Please follow the following steps for your lab report.

Some data for your report

 Ball milling ( mixing) for 20 hours at 200rev/min

 Drying at 90o c for 24 hours
 Green body formation ( Pressing) at 20mpa for 5min in 20mm mold
 Calculate density before sintering for 0 % 1%, 3%, 5% and 10% by using; height= 8.5mm and
mass= 4.6541g, height= 8.42mm and mass= 4.4213g, height= 8.39mm and mass 4.2392g,
height= 8.50mm and mass 4.5889 g , height= 7.12 and mass 4.033g respectively where the
radius is 10mm for all.
 Calculate density after sintering by using Archimedes principle by using;

Density = weight in air

Weight in air – weight in water
Plot density versus MgO percent

 Calcination and sintering temperature;

 20 0 c ( room To) to 350 o c for calcination for 33 minutes
 Holding at 350 o c for 2hours
 Increasing from 350 0 c to 1200 for 1.25 hours
 Increasing from 1200 0 c to 1500 o c for 1 hours
 Holding at 1500 o c for 2 hours
 Cooling from 1500 o c to room temperature for 5 hours
Plot the graph temperature versus time

A lab report format consists of the following elements:

Composing a lab report effectively means that each part of the report is
presents the required information. To understand the content in each part of
the format, we shall discuss it in detail.
o Title Page
The title explains what is being performed, and it should state the purpose of
the experiment. It describes the central idea of the investigation. Make sure
that it doesn't exceed more than 10 words.
The title’s purpose is to grab the reader’s attention towards your report and
let them know what your experiment was about. So to compose a title page,
include the following information:
 The experiment’s title.
 The name of the researcher and other group members
 The instructor’s name
 The date the lab took place and the date the report is being submitted.
o Abstract
The abstract is written at the beginning of the report. Although this part of the
report is located at the start, it can be written at the end after you have
completed writing your report. The abstract delivers a concise and complete
summary of the report.
The abstract should be 150 words in all and should contain only one
paragraph. An abstract introduces the experiment and elaborates upon the
study’s main aim, methodology, data calculations, discussion, key findings,
and previous research. It also presents the significance of the experiment.
o Introduction
The report’s introduction is the most important part of the report that needs to
be written perfectly. It motivates the readers to read the entire report. The
introduction section in the report consists of the basic details of the
experiment. The introduction briefly states the purpose and objectives of the
experiment.
In addition to this, an introduction also includes:
 Relevant background information
 How was the experiment carried out?
 Major findings
 Hypothesis.
Moreover, the introduction of your lab report should define the initial goals
of the experiment. They should be supported through the literature review by
the researcher. Also, to make your introduction informative and strong,
identify the difference between the goals and the hypothesis.
o Required Materials/Equipment
It is essential to identify the materials and equipment that will be needed for
the experiment. Provide a description of the equipment used and their
diagrams as well. Make sure to keep a sensible balance as not every small
thing can be described.
For example, it is useless to describe a pencil that was used to record the
results.
o Methods
 The method section will reflect the exact method or procedure in which the
experiment took place. Make sure that the methods are sufficiently presented
so that the others can replicate the experiment.
A trick is to assume that the readers do not know how to conduct the
experiment. And you have to explain the procedure from scratch. Your
research methodology should act as a lab manual. It should enable the readers
to replicate the experiment as conveniently as possible.
To make sure that your method section is understandable, the following
subheadings should be present in the lab report:
 Experimental Design
 Participants
 Procedures (Process and Steps)
o Results
The result of an experiment is the most salient feature of the lab report. In the
experimental results section, the findings obtained from the experiment are
presented to the readers. To compose this section effectively, describe the
findings or results, and then move on to the analysis of the assumptions.
The readers will understand the results better if the tables and graphs are
provided in this section. Moreover, precisely report the test used and the
reasons behind it. Also, present the obtained values and the necessary
information highlighting the key results and the statistical significance.
Data obtained is usually in numerical form and needs to be presented to the
audience in a tabular format. Avoid including any raw data, and make sure
you put the figures correctly within the table.
o Discussion
The discussion section connects and relates the results that were anticipated
and added in the introduction section. This chapter includes an explanation of
the following points:
 Did the experiment confirm the hypothesis?
 Improvements that made the experiment more powerful.
 What further research do you suggest to develop the results?
 Highlight unpredicted results, if any.
 How will further experiments help to determine those results?
 In this part of the lab report, present limitations or shortcomings of the
methods faced in your experiment and suggest suitable solutions or remedies
for them. Moreover, the discussion is also inclusive of suggestive ways to
improve the study. It leads to impressive findings and conclusions.
o Conclusion
The conclusion is the last paragraph of the report, suggesting if the
hypothesis was accepted or rejected. It is where you comment on the
outcomes of the experiment or your study.
In some cases, the discussion and conclusion sections are written together. It
is advised to understand the guidelines provided by the instructor and work
accordingly. When written separately, the conclusion section should include
the synthesis of the thesis, the key points, and the implications and
interpretations of the subject.
o Tables and Figures
The figures and graphs are related to the content and labeled with a
descriptive title. The axes are carefully written and measured. The X-axis
shows the independent variable, while the Y-axis shows the dependent
variable.
The tables, graphs, and figures can be written with the result as well as in a
separate section. Make sure to accurately present them to make the whole
study understandable for the readers.
o References
If you have reviewed and studied a number of sources, provide a reference
list for it at the end of your lab report. It is to ensure the credibility of you and
your study. Cite each and every source of the work in this section.
Depending on the referencing format, present the name of the author, title of
the work, and the publishing details.