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What is Memory?

A computer system's memory is an essential part that Is necessary for storing and accessing data and
instructions. It refers to the electronic circuits or devices that the computer's processor uses to store
and retrieve data for use instantly or at a later time.

What is Memory

A computer system's memory is an essential part that is Without memory ,a computer would not be
able to perform tasks or retain any data once it is powered off.

CACHE MEMORY

- This temporary storage area, known as a cache, is more readily available to the processor than
the computer's main memory source. It is also called CPU memory because it is typically
integrated directly into the CPU chip or placed on a separate chip with a bus interconnect with
the CPU.

RAM

- The term is based on the fact that any storage location can be accessed directly by the
processor.

DYNAMIC RAM

- DRAM is a type of semiconductor memory that is typically used by the data or program code
needed by a computer processor to function.

STATIC RAM

- retains data bits in its memory for as long as power is supplied to it. Unlike DRAM, which stores
bits in cells consisting of a capacitor and a transistor, SRAM does not have to be periodically
refreshed.

DOUBLE DATA RATE SDRAM

- DDR SDRAM is SDRAM that theoretically improves memory clock speed to at least 200 MHz.
- Double Data Rate 4 Synchronous Dynamic RAM
- DDR4 RAM is a type of DRAM that has a high-bandwidth interface and is the successor to its
previous DDR2 and DDR3 versions. DDR4 RAM allows for lower voltage requirements and
higher module density. It is coupled with higher data rate transfer speeds and allows for dual
in-line memory modules (DIMMs) up to 64 GB.

RAMBUS DYNAMIC RAM

- DRDRAM is a memory subsystem that promised to transfer up to 1.6 billion bytes per second.
The subsystem consists of RAM, the RAM controller, the bus that connects RAM to the
microprocessor, and devices in the computer that use it.
Read-only memory

- ROM is a type of computer storage containing non-volatile, permanent data that normally can
only be read and not written to. ROM contains the programming that enables a computer to
start up or regenerate each time it is turned on.

MEMORY

- Memory serves as the computer's electrical storage facility for the instructions and data that it
needs to access quickly. Information is stored there for quick access. A computer's memory is
one of its fundamental components since without it, a computer would not be able to operate
properly.

CPU

- Central Processing Unit (CPU), also known as the internal storage unit or the brain of a
computer, is a part of the computer composed of the Arithmetic Logic Unit, the main memory,
and the control unit. The CPU is the most peripheral part of any computer system, and a
computer device cannot work without a CPU since all the components rely on this part to
function properly.

MAIN FUNCTIONS OF CPU

- The CPU is considered the computer's central processing unit. Its main functions can be
simplified into four steps: receiving, processing, providing output, and storing processed data.

MAIN TYPES OF MEMORY

CACHE

FUNCTIONS

- It allows the processor to access data more quickly than if it had to access main memory every
time. Ability to store recently used instructions or commands so that they don't have to be re-
executed each time they are needed.

RAM

FUNCTIONS

- The function of RAM memory is to load your files quickly so that you get a good user
experience. In this way, a RAM memory has many purposes, such as reading files, temporary
storage, loading applications, etc.

ROM

FUNCTIONS

- The main function of ROM is to store the commands needed to start the computer so that the
computer system can be started.
- To update the firmware/software of the computer.

What does Memory Capacity mean?

 - Memory capacity is the amount of memory that can be used for an electronic device such as a
computer, laptop, smartphone, or other smart device.
- The memory capacity of a device is commonly expressed in bytes, kilobytes, megabytes,
gigabytes, or terabytes. A device's memory capacity can be obtained from either the operating
system or motherboard.

• Random Access Memory (RAM) - RAM capacity in modern systems can range from a few
gigabytes (GB) to several terabytes (TB).
• Read-Only Memory (ROM) - Its capacity is usually smaller than RAM and can range from
kilobytes (KB) to a few gigabytes (GB).
• Solid-State Drive (SSD) - They offer higher capacities compared to RAM and ROM, with
common capacities ranging from 128 gigabytes (GB) to several terabytes (TB).
• Hard Disk Drive (HDD) - It provides large capacities at relatively lower costs compared to SSD.
Typical capacities for HDD range from a few hundred gigabytes (GB) to multiple terabytes (TB).

What does Memory Speed mean?

- It refers to the rate at which data can be accessed or transferred within the memory module. It
is usually measured in units of time, such as nanoseconds (ns) or megahertz (MHz).
• Random Access Memory (RAM) Speed - It is an essential factor in determining the overall
performance of a computer system. It influences the time taken to load and transfer data. RAM
speed is commonly measured in MHz or MT/s (megatransfers per second).
• Read-Only Memory (ROM) Speed - It does not support read or write operations during
normal system use. The data in ROM is programmed during manufacturing and remains
unchanged. As a result, ROM does not have a specific speed for accessing or transferring data.
• Solid-State Drive (SSD) Speed - It offers faster data access compared to traditional HDD due
to their use of solid-state storage technology. SSD speed is typically measured in terms of read
and write speeds, expressed in megabytes per second (MBps) or gigabytes per second (GB/s
or GBps).
• Hard Disk Drive (HDD) Speed - Its speed is determined by the rotational speed (measured in
revolutions per minute, or RPM) of the disks. The data transfer rates of HDDs are typically
measured in megabytes per second (MBps) or gigabits per second (Gb/s or GBps).

1834

- Charles Babbage begins to build his "Analytical Engine", a precursor to the computer. It uses
read-only memory in the form of punch cards.

1942

- The Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC) has 60 50-bit words of memory in the form of capacitors
mounted on two revolving drums. For secondary memory, it uses punch cards.

1932

- Gustav Tauschek invented the first Drum Memory in Austria.

1952

- The Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer (EDVAC) computer is completed with
1024 44-bit words of ultrasonic memory.
1947

- Frederick Viehe, An Wang, Kenneth Olsen had independently invent the Magnetic Core
Memory.

1968

- USPTO grants patent 3,387,286 to IBM's Robert Dennard for a one transistor DRAM cell. DRAM
stands for Dynamic RAM (Random Access Memory) or Dynamic Random Access Memory

1969

- Intel begins as chip designers and produces a 1 KB RAM chip, the largest memory chip to
date.

1971

- Intel releases the 1101 chip, a 256- bit programmable memory, and the 1701 chip, a 256-byte
erasable read-only memory (EROM).

1970

- Intel releases the 1103 chip, the first generally available DRAM memory chip.

1984

- Apple Computers released the Macintosh personal computer. It is the first computer that came

with 128KB of memory.

1975

- Personal consumer computer Altair released, it uses Intel's 8-bit 8080 processor and includes 1
KB of memory.

1993

- Samsung introduced the KM48SL2000 Synchronous DRAM (SDRAM) and quickly became an
industry standard in 1993.