Department of Education

Caraga Administrative Region

Division of Surigao del Norte
Alegria District
ALEGRIA STAND ALONE SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
Alegria, Surigao del Norte

PRACTICAL
RESEARCH 1

Learning Activity Sheets

(LAS)
Week 1

Prepared by:

CATHERINE P. DAGCUTA
Subject Teacher
LESSON Importance and
1
Characteristics of Research

Specific Learning Objectives:

A. shares research experience and knowledge CS_RS11IIIa-1

B. explains the importance of research in daily life CS_RS11IIIa-2
C. describes characteristics, processes and ethics of research
CS_RS11IIIa-3
D. differentiate qualitative from quantitative research CS_RS11IIIa-4
E. provides examples of research in areas of interest CS_RS11IIIa-5
F. describes characteristics, strengths, weaknesses, and kinds of
qualitative research CS_RS11IIIa-6
G. illustrates the importance of qualitative research across fields
CS_RS11IIIa-7

KEY CONCEPTS

ACTIVITY 1. WORD SEARCH

Direction: Find at least 5 hidden words in the puzzle below and try to
define each. Place your answers in a separate sheet.

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The main purpose of research is to inform action, to prove a theory and to
contribute to the developing knowledge in a field or study. It is of great
importance in all fields of specialization for it helps us to seek truth,
information and knowledge.
Research allows individuals to capture ways of looking at ideas and issues
and to think creatively about problems that have no simple answer. It
paves way to new ideas and discovery of things that will benefit man
above all.
What is research?
Research is a careful consideration of study regarding a particular concern
or problem using a process of inquiry. According to the American
sociologist Earl Robert Babbie, “Research is a systematic inquiry to
describe, explain, predict, and control the observed phenomenon.
What is the importance of Research in Daily Life?
Research plays a very important role in our daily life. It gives as light to
inquire for the right information. It helps us develop the right attitude to
not believe in anything easily and most especially, it empowers us with
knowledge and efficient learning of new things.
To assimilate more, take time to read the following significant texts
showing the importance of research in our daily life.
1. Gain Essential Information: Research provides important information
in the different areas of interest. It helps you get acquainted with the
process and resources involved in your research.
2. To Make Changes: Research creates change as a result of intense
study on existing knowledge and policy.
3. To Enhance the Standard of Living: New inventions are made
possible through research that made the life of man comfortable. It
resulted to the advancement of knowledge leading to the development in
different fields like transportation and communication.
4. For a Safer Life: Discoveries resulted to improved life expectancy and
health conditions of human kind. New machines and drugs helped in
treatment and diagnosis of different diseases.
5. To Know the Truth: The results of research helped us to mark out the
thin line between truth and lie.
6. To Explore the History: Research enables human to learn and
understand more about our forefathers and helps us learn from their
mistakes and experiences.
7. To Understand the Arts: Research helps us to understand and
appreciate the work of artists in literature, painting and other fine arts.

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Characteristics of Research
1. Empirical: Research is based on direct experience or observation by
the researcher. Most researches are based on real-life situation.
2. Systematic: Research follows an orderly procedure based on valid
procedures and principles.
3. Controlled: In research, all variables except those that are tested are
kept constant.
4. Analytical: Research utilizes proven analytical procedure in gathering
the data.
5. Objective: Research is unbiased. All findings are logically based on
data.
The Process of Research
There are a variety of approaches to research in any field of investigation,
irrespective of whether it is applied research or basic research. Each
particular research study will be unique in some ways because of the
particular time, setting, environment, and place in which it is being
undertaken.
Nevertheless, all research endeavors share a common goal of furthering
our understanding of the problem and thus all traverse through certain
basic stages, forming a process called the research process.
An understanding of the research process is necessary to effectively carry
out research and sequencing of the stages inherent in the process.
These 8 stages in the research process
1. Identifying the problem.
2. Reviewing literature.
3. Setting research questions, objectives, and hypotheses.
4. Choosing the study design.
5. Deciding on the sample design.
6. Collecting data.
7. Processing and analyzing data.
8. Writing the report.
The research process outlined is a part and parcel of a research. It is an
outline of your commitment that you intend to follow in executing a
research study.
Ethics in Research
Research Ethics provides guidelines for the responsible conduct of
research. It educates and monitors the conduct of researches to ensure
high ethical standards. The following shows why is it important to adhere
to the ethical norms in research:

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 a. Norms promote the aims of research such as knowledge, truth
and evidence of error.
b. Ethical standards promote the values that are essential to
collaborative work.
c. Ethical norms held researchers accountable to the general public.
d. Norms in research help establish public support, quality and
integrity of research.
Ethical Principles in Research
a. Honesty: Honestly report data, results, methods and procedures,
and publication status. Do not fabricate, falsify, or misrepresent data.
b. Objectivity: Strive to avoid bias in experimental design, data
analysis, data interpretation, peer review, personnel decisions, grant
writing, expert testimony, and other aspects of research.
c. Integrity: Keep your promises and agreements; act with
sincerity; strive for consistency of thought and action.
d. Carefulness: Avoid careless errors and negligence; carefully and
critically examine your own work and the work of your peers. Keep good
records of research activities.
e. Openness: Share data, results, ideas, tools, resources. Be open
to criticism and new ideas.
f. Respect for Intellectual Property: Honor patents, copyrights,
and other forms of intellectual property. Do not use unpublished data,
methods, or results without permission. Give credit where credit is due.
Never plagiarize.
g. Confidentiality: Protect confidential communications, such as
papers or grants submitted for publication, personnel records, trade or
military secrets, and patient records.
h. Responsible Publication: Publish in order to advance research
and scholarship, not to advance just your own career. Avoid wasteful and
duplicative publication.
i. Responsible Mentoring: Help to educate, mentor, and advise
students. Promote their welfare and allow them to make their own
decisions.
j. Respect for Colleagues: Respect your colleagues and treat
them fairly.
k. Social Responsibility: Strive to promote social good and
prevent or mitigate social harms through research, public education, and
advocacy.
m. Competence: Maintain and improve your own professional
competence and expertise through lifelong education and learning; take
steps to promote competence in science as a whole.

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n. Legality: Know and obey relevant laws and institutional and
governmental policies.
l. Non-Discrimination: Avoid discrimination against colleagues or
students on the basis of sex, race, ethnicity, or other factors that are not
related to their scientific competence and integrity.
Activity 1. The Research Process
Copy the graphic organizer below and supply the needed information
showing the Process of Research. Place your answers inside the circles
below.

Activity 2. The Ethics of Research

Based on what you have learned in this module, create at least five (5)
situations showing the ethical principles in research. Follow the template
found below:
1. Ethical Principle: __________________
Situation:
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
2. Ethical Principle: __________________

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Situation:
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

3. Ethical Principle: __________________

Situation:
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
4. Ethical Principle: __________________
Situation:
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
5. Ethical Principle: __________________
Situation:
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

Deepen
Answer the following questions based on what you have learned in this
lesson. Make your answers brief yet substantial.
1. What is Research?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
2. What makes research important to you as a student?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
3. What are the things you should consider in conducting a research?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
4. Why is it necessary for researchers to follow the process of research?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

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LESSON Quantitative and Qualitative
2
Research

Activity 1. Complete me!

Using a separate sheet, complete the table below by filling out the needed
information.

Activity 2. Enumerate!
Enumerate at least three (3) fields of research you would like to work on
using qualitative research. Place your answers in a separate sheet.

KEY CONCEPTS
Quantitative and Qualitative Research are two broad categories in
educational research. These two could differ in terms of purpose, type of
data collected and others.
Quantitative Research is defined as a systematic investigation of
phenomena by gathering quantifiable data and performing statistical,
mathematical, or computational techniques while Qualitative Research
involves collecting and analyzing non-numerical data (e.g., text, video, or
audio) to understand concepts, opinions, or experiences. It can be used to
gather in-depth insights into a problem or generate new ideas for
research.
Comparison Between Qualitative and Quantitative Research
Criteria Qualitative Research Quantitative
Research
Definition A type of educational A type of educational
research where the research where the

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 researcher relies on the researcher decides
view of the participants what to study.
Purpose It aims to understand It aims to test
and interpret social hypothesis, look at
interaction cause and effects and
to make predictions
Group Studied Smaller and not Larger and randomly
randomly selected selected
Variable Study of the whole and Specific variables
not variables studied
Type of Data Words, images and Numbers and statistics
Collected objects
Form of Data Qualitative Data like Quantitative Data as
Collected open-ended responses, results of experiments.
interviews, observations
and notes
Role of the Researcher and their Researcher and their
Researcher biases maybe known to biases are not known to
participants in the participants in the
study, and participants study, and participants
characteristics maybe characteristics are
known to the researcher deliberately hidden
from the research.
Analysis Inductive (by the Deductive (by statistical
Researcher) Methods)
Results Particular or specialized Generalizable findings
findings that is less that can be applied to
generalizable other populations
Final Report Narrative Report with Statistical Report with
Discipline contextual descriptions correlations,
Example of Research
comparison of means
Qualitative Quantitativeand statistical
significance
Medicine Disease prevention Studies on the
Examples of Qualitativemechanisms.
and Quantitative Research development
Topics inof the
Different Areas of Interest vaccines for Corona
Virus
Research studies happen in any field of knowledge depending on the
Arts
interest of the researcher.Life
Youand works
have theofoption to Experiment
choose on whaton goonarea
different
would you like to study. Below areartists in theof topics
examples paintinsubstance
different and
fields
Philippines
that can serve as your basis when you will work on yourpainting material
research paper.
Sports Common characteristics
Health benefits of Development of
Effects of organic
oforganically
children into
grown not
and materials to be used in
fertilizers in vegetable
into sports to elderly
vegetables sports
production and sales
Psychology Behavior of Students in Impact of music to the
School behavior of children
Business Behavioral 9traits of Relationship between
product patrons in the expenditures in
last 10 years advertisements and
sales
Agriculture
Fisheries Fishermen’s adjustment Environmental factors
mechanisms during dry affecting the number of
season. fishes caught in a place.
ICT Effects of Technology Impact of online
use to the study habits platforms to Students
of students. Achievement in their
subjects
Social Science Ethnographic Study of Quantitative analysis in
cultural group in the social science.
Philippines.

Explore
Activity 1. Identify Me!
From the box found below, determine which item/s describe/s qualitative
and quantitative research. Write the full text in a separate sheet following
the template found below.

a. A type of educational research where the researcher relies on the

view of the participants
b. Collection of data using instruments with preset questions from
large individuals
c. Seek to understand the participants experiences
d. Qualities, behaviors and complexities
e. Tend to use standard fixed structures and evaluation criteria
f. Narrative Report with contextual descriptions
g. Researcher and their biases maybe known to participants in the
study, and participants characteristics maybe known to the researcher

Quantitative Research Qualitative Research

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 Activity 2. Research in different fields
Enumerate at least three (3) research topics under qualitative research
related to your field of specialization that you would like to work on. Write
your answers in a separate sheet following the template found below:
1. Topic: __________________________________________________________________
2. Topic: __________________________________________________________________
3. Topic: __________________________________________________________________

Deepen
Answer the following questions based on what you have learned in this
lesson. Make your answers brief yet substantial.

LESSON
3 QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
1. What makes qualitative research different from quantitative research?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
2. What are the similarities between quantitative and qualitative research?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
3. What areas of concern would you like to study using qualitative type of
research?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

Qualitative Research is commonly called interpretative research. Its

method relies heavily on “thick” verbal description of a particular context
being studied. Generally speaking, qualitative research spends a great
deal of time in the setting being studied; rely on themselves as the main
instrument of data collection; and analyze data using interpretative
lenses.
Characteristics of Qualitative Research
Design
a. Naturalistic: refers to studying real-world situations as they
unfold naturally; nonmanipulative and noncontrolling; the researcher is
open to whatever emerges.
b. Emergent: acceptance of adapting inquiry as understanding
deepens and/or situations change; the researcher avoids rigid designs that

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eliminate responding to opportunities to pursue new paths of discovery as
they emerge.
c. Purposeful: cases for study are selected because they are
“information rich” and illuminative. That is, they offer useful
manifestations of the phenomenon of interest; sampling is aimed at
insight about the phenomenon, not empirical generalization derived from
a sample and applied to a population.
Collection of Data
a. Personal experience and engagement: The researcher has direct
contact with and gets close to the people, situation, and phenomenon
under investigation.
b. Empathic neutrality: An empathic stance in working with study
respondents seek vicarious understanding without judgment [neutrality]
by showing openness, sensitivity, respect, awareness, and
responsiveness; in observation, it means being fully present [mindfulness].
c. Dynamic systems: There is attention to process; assumes change
is ongoing, whether the focus is on an individual, an organization, a
community, or an entire culture, therefore, the researcher is mindful of
and attentive to system and situational dynamics.
Analysis
a. Unique case orientation: Assumes that each case is special and
unique.
b. Inductive analysis: Immersion in the details and specifics of the
data to discover important patterns, themes, and inter-relationships;
begins by exploring, then confirming findings, guided by analytical
principles rather than rules.
c. Holistic perspective: The whole phenomenon under study is
understood as a complex system that is more than the sum of its parts;
the focus is on complex interdependencies and system dynamics that
cannot be reduced in any meaningful way to linear, cause and effect
relationships and/or a few discrete variables.
d. Context sensitive: Places findings in a social, historical, and
temporal context; researcher is careful about the possibility or
meaningfulness of generalizations across time and space; emphasizes
careful comparative case analyses and extrapolating patterns for possible
transferability and adaptation in new settings.
Strengths and Weaknesses of Qualitative Research
Qualitative Research is more focused on exploring the issues,
understanding the actual problem and enabling oneself to answer all the
questions. It is more dependent on deriving the value of variables in their
natural setting. The data via this method is collected by asking open
ended questions and serving with the direct quotations. Qualitative can be
beneficial in the following ways:
a. All the problems and the topics covered under this research are
in detail.

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 b. This method majorly focuses on small groups which ultimately do
not require more expenses when compared to quantitative research.
c. On the emergence of new developed information and findings,
the revision, direction and framework of the data can be done easily
quickly.
d. The data is collected from a small group which bounds it to be
universal for a large population.
e. The data with this method is collected based on genuine efforts
and gives a clear vision on what can be expected.
Weaknesses of Qualitative Research
a. As the data is collected for a small group, due to which
assumptions cannot be made beyond the small group of people.
b. It becomes difficult to demonstrate, maintain and assess the
rigidity of the data.
c. Collection of statistical data is not easy and cannot be done solely
by using this method.
d. As the data is in big quantity, analysis and interpretation of the
data takes much time.
e. The responses of the subjects might be affected as the
researchers are bound to be present during the process of data gathering.
Kinds of Qualitative Research
a. Ethnography
A qualitative research method often used in the social sciences that is
often used in gathering data on human societies/cultures. Ethnography,
simply stated, is the study of people in their own environment through the
use of methods such as participant observation and face-to-face
interviewing. Data collection is done through participant observation,
interviews and questionnaires.

b. Phenomenology
Describes the structure of experience as they present themselves to
consciousness, without resources to theory, deductions or assumptions
from other discipline such as the social sciences. It seeks to achieve deep
understanding of the phenomenon by rigorous and systematic
examination of it. Its purpose is to describe essence of lived experiences.
c. Grounded Theory
An inductive technique developed for health-related topics. It is emerged
from the discipline of sociology. The term “grounded” means that the
theory developed from the research is grounded or has its roots from the
data from which It has derived.
d. Historical Research

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Historical Research is the systemic collection and objective evaluation of
data related to past occurrence.
e. Case Study
A case study is a detailed study of a specific subject, such as a person,
group, place, event, organization, or phenomenon. It is used to test
theoretical models by using it in real world situation.
Importance of Qualitative Research Across Fields
a. Social Work
Qualitative Research Studies in social work represents the best available
research on emerging problems or application of evidence to diverse
population.
b. Marketing
Qualitative research in marketing can be used to test new ideas or
products and to gain a realistic view of how customers or clients would
react to that particular product.
c. Business
Data from quantitative research such as market size, demographics, and
user preferences provide important information for business decisions.
Qualitative research provides valuable data for use in the design of a
product including data about user needs, behavior patterns, and use
cases.
d. Sports
The results of qualitative research can inform stakeholders about
facilitators and obstacles to exercise, motivation and adherence, the
influence of experiences, beliefs, disability and capability on physical
activity, exercise engagement and performance, and to test strategies
that maximize physical performance.

e. Medicine
The goal of qualitative research is to help us gain an understanding as to
how or why certain things occur. Qualitative research seeks that
understanding through observation and interviews, both of which provide
insight into the research question.
f. Psychology
Qualitative research is an important alternative to quantitative research in
psychology. It generally involves asking broader research questions,
collecting more detailed data (e.g., interviews), and using non-statistical
analyses.
g. Arts

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Qualitative is important in arts since with the use of this research people
could be able to reach new ideas and conclusions which will help people
improve arts and discover new techniques and any other more.
h. Literature
The way one deals with the literature plays a crucial and guiding role in
the iterative process between theory and data because it determines how
existing theories are dealt with in the design and conduct of research. As
such, considerations as to when and how to use the literature acquire
great importance.
i. Agriculture and Fisheries
Interviews are a key element of qualitative research fisheries scientists
may incorporate to improve understanding of why fisheries operate as
they do, and what the effects of policy changes are likely to be.

Explore
Activity 1. Show Me!
Complete the graphic organizer below by filling out the blanks showing the
salient characteristics of qualitative research. Use a separate sheet for you
answer.

Activity 2. Give me!

Search for studies conducted by researchers under the kinds of qualitative
research. Follow the template below for your answers.

Kind of Qualitative Research Title

Research

1. Ethnography

2. Phenomenology

3. Grounded Theory

4. Historical Research
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5. Case Study
Deepen
Answer the following questions based on what you have learned in this
lesson. Make your answers brief yet substantial.
1. Briefly discuss the characteristics, kinds, strengths and weaknesses of
qualitative research.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
2. Is qualitative research important? Explain briefly and site examples.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
3. What do you think is the importance of Qualitative Research in your
filed of specialization?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

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