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26 views

Statistics-and-Probability-4

Uploaded by

Carlo Eronico Degamo
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Statistics and Probability

LESSON

Rejection region or critical region plays an important role in conducting


hypothesis testing. Aside from showing the area where we can decide whether
null hypothesis is to reject or not, it also gives us the opportunity to determine if
an error is being committed in hypothesis testing.
Steps in Illustrating Rejection Region

1. Draw a normal distribution testing means.


2. Identify the test statistic to be used.
a. Use z-test
if the sample size n is large enough, population mean 𝝁 and the
population variance 𝝈𝟐 are known.
-

if the sample size n is large enough, population mean 𝝁 is known,


and the population variance 𝝈𝟐 is unknown. (by applying Central
-

Limit Theorem sample variance 𝒔𝟐 may be used as an estimate


value of the population variance 𝝈𝟐)

b. Use t-test
if the sample size n is less than 30 ( 𝒏 < 𝟑𝟎 ) and the population
variance 𝝈𝟐 is known.
-

- if the sample size n is less than 30 ( 𝒏 < 𝟑𝟎 ) and the population


variance 𝝈𝟐 is unknown. (If we assume that the sample comes from
a normally distributed population, then the sample variance 𝒔𝟐 can
be used to estimate population variance 𝝈𝟐.)

3. Determine the critical value (one-tailed) or values (two-tailed).

non-rejection region (𝟏 − 𝜶). The line should be drawn from the


Note: There is a line that separates the rejection region (𝜶) from the

curve down straightly to the point (critical value) on the baseline


of the normal distribution.
4. Shade the region from the critical value towards the tail of the distribution.
Remember that there are three commonly used confidence level in
hypothesis testing and these are 90%, 95%, and 99%. The tables below show
the corresponding critical value/s and alpha level of the three commonly used
confidence level.
Test statistic: z-test
Confidence Critical Values (2- Critical Value Critical Value 𝜶
Level Tailed) (1-Tailed Left) (1-Tailed Right)

90% z = ±1.645 z = −𝟏. 𝟐𝟖 z = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟖 0.10

z = ±1.96 z = −𝟏. z = 𝟏. 𝟔𝟒𝟓


𝟔𝟒𝟓
95% 0.05

99% z = ±2.575 z = −𝟐. 𝟑𝟑 z = 𝟐. 𝟑𝟑 0.01

Test statistic: t-test

* https://www.sjsu.edu/faculty/gerstman/StatPrimer/t-table.pdf

Illustrative Example 1:

A teacher from Mabuti Senior High School developed an Online


ProblemSolving Test to assess the effectivity of using online platforms in

need to be selected. In this sample, 𝑥̅ = 78 and 𝑠 = 12. The mean 𝜇 and the
problem-solving ability of the students. 50 randomly senior high school students

standard deviation of the population used in the standardization of the test were
75 and 15, respectively. Use the 95% confidence level to illustrate the rejection
region.
Steps Illustration

1. Draw a normal
distribution
testing means.

2. Identify the test Since n=50 is large enough, 𝜇 = 75 is given, and 𝜎


statistic to be = 15 is known. (the square of standard
used. deviation is variance 𝝈𝟐)
Therefore, the test statistic to be used is z-test.
3. Determine the The problem does not specify the direction to which
critical value the hypothesis will be leading. It means that the test
(one-tailed) or is Two-Tailed Non-directional.

Critical Values: 𝒛 = ±𝟏. 𝟗𝟔


values Confidence Level: 95%
(twotailed).

4. Shade the
region from the
critical value
towards the tail
of the
distribution.

Illustrative Example 2:

The owner of Masiyahin, a water refilling station, sells a particular bottled


water and claims that the average capacity of their product is 500 ml. To test the
claim, a consumer group gets a sample of 100 such bottles and test if the result
will be less than the claim. After calculating the capacity of each bottle, the
group found out that the mean capacity is 497 ml and the standard deviation is
4ml. Use the 99% confidence level to illustrate the rejection region.
Steps Illustration

1. Draw a normal
distribution
testing means.

2. Identify the test Since n=100 is large enough, 𝜇 = 500 𝑚𝑙 is given,


statistic to be and 𝜎 is unknown. By applying Central Limit
used. Theorem, 𝑠 = 4𝑚𝑙 can be used as an estimate value
of population standard deviation 𝜎.

Therefore, the test statistic to be used is z-test.


3. Determine the The problem specifies the direction to which the
critical value hypothesis will be leading. It means that the test is
(one-tailed) or One-Tailed Directional. (Left)

Critical Values: 𝒛 = −𝟐. 𝟑𝟑


values Confidence Level: 99%
(twotailed).

4. Shade the
region from the
critical value
towards the tail
of the
distribution.

Illustrative Example 3:

A school nurse claims that the average weight of Grade 11students is 60kgs.
The HOPE teacher randomly selects 24 Grade 11 students and measure their
weight. The computed mean is 57kgs and a standard deviation of 5.0kgs.

Do the collected data present sufficient evidence to indicate that the average
weights of the Grade 11 students are different from 60kgs? Use 0.10 level of
significance (alpha level) and assume that the population follows normal
distribution.
Note: Illustrate the rejection region only.
Steps Illustration
1. Draw a normal
distribution
testing means.

Since n=24 is a small sample, 𝜇 = 60𝑘𝑔𝑠 is given,


and 𝜎 is unknown. By assuming that the population
2. Identify the test
statistic to be
used. follows normal distribution, 𝑠 = 5.0𝑘𝑔𝑠 can be used

𝜎.
as an estimate value of population standard deviation

Therefore, the test statistic to be used is t-test.


3. Determine the The problem does not specify the direction to which
critical value the hypothesis will be leading. It means that the test
(one-tailed) is Two-Tailed Non-directional.
or values Confidence Level: 90%
(twotailed).

Critical Values: 𝑡 = ±𝟏. 𝟕𝟏𝟒

4. Shade the
region from
the critical
value towards
the tail of the
distribution.
ACTIVITES

Sketch and Locate


Locating test statistic. (a) Draw the normal curve. (b) Locate the
given test statistic. (c) Determine whether the test statistic will fall on
the rejection region or not. (follow the steps in illustrating critical
region)

1. z= 2, 95% confidence, two-tailed

(a and b)

(c)

2. t= -2.34, df = 22, 99% confidence, one-tailed left

(a and b)

(c)

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