Deflection: Virtual Work

Method; Beams and

Frames
Theory of Structure - I
Contents
 Method of Virtual Work:
 Beams
 Frames

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Method of Virtual Work : Beams and Frames

• Vertical Displacement

Real load Virtual unit load

w
x1 x2
C C
A B A B
DCv
x1 x2
rA 1 rB
RA RB

w x1
M2 mD2 x2
M1 mD1
B B
x1
V1 V2 x2 vD1 vD2
rB
RA RB rA

L
mD M
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1  D Cv   dx 3
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 • Slope

Real load Virtual unit couple

w
x1 1 x2
C C
A B A B
qC
x1 x2 rA rB
RA RB

w x2
M1 M2 mq1 mq2
B B
x1
V1 V2 x2 vq1 vq2
rB
RA RB rA

L
mq M
1q C   dx
0
EI
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Example 8-18

The beam shown is subjected to a load P at its end. Determine the slope and
displacement at C. EI is constant.

B C
A
nC
2a a

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 SOLUTION Displacement at C

•Virtual Moment mD •Real Moment M

1 kN P
x1 x2 x1 x2
B B
A A
2a a C 2a a C
1 3 P 3P
2 2 2 2
m M

x1
mq 1   mD2 = -x2 Px1
2 -a M1   M2 = -Px2
2 -Pa
L 2a a
m M 1 x1 Px1 1
(1kN )(D C )   D dx  0 2 2 1 EI 0 ( x2 )( Px2 )dx2
(  )(  ) dx 
0
EI EI
3 3
1 P x 2a
P x a
1 P 8a 3 P a3 Pa 3
D C  ( )( )( 1 )  ( )( 2 )  ( )( )( )  ( )( )  ,
EI 4 3 0
EI 3 0
EI 4 3 EI 3 EI
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 Slope at C

•Virtual Moment mq •Real Moment M

x1 x2 P
1 kN•m x1 x2
B B
A A
2a a C 2a a C
1 1 P 3P
2a 2a 2 2
m M

x1
mq 1   Px1
2a -1 M1   M2 = -Px2
mq 2  1 2 -Pa
L 2a a
mM 1 x1 Px1 1
(1kN  m)(q C )   q dx  0 2a 2 1 EI 0 (1)( Px2 )dx2
(  )( ) dx 
0
EI EI
3 2
1 P x 2a
1 Px a
1 P 8a 3 1 Pa 2 7 Pa 2
q C  ( )( )( 1 )  ( )( 2 )  ( )( )( )  ( )( ) ( ),
EI 4a 3 0
EI 2 0
EI 4a 3 EI 2 6 EI
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Example 8-19

Determine the slope and displacement of point B of the steel beam shown in the
figure below. Take E = 200 GPa, I = 250(106) mm4.

3 kN/m

A B
5m

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 SOLUTION Vertical Displacement at B

•Virtual Moment mD •Real Moment M

x
1 kN 3 kN/m
x

A B A B
5m 5m
3x
1 kN x
3x 2
-1x = mD x   M 2
2

x
v V

234.375kN 2  m 3
L 5 5
mD M 1 3x 2 1 3x 3 1 3x 4 5

(1kN )(D B )   dx   ( x)( )dx    ( )

0
EI EI 0
2 EI 0
2 EI 8 0
EI

234.375kN  m3
DB  = 0.00469 m = 4.69mm,
kN
(200 106 )(250 106 m 4 )
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 SOLUTION Slope at B

•Virtual Moment mq •Real Moment M

x
3 kN/m
x 1 kN•m

A B A B
5m 5m
3x
x
3x 2
-1 = mq x 1 kN•m   M 2
2

x
v V

62.5kN 2  m 3
L 5 5
mq M 1 3x 2 1 3x 2 1 3x 3 5

(1kN  m)(q B )   dx   (1)( )dx    ( )

0
EI EI 0
2 EI 0
2 EI 6 0
EI

62.5kN  m 2
qB  = 0.00125 rad,
kN
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Example 8-20

Determine the slope and displacement of point B of the steel beam shown in the
figure below. Take E = 200 GPa, I = 60(106) mm4.

14 kN•m 5 kN
A C D
B
2m 2m 3m

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 •Virtual Moment mD Displacement at B
1 kN
x1 x2 x3 •Real Moment M

A 14 kN•m x 5 kN
B C D 1 x2 x3
0.5 kN 0.5 kN C
2m 2m 3m A
B D
1 kN 6 kN ?
2m 2m 3m
mD1  0.5 x1 1 mD 2  0.5 x2
mD
14 M1 = 14 - x1
L M2 = 6x2
mD M mD
(1kN )(D B )   dx
0
EI 2 2 3
1 1

EI 0 (0.5 x1 )(14  x1 )dx1  
EI 0
(0.5 x2 )(6 x2 )dx2   (0)(0)dx3
0

2 2 2 3 3
1 1 1 7 x1 0.5 x1 2 1 3 x2 2

       
2 2
( 7 x1 0 .5 x1 ) dx1 (3 x 2 ) dx2 ( )( ) ( )( )
EI 0 EI 0 EI 2 3 0
EI 3 0

20.667 20.667 = 0.00172 m = 1.72 mm,

DB  
EI (200)(60)
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 •Virtual Moment mq Slope at B
x1 x2 x3
•Real Moment M
A 5 kN
B C D 14 kN•m x x2 x3
1 kN•m
1
0.25 kN 0.25 kN C
2m 2m 3m A
B D
mq1 = 0.25x1 1 kN 6 kN
2m 2m 3m
mq 0.5

14 M1 = 14 - x1
mq2 = -0.25x2
-0.5 M2 = 6x2
mD

L 2 2 3
mM 1 1
(1kN  m)(q B )   q dx   ( 0 .25 x1 ) (14  x 1 ) dx 1   (0.25 x2 )(6 x2 )dx2   (0)(0)dx3
0
EI EI 0
EI 0 0
2 2
1 1
EI 0 EI 0
   
2 2
(3 . 5 x1 0 . 25 x 1 ) dx1 ( 1 . 5 x 2 ) dx2

2 3 3
1 3.5 x1 0.25x1 2 1 1.5 x2 2
 (  )  ( )
EI 2 3 0
EI 3 0

2.333 2.333
Department of Civil Engineering q B   = 0.000194 rad 13
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Example 8-21

(a) Determine the slope and the horizontal displacement of point C on the frame.
(b) Draw the bending moment diagram and deflected curve.
E = 200 GPa
I = 200(106) mm4

5m
B C 4 kN

EI
2 kN/m
1.5 EI 6m

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 •Real Moment M x2 •Virtual Moment mD
5m x2
B C 4 kN C 1
M2= 12 x2 m2= 1.2 x2
12 kN 1.2 kN
2 kN/m
6m
M1= 16 x1- x1 2 x1 m1= x1
x1
16 kN 1 kN
A A
12 kN 1.2 kN

L 6 5
mM 1 1
(1kN )(D CH )   dx     
2
( x1 ) (16 x1 x1 ) dx1 (1.2 x2 )(12 x2 )dx2
0
EI 1.5 EI 0 EI 0
6 5
1 1
    
2 3 2
(16 x1 x1 ) dx1 (14.4 x 2 )dx2
1.5 EI 0 EI 0
3 4 3
1 16 x1 x1 6 1 14.4 x2 5 552 600 1152
D CH  (  )0 ( )0    = + 28.8 mm ,
1.5EI 3 4 EI 3 EI EI (200)(200)
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 •Real Moment M x2 •Virtual Moment mq
5m x2 1 kN•m
B C 4 kN C
M2= 12 x2 m2= 1-x2/5
12 kN 1/5 kN
2 kN/m
6m
M1= 16 x1- x1 2 x1 m1= 0
x1
16 kN 0
A A
12 kN 1/5 kN
L 6 5
mM 1 1 x2
(1kN  m)(q C )   dx      
2
( 0 ) (16 x1 x1 ) dx1 (1 )(12 x2 )dx2
0
EI 1.5 EI 0 EI 0 5
5 2
1 12 x2
 0 
EI 0
(12 x 2 
5
)dx2

2 3
1 12 x2 12 x2 5 50 50
qC  (  )0   = + 0.00125 rad ,
EI 2 5 3 EI (200)(200)
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 DCH= = 28.87 mm
5m
B C 4 kN qC = 0.00125 rad ,

12 kN
2 kN/m
6m

A 16 kN

12 kN 60

4
+
- 60
-12
+
V , kN M , kN•m
+

16
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Example 8-22

Determine the slope and the vertical displacement of point C on the frame.
Take E = 200 GPa, I = 15(106) mm4.

5 kN

C
3m

B 60o

2m
A

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 •Virtual Moment mD Displacement at C •Real Moment M
1 kN 5 kN
1 kN 5 kN
C C
3m x1 3 mx
x1 C 1 x1 C
30o vD1 30o V1
30o 30o
B B 1.5 m
1.5 m mD1 = -0.5x1
nD1 N1 M1 = -2.5x1
7.5 kN•m
1.5 kN•m
1 kN 5 kN 5 kN
1 kN
1.5 kN•m 1.5 kN•m 7.5 kN•m 7.5 kN•m
x2 x2
2m x2 vD2 2m x2 V2
A nD2 A N2
mD2 = -1.5 M2 = -7.5
L 3 2
m M 1 1
(1kN )(D Cv )   D dx   ( 0. 5 x1 ) ( 2.5 x1 ) dx 1   (1.5)(7.5)dx2
0
EI EI 0 EI 0
3 3
1 1.25 x1 1 2
33.75 33.75
D Cv  )0 (11.25 x2 ) 0  
2
( = 11.25 mm ,
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 •Virtual Moment mq Slope at C •Real Moment M

1 kN•m 5 kN

1 kN•m 5 kN
C C
3m x1 3m x1
x1 C x1 C
30o vq1 30o V1
30o 30o
B 1.5 m B 1.5 m
nq1 mq1 = -1 N1 M1 = -2.5x1
1 kN•m 7.5 kN•m
5 kN 5 kN
1 kN•m 1 kN•m 7.5 kN•m 7.5 kN•m
x2 x2
2m x2 vq2 2m x2 V2
A nq2 A N2
mq2 = -1 M2 =-
= -7.5
7.5
L 3 2
mM 1 1
(1kN  m)(q C )   q dx   ( 1) ( 2 . 5 x1 ) dx1   (1)(7.5)dx2
0
EI EI 0 EI 0
2
1 2.5 x1 3 1 2
26.25 26.25
qC  ( )0 (7.5 x2 ) 0   = 0.00875 rad,
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Department of Civil Engineering 21
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