. 6.
4) Long & Wide Case
In the case of LW shading condition influences around
75% of the PV array's irradiance. This type of shadowing
is typically caused by clouds, impassable obstacles, and
temporary constructions, however. Besides the L-shape
method, the recommended reconfiguration strategy
uniformly distributes shadowing across the PV array with
(a) a little variance not exceeding 2% as shown in Fig. 7,
where the quantity of MPPT produced is 70.26W for
ASB configuration and 73.26W for L-shape configuration
in case TCT and FPP record lowest value with only
58.8W and 65.5W for Sudoku as in Table III. Fig. 8
shows the characteristics of P-V.

(b)
Fig. 5. P-V characteristics for SW case (a) TCT, Sudoku, FPP, and L-
Shape [16] and (b) ASB reconfiguration.

Fig. 7. Improvement percentage of ASB configuration compare with

TCT, Sudoku, FPP, and L-shape configurations.

(a)

(a)

(b)
Fig. 6. P-V characteristics for LN case (a) TCT, Sudoku, FPP, and L-
Shape [16] and (b) ASB reconfiguration.

3) Long & Narrow Case

A case of LN shading pattern reduces the irradiance of
the PV array by about 50%, resulting in a 50% reduction
in power output. For this kind of shading pattern, the (b)
recommended ASB reconfiguration is more effective. As Fig. 8. P-V characteristics for LW case (a) TCT, Sudoku, FPP, and L-
shown in Table III this configuration could achieve 100W Shape [16] and (b) ASB reconfiguration.

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 International Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering & Telecommunications

B. Performance Analysis Under Non-Standard Cases done by Abdulrahman I. Siddiq, and Hasan Abdulkader.
In a non-standard shading pattern, due to the shape of All authors had approved the final version.
the PV array in a square or rectangular matrix shape, it
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2020, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3036124 Dept. (2018-2020), the head of Central Scientific Promotions since
[19] V. P. Madhanmohan, A. Saleem, and M. Nandakumar, “An 2020. His research areas of interest include multi-carrier modulation in
algorithm for enhanced performance of photovoltaic array under wireless digital communication systems, ODFM, OFDM with index
partial shading condition,” IEEE Access, vol. 8, pp. 176947– modulation, image and video transmission, signal processing, solar
176959, 2020, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3025906 energy harvesting, and photovoltaic array reconfiguration.
[20] M. Alkahtani, Z. Wu, C. S. Kuka, M. S. Alahammad, and K. Ni,
“A novel PV array reconfiguration algorithm approach to Dr. Hasan Abdelkader holds
optimising power generation across non-uniformly aged PV arrays Telecommunication Engineering Degree from
by merely repositioning,” J—Multidisciplinary Scientific Journal, the University of Aleppo-Syria 1991, a PhD.
vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 32–53, Feb. 2020, doi: 10.3390/j3010005 In Computer Science and Telecommunication
[21] L. Bouselham, A. Rabhi, B. Hajji, and A. Mellit, “Photovoltaic from the Institute National Polytechnique in
array reconfiguration method based on fuzzy logic and recursive Toulouse-France 2003. He worked as
least squares: An experimental validation,” Energy, vol. 232, Oct. Associate professor at the Faculty of Electric
2021, doi: 10.1016/j.energy.2021.121107 and Electronic Engineering,
[22] L. Guo and N. M. M. Abdul, “Design and evaluation of fuzzy Telecommunication Department at the
adaptive particle swarm optimization based maximum power point University of Aleppo-Syria 2003-13, He
tracking on photovoltaic system under partial shading conditions,” worked as an Adjunct Professor at INPT, IPSA and CNAM in
Front Energy Res., vol. 9, Jul. 2021, doi: Toulouse-France 2013-19. He works as an Assistant Professor at the
10.3389/fenrg.2021.712175 department of Computer Engineering, Altinbas University in Istanbul-
[23] A. N. M. Mohammad, M. A. M. Radzi, N. Azis, S. Shafie, and M. Türkiye since 2021.
A. A. M. Zainuri, “An enhanced adaptive perturb and observe
technique for efficient maximum power point tracking under Koran A. Namuq was born on 30th of March,
partial shading conditions,” Applied Sciences (Switzerland), vol. 1993 in Iraq, He holds bachelor degree in
10, no. 11, Jun. 2020, doi: 10.3390/app10113912 Electronic and Control Technical Engineering
[24] J. Ahmed, Z. Salam, M. Kermadi, H. N. Afrouzi, and R. H. from Northern Technical University Mosul -
Ashique, “A skipping adaptive P&O MPPT for fast and efficient Iraq 2016. He works as laboratory assistant in
tracking under partial shading in PV arrays,” International Technical College of Kirkuk.
Transactions on Electrical Energy Systems, vol. 31, no. 9, Sep.
2021, doi: 10.1002/2050-7038.13017
[25] T. Nguyen-Duc, T. Le-Viet, D. Nguyen-Dang, T. Dao-Quang, and
M. Bui-Quang, “Photovoltaic array reconfiguration under partial
shading conditions based on short-circuit current estimated by
convolutional neural network,” Energies (Basel), vol. 15, no. 17,
Sep. 2022, doi: 10.3390/en15176341

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