Of non metals

Of metals
 Prof. Sunny Shah
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Chapter - 13
Magnetic Effects of Electric Current

Page No. 224

1. Why does a compass needle get deflected when brought near a bar magnet?

Ans. The compass needle is small bar magnet. When a compass needle is brought near a bar
magnet then due to repulsive force between unlike poles and attraction between unlike
poles, the compass needle is deflected and settle in the direction of net magnetic field.

Page No. 228

1. Draw magnetic field around a bar magnet.

Ans. Magnetic field lines are as follows:

2. List the properties of magnetic lines of force.

Ans. Properties of magnetic field lines of force as follows:

a. Outside a magnet, the field lines are directed from N-pole of magnet towards S-pole and
inside the magnet lines are directed form S-pole to N-pole.

b. Magnetic field lines are closed curves.

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c. No two magnetic field lines intersect each other’s.

d. Relative strength of magnetic field lines is given by degree of closeness of the filed lines.

3. Why don’t two magnetic lines of force intersect each other?

Ans. No, two magnetic field lines can ever intersect each other. If they do, then it would
mean that at the point of intersection there are two directions of magnetic field, which is not
possible.

Page No. 229

1. Consider a circular loop of wire lying in the plane of the table. Let the current pass
through the loop clockwise. Apply the right-hand rule to find out the direction of the
magnetic field inside and outside the loop.

Ans. As per right-hand rule, we find that inside the loop, the magnetic field lines are directed
perpendicular to the plane of paper in the inward direction. Outside the loop magnetic field
lines are directed out of the plane paper.

2. The magnetic field in a given region is uniform. Draw a diagram to represent it.

Ans. The uniform magnetic field is represented by parallel equispaced lines of equal length
as follows:

3. Choose the correct option:

The magnetic field inside a long straight solenoid-carrying current

(a) Is zero.

(b) Decrease as we move towards its end.

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(c) Increase as we move towards it end.

(d) Is the same all points.

Ans. (d) is the same at all points.

Page No. 231-32

1. Which of the following property of a proton can change while it moves freely in a
magnetic field?

(a) mass

(b) speed

(c) velocity

(d) momentum

Ans. (c), (d) Velocity as well as momentum will change.

2. In activity 13.7, how do we think the displacement of rod AB will be affected if (i)
current is rod AB is increased, (ii) a stronger horse shoe magnet is used, and (iii) length
of the rod AB is increased?

Ans. (i) On increasing the current in rod AB its displacement will increase.

(ii) If stronger horse-shoe magnet is used then the displacement of rod AB will increase.

(iii) If length of the rod is increased, force acting on it will increase and hence, displacement
of the rod increases.

3. A positively-charged particle (alpha-particle) projected towards west is deflected

towards north by a magnetic field. The direction of magnetic field is :

(a) towards south

(b)towards east

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(c) downward

(d) upward

Ans. (d) the direction of magnetic field is vertically upward.

Page No. 233

1. State Fleming’s left-hand rule.

Ans. Fleming’s left hand rule states that stretch the forefinger, the central finger and the
thumb of your left hand mutually perpendicular to each other. If the forefinger shows the
direction of the magnetic field and central finger that of the current, then the thumb will
point towards the direction of motion of the conductor.

2. What is the principle of an electric motor?

Ans. An electric motor is based on the principle that the current carrying conductor
experiences a force when placed in a magnetic field. If the direction of the magnetic field and
that of the current are mutually perpendicular then the direction of the force is given by
Fleming’s left-hand rule.

3. What is the role of the split ring in an electric motor?

Ans. In electric motor, the split ring acts as commutator. Due to its action, the direction of
current flowing in motor coil reverses after half turn, giving rise to a continuous rotation of
the coil and the axle.

Page No. 236

1. Explain different ways to induce current in a coil.

Ans. Different ways to induce current in a coil are as follows:

(a) If a magnetic field is changed around a coil then an induced current is set up in the coil.

(b) If a coil is moved in magnetic field, then again an induced current is set up in the coil.

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(c) If a coil is rotated in a uniform magnetic field.

Page No. 237

1. State the principle of an electric generator.

Ans. An electric generator is based on the principle of electromagnetic induction. When a

rectangular coil is rotated in a uniform magnetic field, an induced emf is generated between
the ends of the coil.

2. Name some sources of direct current.

Ans. Some sources of direct current are a cell, a battery and a D.C. generator.

3. Which sources produce alternating current?

Ans. A.C. generator and common inverter used in houses for emergency power supply
produce alternating current.

4. Choose the correct option:

A rectangular coil of copper wires is rotated in a magnetic field. The direction of the
induced current changes once in each

(a) two revolutions

(b) one revolution

(c) half revolution

(d) one-fourth revolution

Ans. (c) half-rotation.

Page No. 238

1. Name two safety measures commonly used in electric circuits and appliances.

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Ans. Two safety measures are:

(a) use of earth wire and proper earthing.

(b) use of fuse.

2. An electric oven of 2 kW power rating is operated in a domestic electric circuit (220V)

that has a current rating of 5.A. What result do you expect? Explain.

Ans. Power rating of electric oven (P) = 2 kW = 2000 W

Current drawn (I) = P/V = 2000/220 = 9.09 A.

As the current rating of domestic electric circuit is only 5A the oven draws a current of 9.09
A. Which is more than the current rating; hence the circuit will be damaged due to
overheating/overloading.

3. What precaution should be taken to avoid the overloading of domestic electric

circuit?

Ans. We should take following precaution to avoid the overloading of domestic electric
circuit:

(a) Two separate circuits should be used, one of 5A current rating of bulbs, fans, tubes etc.
and the other 15 A current rating for appliances with higher current rating such as geysers,
air coolers, electric iron, electric stoves etc.

(b) Too many appliances should never be connected to a single socket.

(c) A fuse of appropriate current rating should be used with the electric circuit.

TEXTBOOK EXERCISES

1. Which one of the following correctly describes the magnetic field near a long straight
wire?

(a) The field consists of straight lines perpendicular to the wire.

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(b) The field consists of straight lines parallel to the wire

(c) The field consists of radial lines originating from the wire

(d) The field consists of concentric circles centered on the wire

Ans. (d) The field consists of concentric circles centred on the wire.

2. The phenomenon of electromagnetic induction is

(a) the process of charging a body.

(b) the process of generating magnetic field due to a current passing through a coil.

(c) producing induced current in a coil due to relative motion between a magnet and
the coil.

(d) the process of rotating a coil at an electric motor.

Ans. (c) producing induced current in a coil due to relative motion between a magnet and
the coil.

3. The device used for producing electric current is called

(a) generator

(b) galvanometer

(c) ammeter

(d) motor

Ans. (a) generator

4. The essential difference between A.C. generator and a D.C. generator is that

(a) A.C. generator has an electromagnet while a D.C. generator has permanent magnet.

(b) D.C. generator will generate a higher voltage

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(c) A.C. generator will generate a higher voltage

(d) A.C. generator has slip rings while the D.C. generator has commutator.

Ans. (d) A.C. generator has slip rings while the D.C. generator has commutator.

5. At the time of short circuit, the current in the circuit:

(a) reduce substantially

(b) does not change

(c) increase heavily

(d) vary continuously

Ans. (c) increase heavily

6. State whether the following statements are true or false.

(a) An electric motor converts mechanical energy into electrical energy.

(b) An electric generator works on the principle of electromagnetic induction.

(c) The field at the centre of a long circular coil carrying current will be parallel
straight line

(d) A wire with green insulation is usually the live wire of an electric supply.

Ans. (a) False

(b) True

(c) True

(d) False

7. List three methods of producing magnetic field.

Ans. Three methods of producing magnetic fields are as follows:

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(a) Magnetic field can be produced by placing a permanent magnet or a horse-shoe magnet
at the place, where magnetic field is required.

(b) Magnetic field is produced around a current carrying straight conductor or a current
carrying coil.

(c) A very good method to produce magnetic field is due to flow of current in a solenoid.

8. How does a solenoid behave like a magnet? Can you determine the north and south
poles of a current carrying solenoid with the help of a bar magnet? Explain.

Ans. When current is passed through a solenoid coil, magnetic field is produced due to
presence of turns in same direction. As a result, the resultant magnetic field is very strong
and uniform. Solenoid behaves like a strong bar magnet.

We can determine the poles of magnet formed by solenoid. The end of solenoid connectd
with positive terminal behaves like South Pole and the end connected with negative terminal
behaves as North Pole.

9. When is the force experienced by a current-carrying conductor placed in magnetic

field largest?

Ans. The force experienced by a current carrying conductor placed in a magnetic field is
largest when the conductor is placed with its length in a direction perpendicular to that of
magnetic field.

10. Imagine that you are sitting in chamber with your back to one wall. An electron
beam, moving horizontally from back wall towards the front wall, is deflected by a
strong magnetic field to your right side. What is the direction of magnetic field?

Ans. An electron beam moving horizontally from back wall towards the front wall is
equivalent to a current flowing in the opposite direction. The deflection of electron beam as
seen by the observer is to his right side. On applying Fleming’s left-hand rule we find that the
magnetic field is acting in vertically downward direction.

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11. Draw a labelled diagram of an electric motor. Explain its principle and working.
What is the function of split ring in an electric motor?

Ans. Electric motor labelled diagram of an electric motor is as follows:

Principle: A current-carrying conductor, when placed in a magnetic field, experiences a

force. If the direction of magnetic field and that of current are mutually perpendicular, then
force acting on the conductor will be perpendicular to both and will be the given by
Fleming’s left-hand rule. Due to this force the conductor begins to move, if it is free to rotate.

Working: Let the current in the coil ABCD of motor enters from the source battery through
the conducting brush X, flow along ABCD and finally flows back to the battery through brush
Y. On applying Fleming’s left-hand rule we find that force acting on arm AB due to magnetic
field pushes it downwards. But the force acting on arm CD pushes it upwards. Thus, the coil
and the axle rotate anticlockwise. Due to action of split rings P and Q change their contacts
with brushes. Now, P makes contact with Y and Q with X. As a result, Current begins to flow
in coil along DCBA. The arms are pushed in opposite direction and coil continues to rotate in
same direction.

12. Name some devices in which electric motors are used.

Ans. Electric motors are used in all devices where we want to convert electrical energy into
mechanical energy. In our houses, electric motors, coolers, mixer grinders, washing
machines, computers etc motor is used.

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13. A coil of insulated copper wire is connected to a galvanometer. What will happen if
a bar magnet is (i) pushed into the coil. (ii) withdrawn from inside the coil (iii) held
stationary inside the coil?

Ans. (i) When a bar magnet is pushed into the coil of insulated copper wire connected to a
galvanometer, galvanometer gives a deflection towards left.

(ii) When the bar magnet is withdrawn from inside the coil, again an induced current is set
in coil that deflect the galvanometer towards right.

(iii) If the bar magnet is held stationary inside the coil, then no induced current is set and
galvanometer does not show any deflection.

14. Two circular coils A and B are placed close to each other. If the current in the coil A
is changed, will some current be induced in the coil B? Give reason.

Ans. Yes, a current is induced in the coil B.

When the current in the coil A is changed, the magnetic field associated with it also changes.
As coil B is placed close to A, hence magnetic field lines around this coil also change. Due to
change in magnetic field lines associated with coil B, an induced current is also induced in it.

15. State the rule to determine the direction of a (i) magnetic field produced around a
straight current carrying conductor (ii) force experienced by a current carrying
straight conductor (iii) current induced in a coil due to its rotation in a magnetic field.

Ans. (i) To know the direction of magnetic field produced around a straight conductor we
make use “Right hand thumb Rule”.

(ii) To find the direction of force experienced by a current carrying straight conductor
placed in a magnetic field we make use “Fleming’s left hand rule”.

(iii) For finding the direction of current induced in a coil we use “Fleming’s right hand rule”.

16. Explain the underlying principle and working of an electric generator by drawing a
labelled diagram. What is the function of brushes?

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Ans. Electric generator labelled diagram is as follows:

Principle: An electric generator works on the principle of electromagnetic induction.

Working: Let the in the beginnings brushes and are kept pressed separately on rings

and respectively. Let the axle attached to the rings is rotated such that arm AB of the

coil moves up and arm CD moves down in the magnetic field. Due to rotation of arms AB and
CD induced current are set up in them. As per Fleming’s right hand rule, induced current in
these arms along the directions AB and CD respectively and current flows into and .

After half rotation, arm AB moves downward and arms CD upward to change the direction
opposite to first case. Thus, after every half rotation current changes its direction and an
alternate current is obtained in the generator.

Brushes are kept pressed on the two slip rings separately. Outer ends of the brushes are
connected to the galvanometer. Thus, brushes help in transferring current from the coil
ABCD to external circuit.

17. When does an electric short circuit occurs?

Ans. If either the insulation of wires used in an electric circuit is damaged or there is a fault
in the appliances, live wire and neutral wire may come in direct contact. As a result, the
current in the circuit abruptly rises and short circuiting occurs.

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18. What is the function of an earth wire? Why is it necessary to earth metallic
appliances?

Ans. The earth wires functions as a safety measure, especially for those appliances that have
a metallic body, like heater, electric, press, room cooler etc.

The metallic body of the appliance is connected to the earth wire, which provides a low
resistance conducting path for electric current. It ensures that any leakage of current to the
metallic body of an appliance keeps it potential same as of earth. As a result, the user would
not get severe electric shock, even if he touches the body of appliance.

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Revision Notes
CHAPTER – 12
ELECTRICITY

In the recent times,life would be impossible without electricity. From lighting our homes,
charging our devices, electricity has become an integral part of our day-to-day live. So it
becomes necessary to understand the origin,characteristics and utilisation of electricity. In
the current chapter we will discuss :

Electric Current and Circuit

Electric Potential and Potential Difference
Circuit Diagram
OHM's Law
Factors on which the resistance of a conductor depends
Resistance of a system of resistors
Heating effect of electric current
Electric Power

Charge (q)

Charge is a characteristic unit of matter by means of which matter experiences electric

forces. It can be either negative (electron) or positive (proton)

“Coulomb” is the SI unit of charge, represented by C.

Net charge (Q) – Total charge

1C Net charge is equivalent to the charge contained in nearly electrons electrons.

Q = ne

(n is no. of electrons)

If Q= 1C, (negative charge on electron)

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electron

Current (I)

Rate of flow of net charge is called current. Denoted by (I)

Electric current can also be defined as the amount of charge flowing through a unit cross-
section in per second.

SI unit of current is “Ampere” .Denoted by A.

Ampere Defined as one coulomb of charge flowing per second.

In an electric circuit the electric current flow in an opposite direction to the flow of electron
(–ve charge).This current is called conventional current.It flows from the +ve terminal
battery or cell to –ve terminal. Small quantity of current are expressed in

mA (milli Ampere) =

µA (micro Ampere) =

Ammeter : It is an instrument used to measure the electric current in a circuit. It is always

connected in series in a circuit. It has low resistance(practically).Ideally ammeter's
resistance must be zero. It is represented as

Electric Circuit : It is a closed path along which the electric current flows.

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The electrons can only flow when there is difference of electric potential. For example
“water flowing through a tube”. It is only possible when there is high pressure at one side
and low at another side, then it will move from high pressure to low pressure.

In case of electric current, the flow of charge is made possible due to chemical action with in
a cell that generates the potential difference across theterminals of the cell.

Electric potential Difference : It is defined as the work done in carrying a unit charge from
one point to another in an electric circuit.

V – Potential Difference
W – Work
Q – Net Charge

SIunit of potential difference – Volts.Denoted by “V”. It is named after Alessandro Volta.

One Volt When 1 Joule of work is done in carrying one coulomb (1C)of charge from one
point to another of a current carrying conductor then the potential difference is said to be IV.

Voltmeter It is an instrument, used to measure the potential differenceand represented

by the symbol in an electric circuit. It isalways connected in
parallel across the points between which the potentialdifference is to be measured. It has
high resistance.

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Circuit Diagram :A circuit diagram (electrical diagram, elementary diagram, electronic

schematic) is a graphical representation of an electric circuit.

Symbols for some commonly used instrument in circuit diagram:

OHM's LAW

George Simon Ohm found the relationship between the current (I) flowing through a

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conductorand potential difference (V) across the terminals of a conductor using the circuit
diagram. He observed that the potential difference and current varied linearly.

Ohm’s Law He stated that the electric current flowing through a conductor is directly
proportional to the potential difference across its ends, under standard temperature and
pressur conditions.

Where “R” is the proportionality constant for the given metal at given temperature and is
called resistance.The graph between V and I is always straight line with slope equal to R.

Resistance : It is the property of a conductor that opposes the flow ofcurrent. It is

represented by ‘R’ and symbol is

SI unit of resistance is “Ohm”.

1 Ohm : The resistance of a conductor is said to be one Ohm, when the potential difference
across the conductor is 1V and the current flowing through it is 1A.

V = IR

IR = V

Rheostat

As we know that

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So to increase or decrease the current accordingly in the circuit a component used is called
“Rheostat”, that regulates the current without changing potential difference. Represented by
“Rh”.

Its symbol is

If a conductor has less Resistance, then more current will flow through it.

Factors on Which Resistance of a Conductor Depends

1. On its length (L)

2. On its cross sectional area (A)
3. On the nature of material.
(Resistance) R L (Directectly prop. to length)

(inversely prop to cross-sectional area)

Where “ ” (rho) is a proportionality constant known as resistivity of the material of

conductor.

Resistivity ( ) : The resistance offered by a wire of unit length and unit cross-sectional area
is called resistivity.

Its SI unit is

For a material irrespective of length and area, the resistivity is a constant.

Resistivity of a Material varies with Temperature

Resistivity is the measure of resistance of a material. In other words, upto what extent

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will the material resist current flow.

Resistivity of an alloy (homogeneous mixture of metals) is generallyhigher than of its

constituent metals. Example: Constantan (alloy of Cu & Ni)

Alloys have high resistivity and do not oxidise (burn) readly at hightemperature, for this
reason they are commonly used in electrical heating devices,like electric iron, heater,
toasters etc. For example “Tungsten” as filament of electric bulb.

Resistance of a system of resistors

Resistance in Series (Maximum Effective Resistance)

Let us take three conductors/resistors of resistance R1, R2 and R3 that areconnected in series
in a circuit.

Ohm’s law stated

V = IR

The current (I) flowing through the resistance in series will remain same,where as the
potential difference (V) across each resistor will be different.

V = IR

Total potential difference

Thus, we conclude that effective Resistance of the several resistors joinedin series is equal to
the algebraic sum of their individual resistances.Also, the net resistance increases when
resistors are connected in series.

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Resistance in Parallel (Minimum Effective Resistance)

Let us take three resistors of resistance that are connectedin parallel in the electric circuit.

Now,

Total current substitute the value of

Thus, we conclude that the reciprocal of total effective resistance of theseveral resistors
connected in parallel is equal to the sum of the reciprocals of the individual resistances.Also
,the net resistance reduces when resistors are connected in parallel.

Disadvantage of Series Connection in an Electric Circuit

1. In series connection if any of the component fail to work, the circuit will break and then
none of the component (ex. TV, bulb, fan..) willwork.

2. It is not possible to connect a bulb and a heater in series, because they need different value
of current to operate properly.

Hence, to overcome this problem we generally use parallel circuit.

Heating Effect of Electric Current

Explanation Battery or a cell is a source of electrical energy.

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1. Battery or cell (Chemical reaction in it will produce potential difference at its two
terminals)
2. Electron will come in motion to flow current through resistor
3. To maintain this current, the sources has to keep expending its energy.
4. Part of this energy is consumed in useful work(Like rotating of fan)
5. Rest of energy of source is converted into heat, that raises the temperature of gadget.
6. This is known as heating effect of electric current.
7. This effect is utilized in devices such as electric heater, iron etc.

Mathematical Expression

Let us suppose that current (I) is flowing through a resistor of resistance(R) for the time (t).
The potential difference across the resistance is (V).

Work done in moving the charge Q will be

W = VQ

Then power, [Rate of change of work done]

Heat energy supplied by the source for time t will be

(H = P t)

Put equation (i) in equation (2)

H = VIt

= (IR) It

This is known as Joule’s Law

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The law stated that the heat produced in a resistor is :

(i) directly proportional to square of the current (I)

(ii) directly proportional to resistance (R) for given current

(iii) directly proportional to time (t) for which current flow through resistor.

Application of Heating Effect of Electric Current

1. Used in electric iron, toaster, oven, heater etc.

2. It is also used in bulb to produce light.

(Filament of bulb is made of strong metal with high melting point suchas tungsten
( ). This filament can retain as much of theheat generated as possible, to
become very hot and emit light)

3. It is also used in the “fuse connected in an electric circuit. Fuse is asafety device, that
protect the circuits and appliance by stopping theflow of high current. The wire of fuse is
made of an alloy of metalse.g., Aluminium Copper, Iron, Lead etc. The alloy should be of
lowmelting point and high resistivity, fuse is always connected in seriescircuit. When large
current flows through the circuit, the temperatureof fuse wire will increase. This melts the
fuse wire and breaks thecircuit.
“ Fuses” used for domestic purposes are rated as 1A, 2A, 3A, 5A, 10Aetc. for various operation
depending upon the power of appliance using.

Example : let us consider an appliance “electric Iron” which consume1KW electric power, at
220V

P = VI

I=4.54A

In this case a 5A fuse is required.

Electric Power : In case of electricity, it is defined as the rate of changeof electrical energy
dissipated or consumed in an electric circuit.

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P=VI

Or

Or

SI unit of electric power is “Watt” (W)

1 Watt Defined as the power consumed by a device, when IA of current passes through it
at the potential difference of IV.

P=VI

1 Watt = 1 Volt 1 Ampere

Electrical Energy

SI unit of electrical energy =Ws or J

Commercial unit of electrical energy=KWh or one unit

= 1000Wx3600s

= 36 x 10 Ws

= 3.6 x 10 J (SI unit Ws=J)

One horse power = 746W

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What you have learnt

A stream of electrons moving through a conductor constitutes an electric current.

Conventionally, the direction of current is taken opposite to the direction of flow ofelectrons.

The SI unit of electric current is ampere.

To set the electrons in motion in an electric circuit, we use a cell or a battery. A
cellgenerates a potential difference across its terminals. It is measured in volts (V).
Resistance is a property that resists the flow of electrons in a conductor. It controlsthe
magnitude of the current. The SI unit of resistance is ohm (Ω).
Ohm’s law: The potential difference across the ends of a resistor is
directlyproportional to the current through it, provided its temperature remains the
same.
The resistance of a conductor depends directly on its length, inversely on its area
ofcross-section, and also on the material of the conductor.
The equivalent resistance of several resistors in series is equal to the sum oftheir
individual resistances.
A set of resistors connected in parallel has an equivalent resistance given by

The electrical energy dissipated in a resistor is given byW = V × I × t

The unit of power is watt (W). One watt of power is consumed when 1 A of
currentflows at a potential difference of 1 V.
The commercial unit of electrical energy is kilowatt hour (kWh). 1 kW h = 3,600,000 J =
3.6 × 10 J.

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